Hesperocyparis arizonica, the Arizona cypress, is a North American species of tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Populations may be scattered rather than in large, dense stands.
Hesperocyparis arizonica
Hesperocyparis arizonica (Arizona cypress) foliage and cone
Hesperocyparis arizonica is a coniferousevergreen tree with a conic to ovoid-conic crown. It grows to heights of 10–25 m (33–82 ft), and its trunk diameter reaches 55 cm (22 in). The foliage grows in dense sprays, varying from dull gray-green to bright glaucous blue-green. The leaves are scale-like, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. The seed cones are globose to oblong, 15–33 mm long, with 6 or 8 (rarely 4 or 10) scales, green at first, maturing gray or gray-brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The cones remain closed for many years, only opening after the bearing branch is killed (in a wildfire or otherwise), allowing the seeds to colonize the bare ground exposed by the fire. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, and release pollen in February–March.[4]
Taxonomyedit
Hesperocyparis arizonica was given its first scientific name and described by Edward Lee Greene in 1882 as Cupressus arizonica, placing it in genus Cupressus.[3][5] This description was soon after disputed by Maxwell T. Masters who, in 1896, published a journal article where he said it should be considered a subspecies of Cupressus benthamii with the variety name of arizonica.[3] A similar classification reducing it to a subspecies as Cupressus lusitanica subsp. arizonica was posthumously published by René Maire in 1952.[3] There also have been publications that suggested moving it as a species to a different genus such as Callitropsis in 2006 and a new genus, Neocupressus, in 2009.[3]
Other disagreements have been over the validity of various subspecies of H. arizonica. A total of eleven have been validly published. However seven of these are listed as synonyms by POWO and WFO as of 2024.[3][6] The remaining four are listed as separate species:
Hesperocyparis arizonica is found mainly in northern Mexico in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. It is also found in small areas of the southwestern United States in the southern parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In the US it is found between 1000 and 1500 meters in elevation while in Mexico it reaches as high as 2200 meters in some forests.[14][3] In the wild, the species is often found in small, scattered populations, not necessarily in large forests. An example occurrence is within the Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests of Mexico,[15] where it is found along with canyon live oak and California fan palm.
Usesedit
Arizona cypress is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree. Unlike Monterey cypress, it has proved highly resistant to cypress canker, caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale, and growth is reliable where this disease is prevalent.
Example of neoendemism and conservation challengesedit
The ease of hybridization of western cypress species in the American southwest has fostered a parallel history of taxonomic disagreements of where genus and species distinctions should apply. [18] It thus provides a case study of neoendemism in conifers. Close taxonomic relatedness, in turn, offers both challenges and opportunities if and when assisted migration is considered as a mode of climate adaptation to prevent extinctions of endemic cypresses in the American southwest.[19]
Referencesedit
^Farjon, A. (2013). "Cupressus arizonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42216A2962318. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42216A2962318.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^NatureServe (2024). "Cupressus arizonica". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^Eckenwalder, James E. (1993). "Cupressus arizonica". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^Greene, Edward Lee (May 1882). "New Western Plants". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 9 (5). New York: Torrey Botanical Club: 64–65. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^ ab"Hesperocyparis arizonica (Greene) Bartel". World Flora Online. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^Hesperocyparis arizonica, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 13 February 2024
^Michalet, Richard; Carcaillet, Christopher; Delerue, Florian; Domec, Jean-Christophe; Lenoir, Jonathan (19 December 2023). "Assisted migration in a warmer and drier climate: less climate buffering capacity, less facilitation and more fires at temperate latitudes?". Oikos. doi:10.1111/oik.10248. S2CID 266410521. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^Raddi, Paolo; Della Rocca, Gianni; Danti, Roberto (8 January 2020). "Cupressus glabra". In Stimm, B.; Roloff, A.; Lang, U.M.; Weisgerber, H. (eds.). Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse: Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie /begründet von Peter Schütt. Andreas Roloff; Horst Weisgerber; Ulla M. Lang; Bernd Stimm. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN9783527321414.
^"AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 26. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^Rehfeldt, Gerald E (1997). "Quantitative analyses of the genetic structure of closely related conifers with disparate distributions and demographics: the Cupressus arizonica (Cupressaceae) complex". American Journal of Botany. 84 (2): 190–200. doi:10.2307/2446080. JSTOR 2446080. PMID 21712198.
