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Arabian wolf

April 27, 2024

The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the Arabian Peninsula—to the west of Bahrain, as well as Oman, southern Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. They are also found in Israel’s Negev and Arava Deserts, Jordan, Palestine, and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest Gray wolf subspecies, and a specialized xerocole (arid-adapted) animal that normally lives in smaller familial packs. Arabian wolves are omnivorous and opportunistic eaters; they consume small to medium-sized prey, from insects, reptiles and birds to rodents and small ungulates, such as young Nubian ibex and several species of gazelle (Arabian, goitered, Dorcas, and mountain gazelles).[4]

Arabian wolf
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species:
C. lupus
Subspecies:
C. l. arabs
Trinomial name
Canis lupus arabs
Pocock, 1934[3]
Arabian wolf range

Taxonomy edit

Once thought to be synonymous with C. l. pallipes (the Indian wolf), the Arabian wolf was designated Canis lupus arabs by the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock in 1934.[5] Pocock noted its smaller skull and smaller size.[6] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus the subspecies Canis lupus arabs.[7] A 2014 study suggests that genetically the Arabian wolf is closer to C. l. lupus than it is to C. l. pallipes and supports the subspecies designation C. l. arabs.[8] There has been admixture with domestic dogs, but it is unclear whether or not this is why this wolf is genetically closer to C. l. lupus.[8] This raises a concern of extinction by hybridization as Arabian wolves are more adapted to desert life than wolf/dog hybrids.[9]

In Israel and Palestine, there is some disagreement as to the exact taxonomic status of wolves. Some scientists hold that two subspecies of wolf are present- C. l. pallipes in the northern parts, and C. l. arabs in the south. They point out that the southern wolves are smaller than the northern wolves which are also darker and have longer fur.[10] Other scientists consider the wolf in the area to be C. l. arabs, with no real distinction between northern and southern wolves.[4] As in other countries, there is interbreeding with feral dogs, which adds an element of uncertainty.[11]

Admixture with other Canis species edit

In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis. The study found evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and grey wolves (from Saudi Arabia and Syria). One African golden wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern grey wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. The African golden wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% grey wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry.[12]

Description edit

 
Wolf at Al Ain Zoo, the UAE

The Arabian wolf is one of the smallest subspecies of wolf. It stands on average 25–26 inches (64–66 cm) at shoulder height[13] and the adult weighs an average of 45 pounds (20.41 kg).[14] The cranial length of the adult Arabian wolf measures on average 200.8 mm (0.659 ft), which is smaller than most wolves.[15] Along with the Indian wolf, it is probably smaller than other wolves to help it adapt to life in a hot, dry climate.[16] This is an example of Bergmann's rule, where mammal size varies by the warmth of their environment. Its ears are proportionally larger in relation to its body size when compared to other sub-species of Canis lupus, an adaptation probably developed to help disperse body heat (Allen's Rule).[17]

They have a short thin coat which is usually a grayish beige color,[18] "... a mixture of black and slightly buffy grey" according to Pocock.[6] Melanistic (dark) Arabian wolves have been recorded in Saudi Arabia's western highlands.[19] Similar to other canines, the Arabian wolf does not have sweat glands and so it must control its body temperature by rapid panting, which causes evaporation from the lungs.[20] Occasionally the pads of the third and fourth toes are fused in the back; a feature which differentiates its tracks from a dog's.[21] It is distinguished from the Indian wolf by its smaller skull, smaller size and thinner coat.[18]

Behavior and Ecology edit

 
Female head and shoulders

Behavior edit

Arabian wolves do not usually live in large packs, and instead hunt in pairs or in groups of about three or four animals.[22][23] They are most frequently active around water sources at sunrise and mid-afternoon.[24] However, they more commonly travel at night. Due to food availability, Arabian wolves often associate with human settlements.[25]

Diet edit

Arabian wolves are mainly carnivorous, but also omnivorous and in some areas largely dependent on human garbage and excess products.[23] Their native prey includes ungulates such as Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), gazelles (Genus Gazella), and Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus onager), as well as smaller animals like hares and rodents.[25] They also eat cats, sweet fruits, roadkill and other carrion.[26] Opportunistically, almost any small animal including fish, snails, baby baboons can be part of their diet.[27] Because Arabian wolves can attack and eat any domestic animals up to the size of a goat, pastoral Bedouins and other farmers will often shoot, poison, or trap them.[28]

