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Asiatic mode of production

January 01, 1970

The theory of the Asiatic mode of production (AMP) was devised by Karl Marx around the early 1850s. The essence of the theory has been described as "[the] suggestion ... that Asiatic societies were held in thrall by a despotic ruling clique, residing in central cities and directly expropriating surplus from largely autarkic and generally undifferentiated village communities".[1]

In his articles on India written between 1852 and 1858, Marx outlined some of the basic characteristics of the AMP that prevailed in India. In these articles he indicated the absence of private ownership of land (self-sustaining units or communes), the unity between agriculture and manufacturing (handloom, spinning wheel), the absence of strong commodity production and exchange, and the stabilising role of Indian society and culture against invasions, conquests, and famines.[2][3]

The theory continues to arouse heated discussion among contemporary Marxists and non-Marxists alike. Some have rejected the whole concept on the grounds that the socio-economic formations of pre-capitalist Asia did not differ enough from those of feudal Europe to warrant special designation.[4] Aside from Marx, Friedrich Engels also focused on the AMP.[5] In their later work, both Marx and Engels dropped the idea of a distinct Asiatic mode of production, and mainly kept four basic forms: tribal, ancient, feudal, and capitalist. In the 1920s, Soviet authors strongly debated about the use of the term. Some completely rejected it. Others, Soviet experts on China referred to as "Aziatchiki", suggested that Chinese land ownership structures had once resembled the AMP, but they were accused of Trotskyism and discussion of AMP was effectively banned in the USSR from 1931 until the Khrushchev period.[6][7]

Principles edit

Marx's theory focuses on the organization of labour and depends on his distinction between the following:

  • The means or forces of production; items such as land, natural resources, tools, human skills and knowledge, that are required for the production of socially useful goods; and
  • The relations of production, which are the social relationships formed as human beings are united ("verbindung") in the processes of the production of socially useful goods.

Together these compose modes of production and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of distinct predominant modes of production (Asiatic).[8] Marx and Engels highlighted and emphasised that the role the state played in Asiatic societies was dominant, which was accounted for by either the state's monopoly of land ownership, its sheer political and military power, or its control over irrigation systems.[9] The classical forms of slavery as existed in Europe were entirely absent in these societies.[10] In his Preface of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx writes: “In broad outline, the Asiatic, ancient, feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production may be designated as epochs marking progress in the economic development of society".[11] He further distinguished the Asiatic production forms from all other pre-capitalist production forms in following words;

“Amidst oriental despotism and the propertylessness which seems legally to exist there, this clan or communal property exists in fact as the foundation, created mostly by a combination of manufactures and agriculture within the small commune (…) A part of their surplus labor belongs to the higher community, which exists ultimately as a person, and this surplus labor takes the form of tribute etc., as well as of common labor for the exaltation of the unity, partly of the real despot, partly of the imagined clan-being, the god".[12]

In Das Kapital he writes that the “simplicity of the [Asiatic] productive organism ... supplies the key to the riddle of the unchangeability of Asiatic societies, which is in such striking contrast with the constant dissolution and refounding of Asiatic states, and the never-ceasing changes of dynasty. The structure of the fundamental economic elements of society remains untouched by the storms which blow up in the cloudy regions of politics".[13]

Criticism edit

The Asiatic mode of production has been the subject of much discussion by both Marxist and non-Marxist commentators. The AMP is the most disputed mode of production outlined in the works of Marx and Engels.[14] Questions regarding the validity of the concept of the AMP were raised in terms of whether or not it corresponds to the reality of certain given societies.[15] Historians have questioned the value of the notion of the AMP as an interpretation of the "facts" of Indian or Chinese history.[16] The theory was rejected in the Soviet Union in the 1930s.

Karl August Wittfogel suggested in his 1957 book, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power, that his concept of Oriental despotism showed that this was because of the similarity between the AMP and the reality of Stalin's Russia; he saw the authoritarian nature of communism as an extension of the need of totalitarian rule to control water in "the Orient".[17]

