In psychology, aversives are unpleasantstimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in the future is reduced. Aversives can vary from being slightly unpleasant or irritating to physically, psychologically and/or emotionally damaging. It is not the level of unpleasantness or intention that defines something as an aversive, but rather the level of effectiveness the unpleasant event has on changing (decreasing) behavior.
Unconditioned aversive stimuli naturally result in pain or discomfort and are often associated with biologically harmful or damaging substances or events. Examples include extreme heat or cold, bitter flavors, electric shocks, loud noises and pain. Aversives can be applied naturally (such as touching a hot stove) or in a contrived manner (such as during torture or behavior modification).
Conditionededit
A conditioned aversive stimulus is an initially neutral stimulus that becomes aversive after repeated pairing with an unconditioned aversive stimulus. This type of stimulus would include consequences such as verbal warnings, gestures or even the sight of an individual who is disliked.
A patent drawing of the GED, a banned aversive conditioning device
Aversives may be used as punishment or negative reinforcement during applied behavior analysis. In early years, the use of aversives was represented as a less restrictive alternative to the methods used in mental institutions such as shock treatment, hydrotherapy, straitjacketing and frontal lobotomies. Early iterations of the Lovaas technique incorporated aversives,[1] though Lovaas later abandoned their use.[2] Over time the use of aversives has become less common, though they are still in use as of 2021.[3]
Several national and international disability rights groups have spoken against the use of aversive therapies, including TASH and the Autism National Committee (known as AUTCOM). Although it has generally fallen out of favor, at least one institution continues to use electric shocks on the skin as an aversive.[4] A ruling in 2018 supported its continued use.[5] The FDA has made a commitment to ban its use, but as of January 2019 has not yet done so.[6]
A report from the Food and Drug Administration found that "the literature contains reports that when health care providers have resorted to punishers... the addition of punishers proved no more successful than [Positive behavioral support]-only techniques... Reflecting this trend, a 2008 survey of members of the Association for Behavior Analysis found that providers generally view punishment procedures as having more negative side effects and being less successful than reinforcement procedures."[7] The Behavior Analyst Certification Board has stated their support the use of aversives on children with consent by a parent of guardian.[8][9]
Oppositionedit
The use of aversives in applied behavior analysis is opposed by many advocacy groups for people with disabilities. These include:
^Moser, Dan (1965). "Screams, Slaps & Love: A surprising, shocking treatment helps far-gone mental cripples". Life Magazine.
^Interverbal: Reviews of Autism Statements and Research: A Less Punishing World: Contradictions in Behavior Analysis, Autism, and Punishment
^Lerman DC, Vorndran CM (2002). (PDF). J Appl Behav Anal. 35 (4): 431–64. doi:10.1901/jaba.2002.35-431. PMC1284409. PMID 12555918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-01.
^Pilkington, Ed (2018-11-16). "'It's torture': critics step up bid to stop US school using electric shocks on children". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^Beaudet, Mike (2018-06-28). "Judge sides with school that uses electric shocks on its students". WCVB. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^"School Shocks Students With Disabilities. The FDA Is Moving To Ban The Practice". NPR. January 23, 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^"Banned Devices; Proposal To Ban Electrical Stimulation Devices Used To Treat Self-Injurious or Aggressive Behavior". Federal Register. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
^Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Guidelines for Responsible Conduct for Behavior Analysts, p. 8, The behavior analyst must obtain the client's or client-surrogate's approval in writing of the behavior assessment procedures before implementing them. As used here, client-surrogate refers to someone legally empowered to make decisions for the person(s) whose behavior the program is intended to change; examples of client-surrogates include parents of minors, guardians, and legally designated representatives
^Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Guidelines for Responsible Conduct for Behavior Analysts, p. 9, respects the right of the client to terminate services at any time
External linksedit
April 11, 2024
