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Anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody

January 01, 1970

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) are antibodies against antigens presented by the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These antibodies are directed against oligomannose sequences α-1,3 Man (α-1,2 Man α-1,2 Man)n (n = 1 or 2).[1] ASCAs and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCAs) are the two most useful and often discriminating biomarkers for colitis.[2] ASCA tends to recognize Crohn's disease more frequently, whereas pANCA tend to recognize ulcerative colitis.[3]

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Antigen
isoform		Mannans
Antigen sourceSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Antigen genepro
Affected organ(s)Large Intestine
Affected
tissue(s)		Epithelium
Associated
disease(s)		Colitis

ASCA antibodies react to a yeast protein with mannans,[4] a 200-kDa glycoprotein.[5]

Diseases edit

Diseases in which ASCA are found include the following:

Intestinal yeast and ASCA positive edit

Intestinal yeast infections are seen in malabsorptive diseases like coeliac disease. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis the presence of intestinal S. cerevisiae is rare, but the association with irritable bowel in coeliac disease remains unstudied.[14]

Anti-mannans edit

 
A photomicrograph of Candida albicans showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics.

Mannan (oligomannan) is a component of the yeast cell wall. Antibodies to yeast mannans are found at increased frequency in Crohn's disease and ASCA positive Crohn's tend to have lower low levels of mannan-binding lectin.[15] Experimentally, antibodies to mannans from yeast can also crossreact to mannans of other types of yeast.[16] Study of the sugars indicated that a mannotetraose (4-mer) was responsible for highest response.[17] Studies of the 200 kDa glycoprotein antibodies found them commonly in healthy people, suggesting that the disease associated antibodies are to their carbohydrate moieties.[18] Mannans from other yeast, for example candida albicans, have found to cross react with ASCA which suggests that other yeast may induce ASCA associated diseases. ASCA are serological markers of candida albicans infections in humans and animals.[1]

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a lectin produced by humans. In ASCA positive Crohn's disease the serum level of this protein is lower. Cellular response to mannan in ASCA positive peripheral blood lymphocytes could be inhibited by adding MBL, however, a high frequency of mutations in the MBL gene was found in ASCA positive patients.[19] Besides, MBL serum levels were inversely correlated with ASCA levels in Crohn's disease patients with severe clinical phenotypes.[20]

Crohn's disease edit

ASCA are consistently higher in frequency in Crohn's disease. Yeast cause a three-fold increase in lymphocyte proliferation relative to normal controls.[21] The ASCA antibodies are also more frequently found in familial Crohn's disease.[10] An altered humoral and cellular response to mannan is observed and may be due to a loss of yeast tolerance.[22] This alteration is marked by increased activation markers, CD25/CD69, upon proliferative stimulation of T-helper lymphocytes.[citation needed]