Marxist historians such as John Haldon and Chris Wickham have argued that societies interpreted by Marx as examples of the AMP are better understood as Tributary Modes of Production (TMP). The TMP is characterized as having a "state class" as its specific form of ruling class, which has exclusive or almost exclusive rights to extract surplus from peasants over whom, however, it does not exercise tenurial control.[18][19]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Lewis, Martin; Wigen, Kären (1997), The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 94, ISBN 978-0-520-20743-1.
  2. ^ Husain, Iqbal (2008). Karl Marx On India. Tulika Books. ISBN 9788189487416.
  3. ^ "The British Rule in India by Karl Marx". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  4. ^ Krader, Lawrence (1975), The Asiatic mode of production: sources, development and critique in the writings of Karl Marx, Assen: Van Gorcum, ISBN 978-90-232-1289-8.
  5. ^ McFarlane, Bruce; Cooper, Steve; Jaksic, Miomir (2005), "The Asiatic Mode of Production – A New Phoenix (part 2)", Journal of Contemporary Asia, 35 (4): 499–536, doi:10.1080/00472330580000291, S2CID 159263485., p. 499
  6. ^ "Brian Pearce: Marxism and the Asiatic Mode of Production (2002)". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  7. ^ Sawer, Marian (1979). "The politics of historiography: Russian socialism and the question of the Asiatic mode of production 1906–1931". Critique. 10: 15–35. doi:10.1080/03017607908413239. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  8. ^ Marx, Karl (1875), "Critique of the Gotha Programme", Marx & Engels Selected Works, vol. 3, Moscow: Progress Publishers, pp. 13–30.
  9. ^ Marshall, Gordon (1998), "Asiatic mode of production", A Dictionary of Sociology, retrieved 22 August 2010.
  10. ^ . marxists.catbull.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.. See also Rahman, Taimur (2012). The Class Structure of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199400126.
  11. ^ "Economic Manuscripts: Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  12. ^ "Karl Marx: Grundrisse". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  13. ^ "Economic Manuscripts: Capital: Volume One". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  14. ^ Hindess, Barry; Hirst, Paul (1975), Pre-capitalist Modes of Production, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 178, ISBN 978-0-7100-8168-1.
  15. ^ Offner, Jerome (1981), "On the Inapplicability of 'Oriental Despotism' and the 'Asiatic Mode of Production' to the Aztecs of Texcoco", American Antiquity, 46 (1): 43–61, doi:10.2307/279985, JSTOR 279985, S2CID 163992626.
  16. ^ Legros, Dominique (1977), "Chance, Necessity and Mode of Production: A Marxist Critique of Cultural Evolutionism", American Anthropologist, 79 (1): 26–41, doi:10.1525/aa.1977.79.1.02a00030, p.38.
  17. ^ Wittfogel, Karl (1957), Oriental Despotism; A Comparative Study of Total Power, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  18. ^ Haldon, John (1994). The State and the Tributary Mode of Production. Verso.
  19. ^ Wickham, Chris (2005). Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800. Oxford University Press.

Further reading edit

  • Ferenc Tőkei, Essays on the Asiatic Mode of Production. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 1979.
  • Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.
  • Andrea Zingarelli, "Asiatic Mode of Production: Considerations on Ancient Egypt," in Laura da Graca and Andrea Zingarelli (eds.), Studies on Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production [2015]. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016.