Other wildlife interactions edit

There is at least one case in Israel of a striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. It is proposed that this is a case of mutualism: the hyena could benefit from the wolves' superior ability to hunt large, agile prey. The wolves could benefit from the hyena's superior sense of smell, to locate and dig out tortoises, to crack open large bones, and to tear open discarded food containers like tin cans.[29]

As with other wolf subspecies, Arabian wolves can facilitate a trophic cascade by suppressing smaller carnivores such as golden jackals (Canis aureus) and foxes (Genus Vulpes). This allows smaller herbivores to become more abundant.[30] Arabian wolves compete with other carnivores including the caracal (Caracal caracal) and Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr).[31]

Range and conservation edit

 
An Arabian wolf in the Arava desert, southern Israel
See also: Al Hefaiyah Conservation Centre

The Arabian wolf was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula, but now lives only in small pockets in southern Israel,[32] Palestine,[33] southern and western Kuwait, Oman, Yemen, Jordan,[34] Saudi Arabia,[35] and some parts of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.[36] It is rare throughout most of its range because of human persecution.[23]

In Oman, wolf populations have increased because of a ban on hunting, and they may naturally re-establish themselves in certain places within the region in the relatively near term.[37]

In Israel, between 100 and 150 Arabian wolves are found across the Negev and the Arava. The population is stable, as prey is abundant and much of the land is undeveloped and protected as nature reserves.[4][32] They are strongly protected under Israel's 1955 Wildlife Protection Law.[38]

The United Arab Emirates and Egypt both have a captive breeding program, and the wolf is protected in Oman and Israel, but in Saudi Arabia, the wolf is protected in places and still exists in places with sparse human activity.[28]