^Barlow, Connie. "Climate, Trees, and Legacy: 04 - Lessons of Arizona Cypress". youtube. ghostsofevolution. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Further readingedit
World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
Farjon, A. (2013). "Cupressus arizonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42216A2962318. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42216A2962318.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cupressus arizonica.
USDA Plants Profile for Hesperocyparis arizonica (Arizona cypress)
hesperocyparis, arizonica, arizona, cypress, north, american, species, tree, cypress, family, cupressaceae, native, southwestern, united, states, mexico, populations, scattered, rather, than, large, dense, stands, arizona, cypress, foliage, cone, conservation,. Hesperocyparis arizonica the Arizona cypress is a North American species of tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae native to the southwestern United States and Mexico Populations may be scattered rather than in large dense stands Hesperocyparis arizonica Hesperocyparis arizonica Arizona cypress foliage and cone Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Apparently Secure NatureServe 2 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Gymnospermae Division Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Cupressales Family Cupressaceae Genus Hesperocyparis Species H arizonica Binomial name Hesperocyparis arizonica Greene Bartel Natural range of Hesperocyparis arizonica Synonyms 3 List Callitropsis arizonica Greene D P LittleCupressus arizonica GreeneCupressus arizonica var bonita LemmonCupressus arizonica var compacta C K Schneid Cupressus arizonica f compacta C K Schneid RehderCupressus arizonica glauca WoodallCupressus arizonica f glauca Woodall RehderCupressus arizonica f glomerata MartinezCupressus arizonica f minor MartinezCupressus arizonica f typica MartinezCupressus benthamii var arizonica Greene Mast Cupressus lusitanica subsp arizonica Greene MaireNeocupressus arizonica Greene de Laub Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 Example of neoendemism and conservation challenges 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp Hesperocyparis arizonica tree in Chiricahua National Monument Arizona Hesperocyparis arizonica is a coniferous evergreen tree with a conic to ovoid conic crown It grows to heights of 10 25 m 33 82 ft and its trunk diameter reaches 55 cm 22 in The foliage grows in dense sprays varying from dull gray green to bright glaucous blue green The leaves are scale like 2 5 mm long and produced on rounded not flattened shoots The seed cones are globose to oblong 15 33 mm long with 6 or 8 rarely 4 or 10 scales green at first maturing gray or gray brown about 20 24 months after pollination The cones remain closed for many years only opening after the bearing branch is killed in a wildfire or otherwise allowing the seeds to colonize the bare ground exposed by the fire The male cones are 3 5 mm long and release pollen in February March 4 Taxonomy editHesperocyparis arizonica was given its first scientific name and described by Edward Lee Greene in 1882 as Cupressus arizonica placing it in genus Cupressus 3 5 This description was soon after disputed by Maxwell T Masters who in 1896 published a journal article where he said it should be considered a subspecies of Cupressus benthamii with the variety name of arizonica 3 A similar classification reducing it to a subspecies as Cupressus lusitanica subsp arizonica was posthumously published by Rene Maire in 1952 3 There also have been publications that suggested moving it as a species to a different genus such as Callitropsis in 2006 and a new genus Neocupressus in 2009 3 As of 2024 Plants of the World Online POWO World Flora Online WFO and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database PLANTS list H arizonica as the correct species name 3 6 7 This classification was published by Jim A Bartel in 2009 3 However Cupressus continues to be used in professional papers by some scientists 8 9 Other disagreements have been over the validity of various subspecies of H arizonica A total of eleven have been validly published However seven of these are listed as synonyms by POWO and WFO as of 2024 3 6 The remaining four are listed as separate species Hesperocyparis glabra formerly Cupressus arizonica var glabra Smooth Arizona cypress 10 Hesperocyparis montana formerly Cupressus arizonica var montana San Pedro Martir cypress 11 Hesperocyparis nevadensis formerly Cupressus arizonica var nevadensis Paiute cypress 12 Hesperocyparis stephensonii formerly Cupressus arizonica var stephensonii Cuyamaca cypress 13 Distribution editHesperocyparis arizonica is found mainly in northern Mexico in the states of Chihuahua Coahuila Durango Tamaulipas and Zacatecas It is also found in small areas of the southwestern United States in the southern parts of Arizona New Mexico and Texas In the US it is found between 1000 and 1500 meters in elevation while in Mexico it reaches as high as 2200 meters in