fbpx
Wikipedia

Antibiotic prophylaxis

January 01, 1970

Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to, for humans, the prevention of infection complications using antimicrobial therapy (most commonly antibiotics). Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.[1]

For humans edit

Antibiotic prophylaxis is most commonly used prior to dental surgery,[2] but may be used in other cases, such as prior to sexual intercourse for patients who suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections.[3]

Even when sterile techniques are adhered to, surgical procedures can introduce bacteria and other microbes in the blood (causing bacteremia), which can colonize and infect different parts of the body. An estimated 5 to 10 percent of hospitalized patients undergoing otolaryngology ("head and neck") surgery acquire a nosocomial ("hospital") infection, which adds a substantial cost and an average of 4 extra days to the hospital stay.[citation needed]

Antibiotics can be effective in reducing the occurrence of such infections. Patients should be selected for prophylaxis if the medical condition or the surgical procedure is associated with a considerable risk of infection or if a postoperative infection would pose a serious hazard to the patient's recovery and well-being.[4]

Antibiotic prophylaxis is also commonly used to prevent respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients.[5]

Microbial infections and related diseases edit

Local wound infections (superficial or deep-sided), urinary tract infections (caused by a bladder catheter inserted for surgery), and pneumonia (due to impaired breathing/coughing, caused by sedation and analgesics during the first few hours of recovery) may endanger the health of patients after surgery. Visibly worse are postoperative bacterial infections at the site of implanted foreign bodies (sutures, osteosynthetic material, joint replacements, pacemaker implants, etc.) Often, the outcome of the procedure may be put into question and the life of the patient may even be put at risk.[citation needed]

Worldwide experience with antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery has proven to be effective and cost-efficient, both avoiding severe patient suffering while saving lives (provided the appropriate antibiotics have been carefully chosen and used to the best of current medical knowledge).[citation needed]

Antibiotic selection edit

A proper regimen of antibiotics for perioperative prophylaxis of septic complications decreases the total amount of antimicrobials needed and eases the burden on hospitals. The choice of antibiotics should be made according to data on pharmacology, microbiology, clinical experience and economy. Drugs should be selected with a reasonable spectrum of activity against pathogens likely to be encountered, and antibiotics should be chosen with kinetics that will ensure adequate serum and tissue levels throughout the risk period. Depending on the type of surgery and anticipated contamination associated with it, combinations of different agents or different routes of administration (e.g. intravenous and oral antibiotics) might be beneficial in reducing perioperative adverse events.[6][7]

For prophylaxis in surgery, only antibiotics with good tolerability should be used. Cephalosporins remain the preferred drugs for perioperative prophylaxis due to their low toxicity. Parenteral systemic antibiotics seem to be more appropriate than oral or topical antibiotics because the chosen antibiotics must reach high concentrations at all sites of danger. It is well recognized that broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to prevent gram-negative sepsis. New data demonstrate that third generation cephalosporins are more effective than first and second generation cephalosporins if all perioperative infectious complications are taken into consideration. Dermatologic surgeons commonly use antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Based on previous studies, though, the risk of endocarditis following cutaneous surgery is low and thus the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is controversial. Although this practice is appropriate for high-risk patients when skin is contaminated, it is not recommended for noneroded, noninfected skin.[8]

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.[citation needed]

The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for few people since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be caused by dental procedures.[9]

Advantages of long-acting antibiotics edit

Long-acting, broad-spectrum antibiotics offer the following advantages by comparison to short-acting antimicrobials in perioperative prophylaxis:[citation needed]

  • A single dose covers the whole perioperative risk period - even if the operation is delayed or long-lasting - and with regard to respiratory and urinary tract infections
  • Repeat administrations for prophylaxis are not necessary, so that additional doses are less likely to be forgotten (an advantage of practical value in a busy working situation such as a hospital)
  • Less risk of development of resistance and less side effects
  • Increased compliance and reduced errors of administration
  • Possibly better-effectiveness (less material and labor cost, less septic perioperative complications)