January 01, 1970
asiatic, mode, production, theory, devised, karl, marx, around, early, 1850s, essence, theory, been, described, suggestion, that, asiatic, societies, were, held, thrall, despotic, ruling, clique, residing, central, cities, directly, expropriating, surplus, fro. The theory of the Asiatic mode of production AMP was devised by Karl Marx around the early 1850s The essence of the theory has been described as the suggestion that Asiatic societies were held in thrall by a despotic ruling clique residing in central cities and directly expropriating surplus from largely autarkic and generally undifferentiated village communities 1 In his articles on India written between 1852 and 1858 Marx outlined some of the basic characteristics of the AMP that prevailed in India In these articles he indicated the absence of private ownership of land self sustaining units or communes the unity between agriculture and manufacturing handloom spinning wheel the absence of strong commodity production and exchange and the stabilising role of Indian society and culture against invasions conquests and famines 2 3 The theory continues to arouse heated discussion among contemporary Marxists and non Marxists alike Some have rejected the whole concept on the grounds that the socio economic formations of pre capitalist Asia did not differ enough from those of feudal Europe to warrant special designation 4 Aside from Marx Friedrich Engels also focused on the AMP 5 In their later work both Marx and Engels dropped the idea of a distinct Asiatic mode of production and mainly kept four basic forms tribal ancient feudal and capitalist In the 1920s Soviet authors strongly debated about the use of the term Some completely rejected it Others Soviet experts on China referred to as Aziatchiki suggested that Chinese land ownership structures had once resembled the AMP but they were accused of Trotskyism and discussion of AMP was effectively banned in the USSR from 1931 until the Khrushchev period 6 7 Contents 1 Principles 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 Further readingPrinciples editMarx s theory focuses on the organization of labour and depends on his distinction between the following The means or forces of production items such as land natural resources tools human skills and knowledge that are required for the production of socially useful goods and The relations of production which are the social relationships formed as human beings are united verbindung in the processes of the production of socially useful goods Together these compose modes of production and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of distinct predominant modes of production Asiatic 8 Marx and Engels highlighted and emphasised that the role the state played in Asiatic societies was dominant which was accounted for by either the state s monopoly of land ownership its sheer political and military power or its control over irrigation systems 9 The classical forms of slavery as existed in Europe were entirely absent in these societies 10 In his Preface of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Marx writes In broad outline the Asiatic ancient feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production may be designated as epochs marking progress in the economic development of society 11 He further distinguished the Asiatic production forms from all other pre capitalist production forms in following words Amidst oriental despotism and the propertylessness which seems legally to exist there this clan or communal property exists in fact as the foundation created mostly by a combination of manufactures and agriculture within the small commune A part of their surplus labor belongs to the higher community which exists ultimately as a person and this surplus labor takes the form of tribute etc as well as of common labor for the exaltation of the unity partly of the real despot partly of the imagined clan being the god 12 In Das Kapital he writes that the simplicity of the Asiatic productive organism supplies the key to the riddle of the unchangeability of Asiatic societies which is in such striking contrast with the constant dissolution and refounding of Asiatic states and the never ceasing changes of dynasty The structure of the fundamental economic elements of society remains untouched by the storms which blow up in the cloudy regions of politics 13 Criticism editThe Asiatic mode of production has been the subject of much discussion by both Marxist and non Marxist commentators The AMP is the most disputed mode of production outlined in the works of Marx and Engels 14 Questions regarding the validity of the concept of the AMP were raised in terms of whether or not it corresponds to the reality of certain given societies 15 Historians have questioned the value of the notion of the AMP as an interpretation of the facts of Indian or Chinese history 16 The theory was rejected in the Soviet Union in the 1930s Karl August Wittfogel suggested in his 1957 book Oriental Despotism A Comparative Study of Total Power that his concept of Oriental despotism showed that this was because of the similarity between the AMP and the reality of Stalin s Russia he saw the authoritarian nature of communism as an extension of the need of totalitarian rule to control water in the Orient 17 Marxist historians such as John Haldon and Chris Wickham have argued that societies interpreted by Marx as examples of the AMP are better understood as Tributary Modes of Production TMP The TMP is characterized as having a state class as its specific form of ruling class which has exclusive or almost exclusive rights to extract surplus from peasants over whom however it does not exercise tenurial control 18 19 See also editBarracks communism Hydraulic empireFootnotes edit Lewis Martin Wigen Karen 1997 The Myth of Continents A Critique of Metageography Berkeley University of California Press p 94 ISBN 978 0 520 20743 1 Husain Iqbal 2008 Karl Marx On India Tulika Books ISBN 9788189487416 The British Rule in India by Karl Marx www marxists org Retrieved 2018 12 22 Krader Lawrence 1975 The Asiatic mode of production sources development and critique in the writings of Karl Marx Assen Van Gorcum ISBN 978 90 232 1289 8 McFarlane Bruce Cooper Steve Jaksic Miomir 2005 The Asiatic Mode of Production A New Phoenix part 2 Journal of Contemporary Asia 35 4 499 536 doi 10 1080 00472330580000291 S2CID 159263485 p 499 Brian Pearce Marxism and the Asiatic Mode of Production 2002 www marxists org Retrieved 2018 12 22 Sawer Marian 1979 The politics of historiography Russian socialism and the question of the Asiatic mode of production 1906 1931 Critique 10 15 35 doi 10 1080 03017607908413239 Retrieved 2020 07 31 Marx Karl 1875 Critique of the Gotha Programme Marx amp Engels Selected Works vol 3 Moscow Progress Publishers pp 13 30 Marshall Gordon 1998 Asiatic mode of production A Dictionary of Sociology retrieved 22 August 2010 Letters Marx Engels Correspondence 1853 marxists catbull com Archived from the original on 2018 12 23 Retrieved 2018 12 22 See also Rahman Taimur 2012 The Class Structure of Pakistan Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199400126 Economic Manuscripts Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy www marxists org Retrieved 2018 12 22 Karl Marx Grundrisse www marxists org Retrieved 2018 12 22 Economic Manuscripts Capital Volume One www marxists org Retrieved 2018 12 22 Hindess Barry Hirst Paul 1975 Pre capitalist Modes of Production London Routledge amp Kegan Paul p 178 ISBN 978 0 7100 8168 1 Offner Jerome 1981 On the Inapplicability of Oriental Despotism and the Asiatic Mode of Production to the Aztecs of Texcoco American Antiquity 46 1 43 61 doi 10 2307 279985 JSTOR 279985 S2CID 163992626 Legros Dominique 1977 Chance Necessity and Mode of Production A Marxist Critique of Cultural Evolutionism American Anthropologist 79 1 26 41 doi 10 1525 aa 1977 79 1 02a00030 p 38 Wittfogel Karl 1957 Oriental Despotism A Comparative Study of Total Power New Haven Yale University Press Haldon John 1994 The State and the Tributary Mode of Production Verso Wickham Chris 2005 Framing the Early Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean 400 800 Oxford University Press Further reading editFerenc Tokei Essays on the Asiatic Mode of Production Budapest Akademiai Kiado 1979 Karl Wittfogel Oriental Despotism A Comparative Study of Total Power New Haven CT Yale University Press 1957 Andrea Zingarelli Asiatic Mode of Production Considerations on Ancient Egypt in Laura da Graca and Andrea Zingarelli eds Studies on Pre Capitalist Modes of Production 2015 Chicago Haymarket Books 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Asiatic mode of production amp oldid 1213013763, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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