The Aimoré, Botocudoan or Borum languages, now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages – spoken mainly in Brazil – including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968)[1] considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012)[2] describe at least some of them as separate languages.
Uti Krag / Nakpie / Guti Krag / Ngùd-Kràg – originally spoken between the Doce River and Pancas River, now by a few individuals in Colatina, state of Espirito Santo.
Etwet – once spoken at the sources of the Manhuaçu River. (Unattested)
Nakporuk – once spoken on the right bank of the Guandu River. (Unattested)
Mekmek – once spoken on the Lages River. (Unattested)
Usnus – extinct dialect from the right bank of the Jequitinhonha River. (Unattested)
Ankwet – spoken in the Serra dos Aimorés, perhaps extinct now. (Unattested)
Xónvúgn – once spoken between the Mutum River and Aranãa River. (Unattested)
Gueren / Borun – originally spoken on the Paruhipe River, later near the city of Olivença, Alagoas state; now perhaps extinct.
Maracá – extinct language once spoken in the Serra do Espinhaço, Bahia state. (Unattested)
Vocabularyedit
Several lexical loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties have been found identified. Examples include tuŋ ‘flea’ and krai ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’.[4]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages.[1]
^ abcLoukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN978-3-11-025513-3.
^Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 1–64.
Referencesedit
Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: BOTOCUDO[1]
December 18, 2023
krenak, languages, aimoré, botocudoan, borum, languages, sometimes, known, krenakan, after, last, remaining, branch, macro, languages, spoken, mainly, brazil, including, moribund, krenak, extinct, languages, such, guerén, nakrehé, loukotka, 1968, considered, t. The Aimore Botocudoan or Borum languages now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining are a branch of the Macro Je languages spoken mainly in Brazil including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Gueren and Nakrehe Loukotka 1968 1 considered them dialects of a single language but more recent treatments Campbell 1997 Campbell 2012 2 describe at least some of them as separate languages KrenakAimoreBotocudoBorumEthnicityAimoreGeographicdistributionBrazilLinguistic classificationMacro JeKrenakSubdivisionsKrenak Gueren Nakrehe Contents 1 Languages 1 1 Loukotka 1968 1 2 Mason 1950 2 Varieties 3 Vocabulary 4 Footnotes 5 ReferencesLanguages editA fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct Loukotka 1968 edit Loukotka 1968 illustrates the following Krekmun Kraik mus Krenak Crenaque Pejaurun Cajaurun Naknanuk Nacnhanuc Nakyananiuk Xiporoc Shiporoc Yiporok Djiporoca Nak Napma Bakuen Bacuen Bocue Nakrehe Nacrehe Aranaa Minan yirugn Pojicha Pozyicha Guerenand mentions sources of data for Uti Krag Guti Krag Ngud Krag reported in 1913 to still be spoken Minan yirugn and some of the other might still have been spoken in Loukotka s time Other varieties sometimes reported in the literature but of which nothing is known include Ankwet Anquet and Xonvugn Chonvugn Mason 1950 edit Mason 1950 lists 3 Botocudo Aimboee Borun Arana Aranya Crecmun Chonvugn Crenak Gueren Gutucrac Minya yirugn Minhagirun Nachehe Nakrehe Yiporok Giporok Poica Poyisha Pozitxa Anket Nacnyanuk Varieties editBelow is a full list of Botocudo Aimore Batachoa varieties listed by Loukotka 1968 including names of unattested varieties 1 Krekmun Kraik mus extinct dialect once spoken on the right shore of the Jequitinhonha River Minas Gerais Crenaque Krenak once spoken on the left bank of the Doce River Pejaurun Cajaurun once spoken on the Doce River Naknanuk Nakyananiuk spoken between the Jequitinhonha River Mucuri River and Sao Mateus River Hereːkere once spoken on the Jequitinhonha River Unattested Jirun once spoken on the Jequitinhonha River Unattested Imato once spoken on the Doce River Unattested Xiporoc Djiporoca formerly spoken on the Sao Mateus River near Pepinuque Bacuen Bocue once spoken on the Mucuri River near Imburana now in the municipality