There are many factors that affect physicians' compliance with guideline recommendations, including cultural factors, educational background, training, nurse and pharmacist influences, medication supply, and logistics.[citation needed]

American Heart Association recommendations edit

The American Heart Association (AHA) now recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for very few patients since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be prevented by this procedure.[10]

For livestock edit

Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970.[1] Over time, the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered. In 1986, some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug resistant bacteria in humans.[11] The European Union regulated in 2006 against antibiotics for growth promotion purposes.[12]

It was estimated in 2014 that over 80% of the world's antibiotic use was on farms.[13][12] Coccidiosis in fowl had evolved increased tolerance to the antibiotic feed.[12] The WHO warned in April 2014 that farm use was a contributor to superbugs in humans.[13] The Auditor General of Canada found lack of progress in 2014 on antimicrobial resistance despite three years of government funds that should have been used to implement a reduction programme.[12] A CBC writer was concerned that there was in Canada "no coordinated national system to control antibiotics in agriculture."[13]

Due to the serious problem of superbugs (which are bred in antibiotic-rich environments) the Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance document in December 2013. The chief public health officer of Canada said four months later that "antibiotics should only be used in animals to treat infection rather than guard against disease or promote growth." The Canadian guidance document calls for "the prudent use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and a gradual phasing out of growth promoting drugs in feed and water over the three years" ending in 2017.[14] Producers will no longer be allowed to continuously feed animals doses of antibiotics as a way to promote growth.[15] A veterinarian said that ""If you don't put (antibiotics) in the feed, and you wait until you get an outbreak of necrotic enteritis, you've got a lot of dead birds and you've lost a lot of money."[15] The Beef Cattle Research Council were irritated by the change, while the Chicken Farmers of Canada had pre-empted it by teamwork four years earlier.[14] However, concerns were raised by the Chief Veterinarian of Ontario that "In other jurisdictions, they've found that, the drugs are not used for growth promotion, wink, wink, they're used for disease prevention."[13]

As of 2016, Health Canada had approved for employment in cattle three natural hormones and three synthetic hormones.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Weichenthal, B. A.; Russell, H. G. (1970). "Beef cattle feeding suggestions". Circular (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cooperative Extension Service) 1025. hdl:2142/28536.
  2. ^ "Antibiotic Prophylaxis". www.ada.org. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  3. ^ Ahmed, Haroon; Davies, Freya; Francis, Nick; Farewell, Daniel; Butler, Christoper; Paranjothy, Shantini (May 2017). "Long-term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials". BMJ Open. 7 (5): e015233. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015233. PMC 5729980. PMID 28554926.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2002-10-18. Retrieved 2005-10-17.
  5. ^ Grammatikos, Alexandros; Albur, Mahableshwar; Gompels, Mark; Barnaby, Catherine Louise; Allan, Susan; Johnston, Sarah (October 2020). "Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients: A retrospective cohort study". Clinical Infection in Practice. 7–8: 100048. doi:10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100048. S2CID 228965989.
  6. ^ Pellino, Gianluca; Espín-Basany, Eloy (17 December 2021). "Bowel decontamination before colonic and rectal surgery". British Journal of Surgery. 109 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1093/bjs/znab389. PMID 34849592.
  7. ^ Espin Basany, Eloy; Solís-Peña, Alejandro; Pellino, Gianluca; Kreisler, Esther; Fraccalvieri, Doménico; Muinelo-Lorenzo, Manuel; Maseda-Díaz, Olga; García-González, José María; Santamaría-Olabarrieta, Marta; Codina-Cazador, Antonio; Biondo, Sebastiano (August 2020). "Preoperative oral antibiotics and surgical-site infections in colon surgery (ORALEV): a multicentre, single-blind, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial". The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 5 (8): 729–738. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30075-3. PMID 32325012. S2CID 216109202.
  8. ^ Scheinfeld, Noah; Struach, Shari; Ross, Bonnie (September 2002). "Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guideline Awareness and Antibiotic Prophylaxis Use Among New York State Dermatologic Surgeons". Dermatologic Surgery. 28 (9): 841–844. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.02033.x. PMID 12269880. S2CID 42388624.
  9. ^ "Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Dental Procedures". American Dental Association. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. ^ Wilson, Walter; Taubert, Kathryn A.; Gewitz, Michael; Lockhart, Peter B.; Baddour, Larry M.; Levison, Matthew; Bolger, Ann; Cabell, Christopher H.; Takahashi, Masato; Baltimore, Robert S.; Newburger, Jane W.; Strom, Brian L.; Tani, Lloyd Y.; Gerber, Michael; Bonow, Robert O.; Pallasch, Thomas; Shulman, Stanford T.; Rowley, Anne H.; Burns, Jane C.; Ferrieri, Patricia; Gardner, Timothy; Goff, David; Durack, David T. (9 October 2007). "Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: Guidelines From the American Heart Association: A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group". Circulation. 116 (15): 1736–1754. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095. PMID 17446442.
  11. ^ a b revivewellness.ca: "Is Canadian Beef Hormone & Antibiotic Free?", April 17, 2016
  12. ^ a b c d globalnews.ca: "Medicating meat: What's Canada's plan for animal antibiotics?", 08/06/2014
  13. ^ a b c d cbc.ca: "Health Canada's quiet move to end use of antibiotics to fatten up animals", 09/07/2014
  14. ^ a b producer.com: "Health Canada tightens antibiotic use", 17/04/2014
  15. ^ a b ctvnews.ca: "Health Canada restricts use of growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock", 12/07/2014