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus arabs.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus arabs.
  1. ^ "Arabian Peninsula Red List" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Arabian Wolf Or Desert Wolf" (PDF). ukwct.org.uk.
  3. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1934). "LXVI.—Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals". Journal of Natural History. Series 10. 14 (84): 635–636. doi:10.1080/00222933408654939.
  4. ^ a b c Hefner, R.; Geffen, E. (1999). "Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus) in Southern Israel". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 611–619. doi:10.2307/1383305. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1383305.
  5. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1934). "LXVI.—Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals". Journal of Natural History Series 10. 14 (84): 635. doi:10.1080/00222933408654939.
  6. ^ a b Pocock, R.I. (1935). "XLII.—The mammals collected in S.E. Arabia by Mr. Bertram Thomas and Mr. H. St. J. Philby". Journal of Natural History. Series 10. 15 (88): 441–467. doi:10.1080/00222933508654985. ISSN 0374-5481.
  7. ^ Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (29 January 2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801882210. Retrieved 29 January 2022 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b Bray, Timothy C.; Mohammed, Osama Badri; Butynski, Thomas M.; Wronski, Torsten; Sandouka, Mohamed Abdelkader; Alagaili, Abdulaziz Nasser (2014). "Genetic variation and subspecific status of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Saudi Arabia". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 79 (6): 409–413. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.06.005. ISSN 1616-5047.
  9. ^ Chris Barichievy; Shayne Clugston; Robert Sheldon. "Field report : Association between an Arabian wolf and a domestic dog in central Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Canids.org. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  10. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2.
  11. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. p. 188. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2.
  12. ^ Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Niemann, Jonas; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Vieira, Filipe G.; Carøe, Christian; Montero, Marc de Manuel; Kuderna, Lukas; Serres, Aitor; González-Basallote, Víctor Manuel; Liu, Yan-Hu; Wang, Guo-Dong; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Mirarab, Siavash; Fernandes, Carlos; Gaubert, Philippe; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Budd, Jane; Rueness, Eli Knispel; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018). "Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3441–3449.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041. PMC 6224481. PMID 30344120.
  13. ^ "Life and behaviour of wolves : The Arabian or Desert Wolf" (PDF). Ukwct.org.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  14. ^ Lopez, B. (2004). Of Wolves and Men. Scribner. p. 18. ISBN 978-0743249362.
  15. ^ Walker, Brett (2008). The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press, Seattle. p. 53. ISBN 9780295988146.
  16. ^ T. K. Fuller (2004). Wolves of the World. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-640-6.
  17. ^ Mills, Clarence A. (1945). "Influence of Environmental Temperatures on Warm-Blooded Animals". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 46 (1 Animal Colony): 97–105. Bibcode:1945NYASA..46...97M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1945.tb36162.x. ISSN 0077-8923. S2CID 84266753.
  18. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1935). "The Races of Canis lupus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (3): 647–686. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1935.tb01687.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
  19. ^ Zafar-ul Islam, M.; Boug, Ahmed; Shehri, Abdullah; da Silva, Lucas Gonçalves (2019-04-03). "Geographic distribution patterns of melanistic Arabian Wolves, Canis lupus arabs (Pocock), in Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Carnivora)". Zoology in the Middle East. 65 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1080/09397140.2019.1580931. ISSN 0939-7140. S2CID 92150720.
  20. ^ Harrington & Paquet 1983.
  21. ^ Walter W. Ferguson; Susan Menache (2002). The Mammals of Israel. BERTRAMS p. 73. ISBN 978-965-229-278-0.
  22. ^ Natural Emirates: Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates. Trident Press Ltd. 1996. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-900724-02-9.
  23. ^ a b c Hefner, R.; Geffen, E. (1999). "Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus) in Southern Israel". Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (2): 611–619. ISSN 1545-1542. doi:10.2307/1383305.
  24. ^ Edwards, Sarah; Al Awaji, Malik; Eid, Ehab; Attum, Omar (2017-06-01). "Mammalian activity at artificial water sources in Dana Biosphere Reserve, southern Jordan". Journal of Arid Environments. 141: 52–55. Bibcode:2017JArEn.141...52E. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.015. ISSN 0140-1963.
  25. ^ a b Barocas, A.; Hefner, R.; Ucko, M.; Merkle, J. A.; Geffen, E. (October 2018). "Behavioral adaptations of a large carnivore to human activity in an extremely arid landscape". Animal Conservation. 21 (5): 433–443. Bibcode:2018AnCon..21..433B. doi:10.1111/acv.12414. S2CID 91922916.
  26. ^ Heinrich Mendelssohn; Y. Yom-Tov (1999). Mammalia of Israel. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2. PG. 186
  27. ^ S. Biquand; V. Urios; A. Baoug; C. Vila; J. Castroviejo; I. Nader (1994). (PDF). Mammalia. 58 (3): 492–494. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  28. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  29. ^ Dinets, V.; Eligulashvili, Beniamin (2016). "Striped Hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena) in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) packs: cooperation, commensalism or singular aberration?". Zoology in the Middle East. 62: 85–87. doi:10.1080/09397140.2016.1144292. S2CID 85957777.
  30. ^ Bonsen, Gavin T.; Wallach, Arian D.; Ben-Ami, Dror; Keynan, Oded; Khalilieh, Anton; Shanas, Uri; Wooster, Eamonn I. F.; Ramp, Daniel (2022-08-01). "Tolerance of wolves shapes desert canid communities in the Middle East". Global Ecology and Conservation. 36: e02139. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02139. ISSN 2351-9894.
  31. ^ Zafar-ul Islam, M.; Volmer, Rebbeka; al Boug, Ahmed; Shehri, Abdullah as; Gavashelishvili, Alexander (2020-04-02). "Modelling the effect of competition for prey and poaching on the population of the Arabian Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, in Saudi Arabia (Mammalia: Felidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 66 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1080/09397140.2020.1757911. S2CID 219088859.
  32. ^ a b Cohen, Orly; Barocas, Adi; Geffen, Eli (2013). "Conflicting management policies for the Arabian wolf Canis lupus arabs in the Negev Desert: is this justified?". Oryx. 47 (2): 228–236. doi:10.1017/S0030605311001797. ISSN 0030-6053.
  33. ^ Albaba, Imadeddin (2016). "The terrestrial mammals of Palestine: A preliminary checklist". International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 3 (4): 28–35.
  34. ^ Bunain, Fayez; Hatough, Aia; Ababaneh, Derar; Yousef, Mohamet & Amr, Zuhair (2001). (PDF). Turkish Journal of Zoology. 25: 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  35. ^ Bray, Timothy C.; Mohammed, Osama Badri; Butynski, Thomas M.; Wronski, Torsten; Sandouka, Mohamed Abdelkader; Alagaili, Abdulaziz Nasser (2014). "Genetic variation and subspecific status of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Saudi Arabia". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 79 (6): 409–413. ISSN 1616-5047. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.06.005.
  36. ^ Gecchele, Lisa V.; Bremner-Harrison, Samantha; Gilbert, Francis; Soultan, Alaaeldin; Davison, Angus; Durrant, Kate L. (2017). (PDF). Journal of Arid Environments. 141: 16–24. Bibcode:2017JArEn.141...16G. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.009. ISSN 0140-1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
  37. ^ Natural Emirates: Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates. Trident Press Ltd. 1996. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-900724-02-9.
  38. ^ "Wildlife Protection Law, 1955". GOV.IL. Retrieved 2023-03-03.