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Aversives news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message In psychology aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in the future is reduced Aversives can vary from being slightly unpleasant or irritating to physically psychologically and or emotionally damaging It is not the level of unpleasantness or intention that defines something as an aversive but rather the level of effectiveness the unpleasant event has on changing decreasing behavior Contents 1 Types of stimuli 1 1 Unconditioned 1 2 Conditioned 2 Use in applied behavior analysis ABA 2 1 Opposition 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTypes of stimuli editMain article Classical conditioning There are two types of aversive stimuli Unconditioned edit Unconditioned aversive stimuli naturally result in pain or discomfort and are often associated with biologically harmful or damaging substances or events Examples include extreme heat or cold bitter flavors electric shocks loud noises and pain Aversives can be applied naturally such as touching a hot stove or in a contrived manner such as during torture or behavior modification Conditioned edit A conditioned aversive stimulus is an initially neutral stimulus that becomes aversive after repeated pairing with an unconditioned aversive stimulus This type of stimulus would include consequences such as verbal warnings gestures or even the sight of an individual who is disliked Use in applied behavior analysis ABA editMain articles Operant conditioning and Ethical challenges to autism treatment nbsp A patent drawing of the GED a banned aversive conditioning deviceAversives may be used as punishment or negative reinforcement during applied behavior analysis In early years the use of aversives was represented as a less restrictive alternative to the methods used in mental institutions such as shock treatment hydrotherapy straitjacketing and frontal lobotomies Early iterations of the Lovaas technique incorporated aversives 1 though Lovaas later abandoned their use 2 Over time the use of aversives has become less common though they are still in use as of 2021 3 Several national and international disability rights groups have spoken against the use of aversive therapies including TASH and the Autism National Committee known as AUTCOM Although it has generally fallen out of favor at least one institution continues to use electric shocks on the skin as an aversive 4 A ruling in 2018 supported its continued use 5 The FDA has made a commitment to ban its use but as of January 2019 has not yet done so 6 A report from the Food and Drug Administration found that the literature contains reports that when health care providers have resorted to punishers the addition of punishers proved no more successful than Positive behavioral support only techniques Reflecting this trend a 2008 survey of members of the Association for Behavior Analysis found that providers generally view punishment procedures as having more negative side effects and being less successful than reinforcement procedures 7 The Behavior Analyst Certification Board has stated their support the use of aversives on children with consent by a parent of guardian 8 9 Opposition edit The use of aversives in applied behavior analysis is opposed by many advocacy groups for people with disabilities These include Autistic Self Advocacy Network Arc of the United States Aspies For Freedom Autism Network InternationalSee also editCarrot and stick Extinction psychology Pavlovian instrumental transferReferences edit Moser Dan 1965 Screams Slaps amp Love A surprising shocking treatment helps far gone mental cripples Life Magazine Interverbal Reviews of Autism Statements and Research A Less Punishing World Contradictions in Behavior Analysis Autism and Punishment Lerman DC Vorndran CM 2002 On the status of knowledge for using punishment implications for treating behavior disorders PDF J Appl Behav Anal 35 4 431 64 doi 10 1901 jaba 2002 35 431 PMC 1284409 PMID 12555918 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 01 01 Pilkington Ed 2018 11 16 It s torture critics step up bid to stop US school using electric shocks on children The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2019 04 07 Beaudet Mike 2018 06 28 Judge sides with school that uses electric shocks on its students WCVB Retrieved 2019 04 07 School Shocks Students With Disabilities The FDA Is Moving To Ban The Practice NPR January 23 2019 Retrieved 2019 04 07 Banned Devices Proposal To Ban Electrical Stimulation Devices Used To Treat Self Injurious or Aggressive Behavior Federal Register 2016 04 25 Retrieved 2020 08 08 Behavior Analyst Certification Board Guidelines for Responsible Conduct for Behavior Analysts p 8 The behavior analyst must obtain the client s or client surrogate s approval in writing of the behavior assessment procedures before implementing them As used here client surrogate refers to someone legally empowered to make decisions for the person s whose behavior the program is intended to change examples of client surrogates include parents of minors guardians and legally designated representatives Behavior Analyst Certification Board Guidelines for Responsible Conduct for Behavior Analysts p 9 respects the right of the client to terminate services at any timeExternal links editAversive stimulation at an education wiki Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aversives amp oldid 1188805430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