Further reading edit

  • Glick M (October 2016). "Antibiotics: The good, the bad, and the ugly". J Am Dent Assoc. 147 (10): 771–3. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2016.08.006. PMID 27688222.

January 01, 1970
antibiotic, prophylaxis, refers, humans, prevention, infection, complications, using, antimicrobial, therapy, most, commonly, antibiotics, domestic, animal, feed, mixes, been, employed, america, since, least, 1970, contents, humans, microbial, infections, rela. Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to for humans the prevention of infection complications using antimicrobial therapy most commonly antibiotics Antibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970 1 Contents 1 For humans 1 1 Microbial infections and related diseases 1 2 Antibiotic selection 1 3 Advantages of long acting antibiotics 1 4 American Heart Association recommendations 2 For livestock 3 References 4 Further readingFor humans editAntibiotic prophylaxis is most commonly used prior to dental surgery 2 but may be used in other cases such as prior to sexual intercourse for patients who suffer from recurrent urinary tract infections 3 Even when sterile techniques are adhered to surgical procedures can introduce bacteria and other microbes in the blood causing bacteremia which can colonize and infect different parts of the body An estimated 5 to 10 percent of hospitalized patients undergoing otolaryngology head and neck surgery acquire a nosocomial hospital infection which adds a substantial cost and an average of 4 extra days to the hospital stay citation needed Antibiotics can be effective in reducing the occurrence of such infections Patients should be selected for prophylaxis if the medical condition or the surgical procedure is associated with a considerable risk of infection or if a postoperative infection would pose a serious hazard to the patient s recovery and well being 4 Antibiotic prophylaxis is also commonly used to prevent respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients 5 Microbial infections and related diseases edit Local wound infections superficial or deep sided urinary tract infections caused by a bladder catheter inserted for surgery and pneumonia due to impaired breathing coughing caused by sedation and analgesics during the first few hours of recovery may endanger the health of patients after surgery Visibly worse are postoperative bacterial infections at the site of implanted foreign bodies sutures osteosynthetic material joint replacements pacemaker implants etc Often the outcome of the procedure may be put into question and the life of the patient may even be put at risk citation needed Worldwide experience with antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery has proven to be effective and cost efficient both avoiding severe patient suffering while saving lives provided the appropriate antibiotics have been carefully chosen and used to the best of current medical knowledge citation needed Antibiotic selection edit A proper regimen of antibiotics for perioperative prophylaxis of septic complications decreases the total amount of antimicrobials needed and eases the burden on hospitals The choice of antibiotics should be made according to data on pharmacology microbiology clinical experience and economy Drugs should be selected with a reasonable spectrum of activity against pathogens likely to be encountered and antibiotics should be chosen with kinetics that will ensure adequate serum and tissue levels throughout the risk period Depending on the type of surgery and anticipated contamination associated with it combinations of different agents or different routes of administration e g intravenous and oral antibiotics might be beneficial in reducing perioperative adverse events 6 7 For prophylaxis in surgery only antibiotics with good tolerability should be used Cephalosporins remain the preferred drugs for perioperative prophylaxis due to their low toxicity Parenteral systemic antibiotics seem to be more appropriate than oral or topical antibiotics because the chosen antibiotics must reach high concentrations at all sites of danger It is well recognized that