Sources edit

  • Harrington, Fred; Paquet, Paul, eds. (1983). Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications. ISBN 978-0-8155-0905-9.

April 27, 2024
arabian, wolf, canis, lupus, arabs, subspecies, gray, wolf, native, arabian, peninsula, west, bahrain, well, oman, southern, saudi, arabia, yemen, they, also, found, israel, negev, arava, deserts, jordan, palestine, egypt, sinai, peninsula, smallest, gray, wol. The Arabian wolf Canis lupus arabs is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the Arabian Peninsula to the west of Bahrain as well as Oman southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen They are also found in Israel s Negev and Arava Deserts Jordan Palestine and Egypt s Sinai Peninsula It is the smallest Gray wolf subspecies and a specialized xerocole arid adapted animal that normally lives in smaller familial packs Arabian wolves are omnivorous and opportunistic eaters they consume small to medium sized prey from insects reptiles and birds to rodents and small ungulates such as young Nubian ibex and several species of gazelle Arabian goitered Dorcas and mountain gazelles 4 Arabian wolf Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Critically Endangered IUCN 3 1 2 by UKWCT Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Genus Canis Species C lupus Subspecies C l arabs Trinomial name Canis lupus arabsPocock 1934 3 Arabian wolf range Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Admixture with other Canis species 2 Description 3 Behavior and Ecology 3 1 Behavior 3 2 Diet 3 3 Other wildlife interactions 4 Range and conservation 5 References 5 1 SourcesTaxonomy editOnce thought to be synonymous with C l pallipes the Indian wolf the Arabian wolf was designated Canis lupus arabs by the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock in 1934 5 Pocock noted its smaller skull and smaller size 6 In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005 the mammalogist W Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus the subspecies Canis lupus arabs 7 A 2014 study suggests that genetically the Arabian wolf is closer to C l lupus than it is to C l pallipes and supports the subspecies designation C l arabs 8 There has been admixture with domestic dogs but it is unclear whether or not this is why this wolf is genetically closer to C l lupus 8 This raises a concern of extinction by hybridization as Arabian wolves are more adapted to desert life than wolf dog hybrids 9 In Israel and Palestine there is some disagreement as to the exact taxonomic status of wolves Some scientists hold that two subspecies of wolf are present C l pallipes in the northern parts and C l arabs in the south They point out that the southern wolves are smaller than the northern wolves which are also darker and have longer fur 10 Other scientists consider the wolf in the area to be C l arabs with no real distinction between northern and southern wolves 4 As in other countries there is interbreeding with feral dogs which adds an element of uncertainty 11 Admixture with other Canis species edit In 2018 whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis The study found evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves golden jackals and grey wolves from Saudi Arabia and Syria One African golden wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern grey wolves and dogs highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution The African golden wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72 grey wolf and 28 Ethiopian wolf ancestry 12 Description edit nbsp Wolf at Al Ain Zoo the UAE The Arabian wolf is one of the smallest subspecies of wolf It stands on average 25 26 inches 64 66 cm at shoulder height 13 and the adult weighs an average of 45 pounds 20 41 kg 14 The cranial length of the adult Arabian wolf measures on average 200 8 mm 0 659 ft which is smaller than most wolves 15 Along with the Indian wolf it is probably smaller than other wolves to help it adapt to life in a hot dry climate 16 This is an example of Bergmann s rule where mammal size varies by the warmth of their environment Its ears are proportionally larger in relation to its body size when compared to other sub species of Canis lupus an adaptation probably developed to help disperse body heat Allen s Rule 17 They have a short thin coat which is usually a grayish beige color 18 a mixture of black and slightly buffy grey according to Pocock 6 Melanistic dark Arabian wolves have been recorded in Saudi Arabia s western highlands 19 Similar to other canines the Arabian wolf does not have sweat glands and so it must control its body temperature by rapid