Atbara
Atbara (sometimes Atbarah) (Arabic: عطبرة ʿAṭbarah) is a city located in River Nile State in northeastern Sudan.[1]
Atbara عطبرة | |
|---|---|
City | |
Atbara Location in Sudan | |
| Coordinates: 17°43′N 33°59′E / 17.717°N 33.983°E | |
| Country | Sudan |
| State | River Nile |
| Population (2007) | |
| • Total | 111,399 |
Because of its links to the railway industry, Atbara is also known as the "Railway City'.
As of 2007, its population is 111,399.
History edit
The confluence of the Nile and its most northern tributary, the Atbarah River (Bahr-el-Aswad, or Black River) was a strategic location for military operations. in the year 1619 Atbara was conquered and sacked by forces of the Ethiopian Empire.[2] In the Battle of Atbara, fought on 8 April 1898 near Nakheila, on the north bank of the river, Lord Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army defeated the Mahdist forces, commanded by Amir Mahmud Ahmad. Kitchener's strengthened position led to a decisive victory at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898,[3] giving the British control over the Sudan.[4]
The town was the centre of the Sudanese railway industry. Few trains are made here now and rail traffic is much reduced. The original station and unusual dome-shaped houses of railway workers remain. The first trade union in Sudan formed in 1946 among railroad workers in Atbara.
Perhaps because of the influence of the railway unions, Atbara is also considered by many to be the home of Sudanese communism. Jaafar Nimeiri, Sudan's president from 1969 to 1985, alternated between communism, capitalism, and Islamic fundamentalism – depending on who he was trying to get on his side and extract money from – and the communist phase had its stronghold around Atbara.
Atbara was also the starting point for mobilizations against the regime in December 2018.[5]
Geography edit
Atbara is located at the junction of the Nile and Atbarah rivers.
Atbara is made up of several districts including Umbukole district which was home to the First Higher School in Atbara. Other districts include the railway district, Almurabaat, Alsawdana and Almatar.
Umbukole was originally the name given to a capital city in a northern state in Kurti county. It is now mostly remembered as the name of a small district in Atbara.
One of the major districts of Atbara is Al-Dakhla (الداخلة) in Arabic. Some still use the name Al-Dakhla referring to Atbara.
Economy edit
Atbara is an important railway junction and railroad manufacturing centre, and most employment in Atbara is related to the rail lines. The Sudanese National Railway Company's headquarters are located in Atbara.
The city also is home to one of Sudan's largest cement factories, the Atbara Cement Corporation.
Climate edit
Atbara has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The annual mean temperature reaches over 30 °C (86 °F) and the average highs exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during 7 months of the year. The annual average rainfall is 60 mm, mostly from July and August. Atbara is sunny, averaging 3,545 hours of bright sunshine per year or 81% of possible sunshine.
| Climate data for Atbara (1961–1990, extremes 1943–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.0 (105.8) | 42.0 (107.6) | 45.7 (114.3) | 47.1 (116.8) | 47.5 (117.5) | 47.7 (117.9) | 47.0 (116.6) | 47.0 (116.6) | 46.0 (114.8) | 44.5 (112.1) | 40.7 (105.3) | 39.2 (102.6) | 47.7 (117.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) | 31.9 (89.4) | 35.8 (96.4) | 39.4 (102.9) | 42.1 (107.8) | 42.8 (109.0) | 40.7 (105.3) | 40.1 (104.2) | 41.2 (106.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 34.6 (94.3) | 30.8 (87.4) | 37.4 (99.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 30.9 (87.6) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.0 (93.2) | 33.5 (92.3) | 34.3 (93.7) | 32.1 (89.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 29.9 (85.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 26.1 (79.0) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.2 (68.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 22.4 (72.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.0 (69.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.5 (67.1) | 20.0 (68.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 5.5 (41.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.02) | 3.5 (0.14) | 1.5 (0.06) | 19.1 (0.75) | 26.8 (1.06) | 6.7 (0.26) | 1.9 (0.07) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 59.9 (2.36) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 36 | 28 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 32 | 36 | 30 | 29 | 35 | 38 | 29 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 300.7 | 282.8 | 319.3 | 324.0 | 319.3 | 267.0 | 269.7 | 266.6 | 276.0 | 313.1 | 312.0 | 294.5 | 3,545 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 89 | 91 | 86 | 86 | 80 | 67 | 68 | 71 | 75 | 84 | 91 | 84 | 81 |
| Source 1: NOAA (averages, record highs for October and November, record lows for April, May, September through December)[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (all other record highs and lows)[7] | |||||||||||||
Another chart with different averages is shown below.
| Climate data for Atbara (2000–2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.6 (97.9) | 40.4 (104.7) | 43.0 (109.4) | 44.2 (111.6) | 42.8 (109.0) | 42.1 (107.8) | 42.3 (108.1) | 40.5 (104.9) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.7 (90.9) | 38.8 (101.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 27.8 (82.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 35.4 (95.7) | 36.2 (97.2) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 33.1 (91.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 24.6 (76.3) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.3 (61.3) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 18 (0.7) | 27 (1.1) | 7 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 58 (2.3) |
| Source 1: Global climatology for Atbara, Sudan[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Rainfall/Precipitation in Atbara, Sudan[9] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1956 | 36.300 |
| 1973 | 66.116 |
| 1983 | 73.009 |
| 1993 | 87.878 |
| 2007 (Estimate) | 111.399 |
Notable residents edit
A well-known resident was Mandour Elmahdi, who wrote A Short History of the Sudan.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ EB-Atbara "'Atbarah, or Atbara (The Sudan)" (description), Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007, webpage
- ^ A History of the Arbas in the Sudan and Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Darfur3. CUP Archive.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 823.
- ^ "The River War from Project Gutenberg". Onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ Cheikh, Tarek (28 December 2018). "Les espoirs d'une troisième révolution au Soudan". Orient XXI.
- ^ "Atbara Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
- ^ "Station Atbara" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ "Global climatology for Atbara, Sudan<". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atbara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 823.
External links edit
Media related to Atbarah at Wikimedia Commons
- FallingRain Map - elevation = 356m (Red dots are railways)