broad spectrum antibiotics are more likely to prevent gram negative sepsis New data demonstrate that third generation cephalosporins are more effective than first and second generation cephalosporins if all perioperative infectious complications are taken into consideration Dermatologic surgeons commonly use antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis Based on previous studies though the risk of endocarditis following cutaneous surgery is low and thus the use of antibiotic prophylaxis is controversial Although this practice is appropriate for high risk patients when skin is contaminated it is not recommended for noneroded noninfected skin 8 There are many factors that affect physicians compliance with guideline recommendations including cultural factors educational background training nurse and pharmacist influences medication supply and logistics citation needed The American Dental Association ADA recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for few people since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be caused by dental procedures 9 Advantages of long acting antibiotics edit Long acting broad spectrum antibiotics offer the following advantages by comparison to short acting antimicrobials in perioperative prophylaxis citation needed A single dose covers the whole perioperative risk period even if the operation is delayed or long lasting and with regard to respiratory and urinary tract infections Repeat administrations for prophylaxis are not necessary so that additional doses are less likely to be forgotten an advantage of practical value in a busy working situation such as a hospital Less risk of development of resistance and less side effects Increased compliance and reduced errors of administration Possibly better effectiveness less material and labor cost less septic perioperative complications There are many factors that affect physicians compliance with guideline recommendations including cultural factors educational background training nurse and pharmacist influences medication supply and logistics citation needed American Heart Association recommendations edit The American Heart Association AHA now recommends antibiotic prophylaxis for very few patients since only a small number of cases of endocarditis might be prevented by this procedure 10 For livestock editAntibiotic prophylaxis in domestic animal feed mixes has been employed in America since at least 1970 1 Over time the use of antibiotics for growth promotion purposes in livestock was discovered In 1986 some European countries banned the use of antibiotics because of research they found that linked antibiotic use in livestock and drug resistant bacteria in humans 11 The European Union regulated in 2006 against antibiotics for growth promotion purposes 12 It was estimated in 2014 that over 80 of the world s antibiotic use was on farms 13 12 Coccidiosis in fowl had evolved increased tolerance to the antibiotic feed 12 The WHO warned in April 2014 that farm use was a contributor to superbugs in humans 13 The Auditor General of Canada found lack of progress in 2014 on antimicrobial resistance despite three years of government funds that should have been used to implement a reduction programme 12 A CBC writer was concerned that there was in Canada no coordinated national system to control antibiotics in agriculture 13 Due to the serious problem of superbugs which are bred in antibiotic rich environments the Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance document in December 2013 The chief public health officer of Canada said four months later that antibiotics should only be used in animals to treat infection rather than guard against disease or promote growth The Canadian guidance document calls for the prudent use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and a gradual phasing out of growth promoting drugs in feed and water over the three years ending in 2017 14 Producers will no longer be allowed to continuously feed animals doses of antibiotics as a way to promote growth 15 A veterinarian said that If you don t put antibiotics in the feed and you wait until you get an outbreak of necrotic enteritis you