panting which causes evaporation from the lungs 20 Occasionally the pads of the third and fourth toes are fused in the back a feature which differentiates its tracks from a dog s 21 It is distinguished from the Indian wolf by its smaller skull smaller size and thinner coat 18 Behavior and Ecology edit nbsp Female head and shoulders Behavior edit Arabian wolves do not usually live in large packs and instead hunt in pairs or in groups of about three or four animals 22 23 They are most frequently active around water sources at sunrise and mid afternoon 24 However they more commonly travel at night Due to food availability Arabian wolves often associate with human settlements 25 Diet edit Arabian wolves are mainly carnivorous but also omnivorous and in some areas largely dependent on human garbage and excess products 23 Their native prey includes ungulates such as Nubian ibex Capra nubiana gazelles Genus Gazella and Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus onager as well as smaller animals like hares and rodents 25 They also eat cats sweet fruits roadkill and other carrion 26 Opportunistically almost any small animal including fish snails baby baboons can be part of their diet 27 Because Arabian wolves can attack and eat any domestic animals up to the size of a goat pastoral Bedouins and other farmers will often shoot poison or trap them 28 Other wildlife interactions edit There is at least one case in Israel of a striped hyena Hyaena hyaena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack It is proposed that this is a case of mutualism the hyena could benefit from the wolves superior ability to hunt large agile prey The wolves could benefit from the hyena s superior sense of smell to locate and dig out tortoises to crack open large bones and to tear open discarded food containers like tin cans 29 As with other wolf subspecies Arabian wolves can facilitate a trophic cascade by suppressing smaller carnivores such as golden jackals Canis aureus and foxes Genus Vulpes This allows smaller herbivores to become more abundant 30 Arabian wolves compete with other carnivores including the caracal Caracal caracal and Arabian leopard Panthera pardus nimr 31 Range and conservation edit nbsp An Arabian wolf in the Arava desert southern Israel See also Al Hefaiyah Conservation Centre The Arabian wolf was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula but now lives only in small pockets in southern Israel 32 Palestine 33 southern and western Kuwait Oman Yemen Jordan 34 Saudi Arabia 35 and some parts of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt 36 It is rare throughout most of its range because of human persecution 23 In Oman wolf populations have increased because of a ban on hunting and they may naturally re establish themselves in certain places within the region in the relatively near term 37 In Israel between 100 and 150 Arabian wolves are found across the Negev and the Arava The population is stable as prey is abundant and much of the land is undeveloped and protected as nature reserves 4 32 They are strongly protected under Israel s 1955 Wildlife Protection Law 38 The United Arab Emirates and Egypt both have a captive breeding program and the wolf is protected in Oman and Israel but in Saudi Arabia the wolf is protected in places and still exists in places with sparse human activity 28 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canis lupus arabs nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Canis lupus arabs Arabian Peninsula Red List PDF Arabian Wolf Or Desert Wolf PDF ukwct org uk Pocock R I 1934 LXVI Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals Journal of Natural History Series 10 14 84 635 636 doi 10 1080 00222933408654939 a b c Hefner R Geffen E 1999 Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf Canis lupus in Southern Israel Journal of Mammalogy 80 2 611 619 doi 10 2307 1383305 ISSN 1545 1542 JSTOR 1383305 Pocock R I 1934 LXVI Preliminary diagnoses of some new races of South Arabian mammals Journal of Natural History Series 10 14 84 635 doi 10 1080 00222933408654939 a b Pocock R I 1935 XLII The mammals collected in S E Arabia by Mr Bertram Thomas and Mr H St J Philby Journal of Natural History Series 10 15 88 441 467 doi 10 1080 00222933508654985 ISSN 0374 5481 Wilson Don E Reeder DeeAnn M 29 January 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference JHU Press ISBN 9780801882210 Retrieved 29 January 2022 via Google Books a b Bray Timothy C Mohammed Osama Badri Butynski Thomas M Wronski Torsten Sandouka Mohamed Abdelkader Alagaili Abdulaziz Nasser 2014 Genetic variation and subspecific status