ASCA positive is a predictor for Crohn's disease with high specificity and positive predictive value (87% and 78% respectively).[citation needed] ASCA are associated with proximal (gastroduodenal and small bowel involvement) rather than purely colonic disease (P < 0.001) and with a more severe disease phenotype and requirement for surgery over a median follow-up time of 9 years (P < 0.0001). There is no association between genetic markers for Crohn's disease and NOD2 protein (also known as CARD15) or antibodies to mycoprotein antigen (IgA or IgG), indicating heterogeneous causes for Crohn's disease.[23] Experimental studies show that chemically induced colitis promotes opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonization. In turn, Candida albicans colonization generates ASCA.[24] According to another study, serum samples from patients with invasive candidiasis demonstrated that ASCA levels are significantly elevated compared to healthy controls, but the same, statistically, as of those with Crohn's disease.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Standaert-Vitse A, Jouault T, Vandewalle P, Mille C, Seddik M, Sendid B, Mallet JM, Colombel JF, Poulain D (2006). "Candida albicans is an immunogen for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody markers of Crohn's disease". Gastroenterology. 130 (6): 1764–75. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.02.009. PMID 16697740.
  2. ^ Desplat-Jégo S, Johanet C, Escande A, et al. (2007). "Update on Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, anti-nuclear associated anti-neutrophil antibodies and antibodies to exocrine pancreas detected by indirect immunofluorescence as biomarkers in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: results of a multicenter study". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (16): 2312–8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i16.2312. PMC 4147139. PMID 17511029.
  3. ^ Joossens S, Reinisch W, Vermeire S, et al. (2002). "The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis: a prospective follow-up study". Gastroenterology. 122 (5): 1242–1247. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.32980. PMID 11984510.
  4. ^ Lindberg E, Magnusson KE, Tysk C, Järnerot G (1992). "Antibody (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), yeast mannan, gliadin, ovalbumin and betalactoglobulin in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease". Gut. 33 (7): 909–913. doi:10.1136/gut.33.7.909. PMC 1379403. PMID 1644330.
  5. ^ Heelan BT, Allan S, Barnes RM (1991). "Identification of a 200-kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Immunol. Lett. 28 (3): 181–185. doi:10.1016/0165-2478(91)90001-Q. PMID 1885214.
  6. ^ Monselise A, Weinberger A, Monselise Y, Fraser A, Sulkes J, Krause I (2006). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in Behçet's disease--a familial study". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 24 (5 Suppl 42): S87–90. PMID 17067434.
  7. ^ Fresko I, Ugurlu S, Ozbakir F, et al. (2005). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Behçet's syndrome". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 23 (4 Suppl 38): S67–70. PMID 16273768.
  8. ^ a b Giaffer MH, Clark A, Holdsworth CD (1992). "Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn's disease and their possible pathogenic importance". Gut. 33 (8): 1071–1075. doi:10.1136/gut.33.8.1071. PMC 1379444. PMID 1398231.
  9. ^ Toumi D, Mankaï A, Belhadj R, Ghedira-Besbes L, Jeddi M, Ghedira I (2007). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in coeliac disease". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 42 (7): 821–826. doi:10.1080/00365520601154996. PMID 17558905. S2CID 22067865.
  10. ^ a b Annese V, Andreoli A, Andriulli A, Dinca R, Gionchetti P, Latiano A, Lombardi G, Piepoli A, Poulain D, Sendid B, Colombel JF (August 2001). "Familial expression of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannan antibodies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a GISC study". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 96 (8): 2407–12. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04043.x. PMID 11513182. S2CID 24310666.
  11. ^ Holstein A, Burmeister J, Plaschke A, Rosemeier D, Widjaja A, Egberts EH (2006). "Autoantibody profiles in microscopic colitis". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21 (6): 1016–1020. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04027.x. PMID 16724988. S2CID 41526612.