ve got a lot of dead birds and you ve lost a lot of money 15 The Beef Cattle Research Council were irritated by the change while the Chicken Farmers of Canada had pre empted it by teamwork four years earlier 14 However concerns were raised by the Chief Veterinarian of Ontario that In other jurisdictions they ve found that the drugs are not used for growth promotion wink wink they re used for disease prevention 13 As of 2016 Health Canada had approved for employment in cattle three natural hormones and three synthetic hormones 11 References edit a b Weichenthal B A Russell H G 1970 Beef cattle feeding suggestions Circular University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Cooperative Extension Service 1025 hdl 2142 28536 Antibiotic Prophylaxis www ada org Retrieved 2022 02 11 Ahmed Haroon Davies Freya Francis Nick Farewell Daniel Butler Christoper Paranjothy Shantini May 2017 Long term antibiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in older adults systematic review and meta analysis of randomised trials BMJ Open 7 5 e015233 doi 10 1136 bmjopen 2016 015233 PMC 5729980 PMID 28554926 Iv Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Archived from the original on 2002 10 18 Retrieved 2005 10 17 Grammatikos Alexandros Albur Mahableshwar Gompels Mark Barnaby Catherine Louise Allan Susan Johnston Sarah October 2020 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of respiratory tract infections in antibody deficient patients A retrospective cohort study Clinical Infection in Practice 7 8 100048 doi 10 1016 j clinpr 2020 100048 S2CID 228965989 Pellino Gianluca Espin Basany Eloy 17 December 2021 Bowel decontamination before colonic and rectal surgery British Journal of Surgery 109 1 3 7 doi 10 1093 bjs znab389 PMID 34849592 Espin Basany Eloy Solis Pena Alejandro Pellino Gianluca Kreisler Esther Fraccalvieri Domenico Muinelo Lorenzo Manuel Maseda Diaz Olga Garcia Gonzalez Jose Maria Santamaria Olabarrieta Marta Codina Cazador Antonio Biondo Sebastiano August 2020 Preoperative oral antibiotics and surgical site infections in colon surgery ORALEV a multicentre single blind pragmatic randomised controlled trial The Lancet Gastroenterology amp Hepatology 5 8 729 738 doi 10 1016 S2468 1253 20 30075 3 PMID 32325012 S2CID 216109202 Scheinfeld Noah Struach Shari Ross Bonnie September 2002 Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guideline Awareness and Antibiotic Prophylaxis Use Among New York State Dermatologic Surgeons Dermatologic Surgery 28 9 841 844 doi 10 1046 j 1524 4725 2002 02033 x PMID 12269880 S2CID 42388624 Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Dental Procedures American Dental Association 23 March 2020 Retrieved 10 September 2020 Wilson Walter Taubert Kathryn A Gewitz Michael Lockhart Peter B Baddour Larry M Levison Matthew Bolger Ann Cabell Christopher H Takahashi Masato Baltimore Robert S Newburger Jane W Strom Brian L Tani Lloyd Y Gerber Michael Bonow Robert O Pallasch Thomas Shulman Stanford T Rowley Anne H Burns Jane C Ferrieri Patricia Gardner Timothy Goff David Durack David T 9 October 2007 Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Guidelines From the American Heart Association A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and the Council on Clinical Cardiology Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation 116 15 1736 1754 doi 10 1161 CIRCULATIONAHA 106 183095 PMID 17446442 a b revivewellness ca Is Canadian Beef Hormone amp Antibiotic Free April 17 2016 a b c d globalnews ca Medicating meat What s Canada s plan for animal antibiotics 08 06 2014 a b c d cbc ca Health Canada s quiet move to end use of antibiotics to fatten up animals 09 07 2014 a b producer com Health Canada tightens antibiotic use 17 04 2014 a b ctvnews ca Health Canada restricts use of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock 12 07 2014Further reading editGlick M October 2016 Antibiotics The good the bad and the ugly J Am Dent Assoc 147 10 771 3 doi 10 1016 j adaj 2016 08 006 PMID 27688222 Portal nbsp Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antibiotic prophylaxis amp oldid 1222083532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.