of the grey wolf Canis lupus in Saudi Arabia Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 79 6 409 413 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2014 06 005 ISSN 1616 5047 Chris Barichievy Shayne Clugston Robert Sheldon Field report Association between an Arabian wolf and a domestic dog in central Saudi Arabia PDF Canids org Retrieved 29 January 2022 Heinrich Mendelssohn Y Yom Tov 1999 Mammalia of Israel Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities ISBN 978 965 208 145 2 Heinrich Mendelssohn Y Yom Tov 1999 Mammalia of Israel Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities p 188 ISBN 978 965 208 145 2 Gopalakrishnan Shyam Sinding Mikkel Holger S Ramos Madrigal Jazmin Niemann Jonas Samaniego Castruita Jose A Vieira Filipe G Caroe Christian Montero Marc de Manuel Kuderna Lukas Serres Aitor Gonzalez Basallote Victor Manuel Liu Yan Hu Wang Guo Dong Marques Bonet Tomas Mirarab Siavash Fernandes Carlos Gaubert Philippe Koepfli Klaus Peter Budd Jane Rueness Eli Knispel Heide Jorgensen Mads Peter Petersen Bent Sicheritz Ponten Thomas Bachmann Lutz Wiig Oystein Hansen Anders J Gilbert M Thomas P 2018 Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis Current Biology 28 21 3441 3449 e5 doi 10 1016 j cub 2018 08 041 PMC 6224481 PMID 30344120 Life and behaviour of wolves The Arabian or Desert Wolf PDF Ukwct org uk Retrieved 29 January 2022 Lopez B 2004 Of Wolves and Men Scribner p 18 ISBN 978 0743249362 Walker Brett 2008 The Lost Wolves of Japan University of Washington Press Seattle p 53 ISBN 9780295988146 T K Fuller 2004 Wolves of the World Voyageur Press ISBN 978 0 89658 640 6 Mills Clarence A 1945 Influence of Environmental Temperatures on Warm Blooded Animals Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 46 1 Animal Colony 97 105 Bibcode 1945NYASA 46 97M doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 1945 tb36162 x ISSN 0077 8923 S2CID 84266753 a b Pocock R I 1935 The Races of Canis lupus Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 105 3 647 686 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1935 tb01687 x ISSN 0370 2774 Zafar ul Islam M Boug Ahmed Shehri Abdullah da Silva Lucas Goncalves 2019 04 03 Geographic distribution patterns of melanistic Arabian Wolves Canis lupus arabs Pocock in Saudi Arabia Mammalia Carnivora Zoology in the Middle East 65 2 95 103 doi 10 1080 09397140 2019 1580931 ISSN 0939 7140 S2CID 92150720 Harrington amp Paquet 1983 Walter W Ferguson Susan Menache 2002 The Mammals of Israel BERTRAMS p 73 ISBN 978 965 229 278 0 Natural Emirates Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates Trident Press Ltd 1996 pp 219 ISBN 978 1 900724 02 9 a b c Hefner R Geffen E 1999 Group Size and Home Range of the Arabian Wolf Canis lupus in Southern Israel Journal of Mammalogy 80 2 611 619 ISSN 1545 1542 doi 10 2307 1383305 Edwards Sarah Al Awaji Malik Eid Ehab Attum Omar 2017 06 01 Mammalian activity at artificial water sources in Dana Biosphere Reserve southern Jordan Journal of Arid Environments 141 52 55 Bibcode 2017JArEn 141 52E doi 10 1016 j jaridenv 2017 01 015 ISSN 0140 1963 a b Barocas A Hefner R Ucko M Merkle J A Geffen E October 2018 Behavioral adaptations of a large carnivore to human activity in an extremely arid landscape Animal Conservation 21 5 433 443 Bibcode 2018AnCon 21 433B doi 10 1111 acv 12414 S2CID 91922916 Heinrich Mendelssohn Y Yom Tov 1999 Mammalia of Israel Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities ISBN 978 965 208 145 2 PG 186 S Biquand V Urios A Baoug C Vila J Castroviejo I Nader 1994 Fishes as diet of a wolf Canis lupus arabs in Saudi Arabia PDF Mammalia 58 3 492 494 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 07 28 Retrieved 2017 08 28 a b Arabian wolf distribution update from Saudi Arabia PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 08 21 Retrieved 2017 08 28 Dinets V Eligulashvili Beniamin 2016 Striped Hyaenas Hyaena hyaena in Grey Wolf Canis lupus packs cooperation commensalism or singular aberration Zoology in the Middle East 62 85 87 doi 10 1080 09397140 2016 1144292 S2CID 85957777 Bonsen Gavin T Wallach Arian D Ben Ami Dror Keynan Oded Khalilieh Anton Shanas Uri Wooster Eamonn I F Ramp Daniel 2022 08 01 Tolerance of wolves 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Harrington Fred Paquet Paul eds 1983 Wolves of the World Perspectives of Behavior Ecology and Conservation Park Ridge N J Noyes Publications ISBN 978 0 8155 0905 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arabian wolf amp oldid 1215339586, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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