of Ecoporanga Espirito Santo Poruntun once spoken on the Sao Mateus River Unattested Nak napma formerly spoken between the Mutum River and Pancas River Nacrehe spoken at the sources of the Manhuacu River Minan yirugn originally spoken between the Doce River and Sao Mateus River now only by a few individuals in Posto Pancas state of Espirito Santo Urufu once spoken to the east of the Bacuen tribe Unattested Aranaa spoken by a few individuals on the Aranaa River state of Minas Gerais Mutun once spoken in the Mutum River valley Espirito Santo Unattested Maconcuji once spoken near Santa Clara do Mucuri Bahia Unattested Bavan extinct dialect once spoken on the Mucuri River near the city of Teofilo Otoni Unattested Catarana once spoken in the vicinity of the city of Aracuai Unattested Imburu once spoken on the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River Unattested Xopxop once spoken on the Doce River near Resplendor Unattested Arari Ariari once spoken between the Aracuai River and Jequitinhonha River Unattested Norek formerly spoken near Teofilo Otoni on the Noreth River Unattested Pote Porun extinct dialect once spoken in the vicinity of Teofilo Otoni near Pote Unattested Tambakori once spoken on the Itambacuri River Unattested Pojicha Pozyicha extinct dialect formerly spoken on the Todos os Santos River Uti Krag Nakpie Guti Krag Ngud Krag originally spoken between the Doce River and Pancas River now by a few individuals in Colatina state of Espirito Santo Etwet once spoken at the sources of the Manhuacu River Unattested Nakporuk once spoken on the right bank of the Guandu River Unattested Nepnep once spoken between the Mucuri River and Sao Mateus River Unattested Pampam once spoken on Pampa River Unattested Porokun once spoken on the Sao Mateus River Unattested Mekmek once spoken on the Lages River Unattested Usnus extinct dialect from the right bank of the Jequitinhonha River Unattested Ankwet spoken in the Serra dos Aimores perhaps extinct now Unattested Xonvugn once spoken between the Mutum River and Aranaa River Unattested Gueren Borun originally spoken on the Paruhipe River later near the city of Olivenca Alagoas state now perhaps extinct Maraca extinct language once spoken in the Serra do Espinhaco Bahia state Unattested Vocabulary editSeveral lexical loans from one of the Lingua Geral varieties have been found identified Examples include tuŋ flea and krai non Indigenous person foreigner 4 Loukotka 1968 lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages 1 gloss Krekmun Krenak Pejaurun Naknanuk Shiporok Nak napma Bakuen Nakrehe Aranaa Minan Yirugn Pojicha Guerenhead keran kren kren kren kren kren krend kren kren kren krentooth kiyun kizyun kiyun kiyun zyun kzyunʔ kizyuʔun dzyon kiyudn kuzyunwater manan munan munam minam munan mʔna minaʔan minanga mayan minanfire shompek zyonpek shompeik chonpek chonpok chompek shampek shompek chonpek chompek zyanpek ghompeksun taru taru taru taru taru taru tepo tepo tepo tepo manueearth nak nak nak nak nak nak nak nak nak nakbird bakan bokoun bakan bakan bakan bakan boken bakanjaguar kuparak kuparag kuparak kuparak kuparak kuparaki kupara kuparak kuparak kepobow uazyik auzyik uasik uaishik uazyik uazyik uazyikFootnotes edit a b c Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Campbell Lyle 2012 Classification of the indigenous languages of South America In Grondona Veronica Campbell Lyle eds The Indigenous Languages of South America The World of Linguistics Vol 2 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 59 166 ISBN 978 3 11 025513 3 Mason John Alden 1950 The languages of South America In Steward Julian ed Handbook of South American Indians Vol 6 Washington D C Government Printing Office Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 pp 157 317 Nikulin Andrey Silva Mario Andre Coelho da 2020 As linguas Maxakali e Krenak dentro do tronco Macro Je Cadernos de Etnolinguistica 8 1 1 64 References editAlain Fabre 2005 Diccionario etnolinguistico y guia bibliografica de los pueblos indigenas sudamericanos BOTOCUDO 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Krenak languages amp oldid 1172713138, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