  12. ^ Main J, McKenzie H, Yeaman GR, et al. (1988). "Antibody to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) in Crohn's disease". BMJ. 297 (6656): 1105–1106. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6656.1105. PMC 1834894. PMID 3143445.
  13. ^ Barnes RM, Allan S, Taylor-Robinson CH, Finn R, Johnson PM (1990). "Serum antibodies reactive with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in inflammatory bowel disease: is IgA antibody a marker for Crohn's disease?". Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 92 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1159/000235217. PMID 2246081.
  14. ^ Mallant-Hent RC, Mooij M, von Blomberg BM, Linskens RK, van Bodegraven AA, Savelkoul PH (2006). "Correlation between Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA in intestinal mucosal samples and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in serum of patients with IBD". World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (2): 292–7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i2.292. PMC 4066041. PMID 16482632.
  15. ^ Seibold F, Boldt AB, Seibold-Schmid B, et al. (2007). "Association of deficiency for mannan-binding lectin with anti-mannan antibodies in Crohn's disease: A family study". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13 (9): 1077–1082. doi:10.1002/ibd.20156. PMID 17480019. S2CID 12544070.
  16. ^ Schaffer T, Müller S, Flogerzi B, Seibold-Schmid B, Schoepfer AM, Seibold F (2007). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA) of Crohn's patients crossreact with mannan from other yeast strains, and murine ASCA IgM can be experimentally induced with Candida albicans". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 13 (11): 1339–1346. doi:10.1002/ibd.20228. PMID 17636567. S2CID 39103743.
  17. ^ Sendid B, Colombel JF, Jacquinot PM, et al. (1996). "Specific antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn's disease". Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3 (2): 219–26. doi:10.1128/CDLI.3.2.219-226.1996. PMC 170283. PMID 8991640.
  18. ^ Sander U, Kunze I, Bröker M, Kunze G (1998). "Humoral immune response to a 200-kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is common in man". Immunol. Lett. 61 (2–3): 113–117. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00003-0. PMID 9657263.
  19. ^ Seibold F, Konrad A, Flogerzi B, et al. (2004). "Genetic variants of the mannan-binding lectin are associated with immune reactivity to mannans in Crohn's disease". Gastroenterology. 127 (4): 1076–1084. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.056. PMID 15480986.
  20. ^ Choteau L, Vasseur F, Lepretre F, Figeac M, Gower-Rousseau C, Dubuquoy L, Poulain D, Colombel JF, Sendid B, Jawhara S (2016). "Polymorphisms in the Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene are Associated with Defective Mannose-Binding Lectin Functional Activity in Crohn's Disease Patients". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 29636. Bibcode:2016NatSR...629636C. doi:10.1038/srep29636. PMC 4940739. PMID 27404661.
  21. ^ Young CA, Sonnenberg A, Burns EA (1994). "Lymphocyte proliferation response to baker's yeast in Crohn's disease". Digestion. 55 (1): 40–43. doi:10.1159/000201121. PMID 8112496.
  22. ^ Konrad A, Rütten C, Flogerzi B, Styner M, Göke B, Seibold F (2004). "Immune sensitization to yeast antigens in ASCA-positive patients with Crohn's disease". Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1097/00054725-200403000-00006. PMID 15168808. S2CID 26943285.
  23. ^ Walker LJ, Aldhous MC, Drummond HE, et al. (2004). "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease are associated with disease severity but not NOD2/CARD15 mutations". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 135 (3): 490–496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02392.x. PMC 1808965. PMID 15008984.
  24. ^ Jawhara S, Thuru X, Standaert-Vitse A, Jouault T, Mordon S, Sendid B, Desreumaux P, Poulain D (April 2008). "Colonization of Mice by Candida albicans Is Promoted by Chemically Induced Colitis and Augments Inflammatory Responses through Galectin-3". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 197 (7): 972–980. doi:10.1086/528990. PMID 18419533.
  25. ^ Sendid B, Dotan N, Nseir S, Savaux C, Vandewalle P, Standaert A, Zerimech F, Guery BP, Dukler A, Colombel JF, Poulain D (December 2008). "Antibodies against Glucan, Chitin, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannan as New Biomarkers of Candida albicans Infection That Complement Tests Based on C. albicans Mannan". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 15 (12): 1868–1877. doi:10.1128/CVI.00200-08. PMC 2593178. PMID 18971303.