some forests 14 3 In the wild the species is often found in small scattered populations not necessarily in large forests An example occurrence is within the Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine oak forests of Mexico 15 where it is found along with canyon live oak and California fan palm Uses editArizona cypress is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree Unlike Monterey cypress it has proved highly resistant to cypress canker caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale and growth is reliable where this disease is prevalent The cultivar Pyramidalis 16 has gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2017 17 Example of neoendemism and conservation challenges editThe ease of hybridization of western cypress species in the American southwest has fostered a parallel history of taxonomic disagreements of where genus and species distinctions should apply 18 It thus provides a case study of neoendemism in conifers Close taxonomic relatedness in turn offers both challenges and opportunities if and when assisted migration is considered as a mode of climate adaptation to prevent extinctions of endemic cypresses in the American southwest 19 References edit Farjon A 2013 Cupressus arizonica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42216A2962318 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42216A2962318 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 NatureServe 2024 Cupressus arizonica Arlington Virginia Retrieved 28 January 2024 a b c d e f g h i Hesperocyparis arizonica Greene Bartel Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 January 2024 Eckenwalder James E 1993 Cupressus arizonica In Flora of North America Editorial Committee ed Flora of North America North of Mexico FNA Vol 2 New York and Oxford Oxford University Press via eFloras org Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis MO amp Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA Greene Edward Lee May 1882 New Western Plants Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 9 5 New York Torrey Botanical Club 64 65 Retrieved 27 January 2024 a b Hesperocyparis arizonica Greene Bartel World Flora Online Retrieved 27 January 2024 Hesperocyparis arizonica USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile 13 February 2024 Michalet Richard Carcaillet Christopher Delerue Florian Domec Jean Christophe Lenoir Jonathan 19 December 2023 Assisted migration in a warmer and drier climate less climate buffering capacity less facilitation and more fires at temperate latitudes Oikos doi 10 1111 oik 10248 S2CID 266410521 Retrieved 13 February 2024 Raddi Paolo Della Rocca Gianni Danti Roberto 8 January 2020 Cupressus glabra In Stimm B Roloff A Lang U M Weisgerber H eds Enzyklopadie der Holzgewachse Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie begrundet von Peter Schutt Andreas Roloff Horst Weisgerber Ulla M Lang Bernd Stimm Weinheim Wiley VCH ISBN 9783527321414 Hesperocyparis glabra Sudw Bartel Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 January 2024 Hesperocyparis montana Wiggins Bartel Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 January 2024 Hesperocyparis nevadensis Abrams Bartel Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 January 2024 Hesperocyparis stephensonii C B Wolf Bartel Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 27 January 2024 Earle Christopher J 3 March 2023 Cupressus arizonica Arizona cypress description The Gymnosperm Database Retrieved 28 January 2024 National Geographic 2001 RHS Plant Selector Cupressus arizonica Blue Ice Retrieved 15 April 2020 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 26 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Rehfeldt Gerald E 1997 Quantitative analyses of the genetic structure of closely related conifers with disparate distributions and demographics the Cupressus arizonica Cupressaceae complex American Journal of Botany 84 2 190 200 doi 10 2307 2446080 JSTOR 2446080 PMID 21712198 Barlow Connie Climate Trees and Legacy 04 Lessons of Arizona Cypress youtube ghostsofevolution Retrieved 14 December 2022 Further reading editWorld Wildlife Fund ed 2001 Sierra Juarez and Sierra Pedro Martir Pine oak Forests WildWorld Ecoregion Profile National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 2010 03 08 Farjon A 2013 Cupressus arizonica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42216A2962318 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42216A2962318 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cupressus arizonica USDA Plants Profile for Hesperocyparis arizonica Arizona cypress Calflora as Hesperocyparis stephensonii Jepson eFlora The Jepson Herbarium University of California Berkeley as Hesperocyparis stephensonii Hike Arizona com Photos of Arizona Cypress Cupressus arizonica Cupressus arizonica in the CalPhotos photo database University of California Berkeley Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hesperocyparis arizonica amp oldid 1214276207, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