January 01, 1970
anti, saccharomyces, cerevisiae, antibody, anti, saccharomyces, cerevisiae, antibodies, ascas, antibodies, against, antigens, presented, cell, wall, yeast, saccharomyces, cerevisiae, these, antibodies, directed, against, oligomannose, sequences, ascas, perinuc. Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies ASCAs are antibodies against antigens presented by the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae These antibodies are directed against oligomannose sequences a 1 3 Man a 1 2 Man a 1 2 Man n n 1 or 2 1 ASCAs and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies pANCAs are the two most useful and often discriminating biomarkers for colitis 2 ASCA tends to recognize Crohn s disease more frequently whereas pANCA tend to recognize ulcerative colitis 3 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAntigenisoformMannansAntigen sourceSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAntigen geneproAffected organ s Large IntestineAffectedtissue s EpitheliumAssociateddisease s Colitis ASCA antibodies react to a yeast protein with mannans 4 a 200 kDa glycoprotein 5 Contents 1 Diseases 2 Intestinal yeast and ASCA positive 3 Anti mannans 4 Crohn s disease 5 ReferencesDiseases editDiseases in which ASCA are found include the following Behcet s disease 6 The association with ASCA is not generally strong but increased in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms 7 Coeliac disease 8 9 Colitis 8 Ulcerative colitis familial 10 Microscopic colitis Collagenous colitis 11 Crohn s disease 12 13 nbsp Yeast S cerevisiae the cells are bordered by cell wall that contains the antigen for ASCAIntestinal yeast and ASCA positive editIntestinal yeast infections are seen in malabsorptive diseases like coeliac disease In Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis the presence of intestinal S cerevisiae is rare but the association with irritable bowel in coeliac disease remains unstudied 14 Anti mannans edit nbsp A photomicrograph of Candida albicans showing hyphal outgrowth and other morphological characteristics Mannan oligomannan is a component of the yeast cell wall Antibodies to yeast mannans are found at increased frequency in Crohn s disease and ASCA positive Crohn s tend to have lower low levels of mannan binding lectin 15 Experimentally antibodies to mannans from yeast can also crossreact to mannans of other types of yeast 16 Study of the sugars indicated that a mannotetraose 4 mer was responsible for highest response 17 Studies of the 200 kDa glycoprotein antibodies found them commonly in healthy people suggesting that the disease associated antibodies are to their carbohydrate moieties 18 Mannans from other yeast for example candida albicans have found to cross react with ASCA which suggests that other yeast may induce ASCA associated diseases ASCA are serological markers of candida albicans infections in humans and animals 1 Mannan binding lectin MBL is a lectin produced by humans In ASCA positive Crohn s disease the serum level of this protein is lower Cellular response to mannan in ASCA positive peripheral blood lymphocytes could be inhibited by adding MBL however a high frequency of mutations in the MBL gene was found in ASCA positive patients 19 Besides MBL serum levels were inversely correlated with ASCA levels in Crohn s disease patients with severe clinical phenotypes 20 Crohn s disease editASCA are consistently higher in frequency in Crohn s disease Yeast cause a three fold increase in lymphocyte proliferation relative to normal controls 21 The ASCA antibodies are also more frequently found in familial Crohn s disease 10 An altered humoral and cellular response to mannan is observed and may be due to a loss of yeast tolerance 22 This alteration is marked by increased activation markers CD25 CD69 upon proliferative stimulation of T helper lymphocytes citation needed ASCA positive is a predictor for Crohn s disease with high specificity and positive predictive value 87 and 78 respectively citation needed ASCA are associated with proximal gastroduodenal and small bowel involvement rather than purely colonic disease P lt 0 001 and with a more severe disease phenotype and requirement for surgery over a median follow up time of 9 years P lt 0 0001 There is no association between genetic markers for Crohn s disease and NOD2 protein also known as CARD15 or antibodies to mycoprotein antigen IgA or IgG indicating heterogeneous causes for Crohn s disease 23 Experimental studies show that chemically induced colitis promotes opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonization In turn Candida albicans colonization generates ASCA 24 According to another study serum samples from patients with invasive candidiasis demonstrated that ASCA levels are significantly elevated compared to healthy controls but the same statistically as of those with Crohn s disease 25 References edit a b Standaert Vitse A Jouault T Vandewalle P Mille C Seddik M Sendid B Mallet JM Colombel JF Poulain D 2006 Candida albicans is an immunogen for anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody markers of Crohn s disease Gastroenterology 130 6 1764 75 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2006 02 009 PMID 16697740 Desplat Jego S Johanet C Escande A et al 2007 Update on Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies anti nuclear associated anti neutrophil antibodies and antibodies to exocrine pancreas detected by indirect immunofluorescence as biomarkers in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases results of a multicenter study World J Gastroenterol 13 16 2312 8 doi 10 3748 wjg v13 i16 2312 PMC 4147139 PMID 17511029 Joossens S Reinisch W Vermeire S et al 2002 The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis a prospective follow up study Gastroenterology 122 5 1242 1247 doi 10 1053 gast 2002 32980 PMID 11984510 Lindberg E Magnusson KE Tysk C Jarnerot G 1992 Antibody IgG IgA and IgM to baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast mannan gliadin ovalbumin and betalactoglobulin in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease Gut 33 7 909 913 doi 10 1136 gut 33 7 909 PMC 1379403 PMID 1644330 Heelan BT Allan S Barnes RM 1991 Identification of a 200 kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Immunol Lett 28 3 181 185 doi 10 1016 0165 2478 91 90001 Q PMID 1885214 Monselise A Weinberger A Monselise Y Fraser A Sulkes J Krause I 2006 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in Behcet s disease a familial study Clin Exp Rheumatol 24 5 Suppl 42 S87 90 PMID 17067434 Fresko I Ugurlu S Ozbakir F et al 2005 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies ASCA in Behcet s syndrome Clin Exp Rheumatol 23 4 Suppl 38 S67 70 PMID 16273768 a b Giaffer MH Clark A Holdsworth CD 1992 Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn s disease and their possible pathogenic importance Gut 33 8 1071 1075 doi 10 1136 gut 33 8 1071 PMC 1379444 PMID 1398231 Toumi D Mankai A Belhadj R Ghedira Besbes L Jeddi M Ghedira I 2007 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in coeliac disease Scand J Gastroenterol 42 7 821 826 doi 10 1080 00365520601154996 PMID 17558905 S2CID 22067865 a b Annese V Andreoli A Andriulli A Dinca R Gionchetti P Latiano A Lombardi G Piepoli A Poulain D Sendid B Colombel JF August 2001 Familial expression of anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannan antibodies in Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis a GISC study The American Journal of Gastroenterology 96 8 2407 12 doi 10 1111 j 1572 0241 2001 04043 x PMID 11513182 S2CID 24310666 Holstein A Burmeister J Plaschke A Rosemeier D Widjaja A Egberts EH 2006 Autoantibody profiles in microscopic colitis J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 6 1016 1020 doi 10 1111 j 1440 1746 2005 04027 x PMID 16724988 S2CID 41526612 Main J McKenzie H Yeaman GR et al 1988 Antibody to Saccharomyces cerevisiae bakers yeast in Crohn s disease BMJ 297 6656 1105 1106 doi 10 1136 bmj 297 6656 1105 PMC 1834894 PMID 3143445 Barnes RM Allan S Taylor Robinson CH Finn R Johnson PM 1990 Serum antibodies reactive with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in inflammatory bowel disease is IgA antibody a marker for Crohn s disease Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 92 1 9 15 doi 10 1159 000235217 PMID 2246081 Mallant Hent RC Mooij M von Blomberg BM Linskens RK van Bodegraven AA Savelkoul PH 2006 Correlation between Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA in intestinal mucosal samples and anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in serum of patients with IBD World J Gastroenterol 12 2 292 7 doi 10 3748 wjg v12 i2 292 PMC 4066041 PMID 16482632 Seibold F Boldt AB Seibold Schmid B et al 2007 Association of deficiency for mannan binding lectin with anti mannan antibodies in Crohn s disease A family study Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 9 1077 1082 doi 10 1002 ibd 20156 PMID 17480019 S2CID 12544070 Schaffer T Muller S Flogerzi B Seibold Schmid B Schoepfer AM Seibold F 2007 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies ASCA of Crohn s patients crossreact with mannan from other yeast strains and murine ASCA IgM can be experimentally induced with Candida albicans Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 13 11 1339 1346 doi 10 1002 ibd 20228 PMID 17636567 S2CID 39103743 Sendid B Colombel JF Jacquinot PM et al 1996 Specific antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn s disease Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 3 2 219 26 doi 10 1128 CDLI 3 2 219 226 1996 PMC 170283 PMID 8991640 Sander U Kunze I Broker M Kunze G 1998 Humoral immune response to a 200 kDa glycoprotein antigen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is common in man Immunol Lett 61 2 3 113 117 doi 10 1016 S0165 2478 98 00003 0 PMID 9657263 Seibold F Konrad A Flogerzi B et al 2004 Genetic variants of the mannan binding lectin are associated with immune reactivity to mannans in Crohn s disease Gastroenterology 127 4 1076 1084 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2004 07 056 PMID 15480986 Choteau L Vasseur F Lepretre F Figeac M Gower Rousseau C Dubuquoy L Poulain D Colombel JF Sendid B Jawhara S 2016 Polymorphisms in the Mannose Binding Lectin Gene are Associated with Defective Mannose Binding Lectin Functional Activity in Crohn s Disease Patients Scientific Reports 6 1 29636 Bibcode 2016NatSR 629636C doi 10 1038 srep29636 PMC 4940739 PMID 27404661 Young CA Sonnenberg A Burns EA 1994 Lymphocyte proliferation response to baker s yeast in Crohn s disease Digestion 55 1 40 43 doi 10 1159 000201121 PMID 8112496 Konrad A Rutten C Flogerzi B Styner M Goke B Seibold F 2004 Immune sensitization to yeast antigens in ASCA positive patients with Crohn s disease Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 2 97 105 doi 10 1097 00054725 200403000 00006 PMID 15168808 S2CID 26943285 Walker LJ Aldhous MC Drummond HE et al 2004 Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies ASCA in Crohn s disease are associated with disease severity but not NOD2 CARD15 mutations Clin Exp Immunol 135 3 490 496 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2249 2003 02392 x PMC 1808965 PMID 15008984 Jawhara S Thuru X Standaert Vitse A Jouault T Mordon S Sendid B Desreumaux P Poulain D April 2008 Colonization of Mice by Candida albicans Is Promoted by Chemically Induced Colitis and Augments Inflammatory Responses through Galectin 3 The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197 7 972 980 doi 10 1086 528990 PMID 18419533 Sendid B Dotan N Nseir S Savaux C Vandewalle P Standaert A Zerimech F Guery BP Dukler A Colombel JF Poulain D December 2008 Antibodies against Glucan Chitin and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mannan as New Biomarkers of Candida albicans Infection That Complement Tests Based on C albicans Mannan Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15 12 1868 1877 doi 10 1128 CVI 00200 08 PMC 2593178 PMID 18971303 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody amp oldid 1194441218, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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