This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)
Many different terms have been proposed for features of the tooth crown in mammals.
The structures within the molars receive different names according to their position and morphology. This nomenclature was developed by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1907 and is, although with many variations, the one that continues today.[1][2][3]
The suffix "-cones /-conids" (upper molar/lower molar) is added to the main cusps: Paraconus, Metaconus, Protoconus and Hypoconus on the upper molar, and Paraconid, Metaconid, Protoconid, Hypoconid and Entoconid on the lower molar. This name is used for both bunodont and selenodont molars, that is, as many for "buno" pillar-like cusps as for "selenes" crescent-like cusps.
The suffix "-conule /-conulid" (upper molar/lower molar) is added to the secondary cusps. For example, Metaconule, Hypoconulid.
The suffix "-style/-stylid" (upper molar/lower molar) is added to the peripheral cusps that are found in the cornices or cingulus of the tooth. These cusps are traditionally named according to their proximity to the main cusps, although some anatomists prefer to name them according to their position on the tooth.
The suffix "-loph/-lophid" (upper molar/lower molar) is added to the crests that join cusps together. They include in the name one the cusps involved. For example, the hypolophid is the ridge that unites the hypoconid with the entoconid. These ridges often have secondary ridges: the secondary crest of the ectoloph is called crista; antecrochet to that of the protoloph, and crochet to that of the metaloph.
The suffix "-crista / -cristid" (upper molar / lower molar) is used for the ridges that come out of the cusps but do not connect them with other cusps. It is also used to name the edges of selenes.
To the structures in the lingual part of the molar, the prefix "ento-" ("internal") is often added, while those of the lingual part are added the prefix "ecto-" ("external"). the mesial part of the molar is often added the prefix "pre-" (from "previous") while those of the distal part are added the prefix "post-" ("posterior"). The mesial part is that which is towards the incisors.
The suffix "-flexus / -flexid" (upper molar / lower molar) is used for the open valleys in the occlusal surfaces of the hypsodont teeth. When this valleys are enclosed, they are called fossetes/fossetids (upper molar / lower molar). Sometimes they are used also for the folds of the teeth, although the proper name for the folds is sulcus (pl. sulci).
The cusp prefixes "para-", "meta-", "proto-", "hypo-", etc., are related to the succession and position of the cusps according to the ancient tritubercular theory of the evolution of molars from Cope and Osborn. Although this theory has lost its validity, they continue to use the names for the description of the molars. The prefix "proto" referred to the original cusp which would be homologous to a single cusp tooth according to Osborn, and would be the first cusp to appear not only in evolution but in development.[1] This was criticized early by studies of embryology where it was shown that the first cusp in the embryonic development of the upper molars was the paraconus. Later this was shown to be variable and the first cusp to appear in ontogeny would not be related to the evolution of the tooth.[2]
Image galleryedit
Lophodont teeth with ectoloph, protoloph and metaloph, several small cristae, and an entoflexus and postflexus.
The bunolophoselenodont dentition of a horse.
Cricetidae molar teeth nomenclature after REIG(1977)edit
^ abOsborn, Henry Fairfield, 1857–1935. (1907). Evolution of mammalian molar teeth to and from the triangular type: including collected and revised researches on trituberculy, and new sections on the forms and homologies of the molar teeth in the different orders of mammals. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN978-1-4368-4090-3. OCLC 810943856.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ abMacCord, Katherine (2017). Development, evolution, and teeth: how we came to explain the morphological evolution of the mammalian dentition. Arizona State University.
^Szalay, Frederick S. (1969). "Mixodectidae, Microsyopidae, and the insectivore-primate transition". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 140 4: 193–330. hdl:2246/1130.
glossary, mammalian, dental, topography, this, list, incomplete, help, adding, missing, items, february, 2011, many, different, terms, have, been, proposed, features, tooth, crown, mammals, structures, within, molars, receive, different, names, according, thei. This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items February 2011 Many different terms have been proposed for features of the tooth crown in mammals The structures within the molars receive different names according to their position and morphology This nomenclature was developed by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1907 and is although with many variations the one that continues today 1 2 3 Contents 1 Suffixes 2 Image gallery 3 Cricetidae molar teeth nomenclature after REIG 1977 3 1 Upper teeth 3 2 Lower teeth 4 See also 5 ReferencesSuffixes editThe suffix cones conids upper molar lower molar is added to the main cusps Paraconus Metaconus Protoconus and Hypoconus on the upper molar and Paraconid Metaconid Protoconid Hypoconid and Entoconid on the lower molar This name is used for both bunodont and selenodont molars that is as many for buno pillar like cusps as for selenes crescent like cusps The suffix conule conulid upper molar lower molar is added to the secondary cusps For example Metaconule Hypoconulid The suffix style stylid upper molar lower molar is added to the peripheral cusps that are found in the cornices or cingulus of the tooth These cusps are traditionally named according to their proximity to the main cusps although some anatomists prefer to name them according to their position on the tooth The suffix loph lophid upper molar lower molar is added to the crests that join cusps together They include in the name one the cusps involved For example the hypolophid is the ridge that unites the hypoconid with the entoconid These ridges often have secondary ridges the secondary crest of the ectoloph is called crista antecrochet to that of the protoloph and crochet to that of the metaloph The suffix crista cristid upper molar lower molar is used for the ridges that come out of the cusps but do not connect them with other cusps It is also used to name the edges of selenes To the structures in the lingual part of the molar the prefix ento internal is often added while those of the lingual part are added the prefix ecto external the mesial part of the molar is often added the prefix pre from previous while those of the distal part are added the prefix post posterior The mesial part is that which is towards the incisors The suffix flexus flexid upper molar lower molar is used for the open valleys in the occlusal surfaces of the hypsodont teeth When this valleys are enclosed they are called fossetes fossetids upper molar lower molar Sometimes they are used also for the folds of the teeth although the proper name for the folds is sulcus pl sulci The cusp prefixes para meta proto hypo etc are related to the succession and position of the cusps according to the ancient tritubercular theory of the evolution of molars from Cope and Osborn Although this theory has lost its validity they continue to use the names for the description of the molars The prefix proto referred to the original cusp which would be homologous to a single cusp tooth according to Osborn and would be the first cusp to appear not only in evolution but in development 1 This was criticized early by studies of embryology where it was shown that the first cusp in the embryonic development of the upper molars was the paraconus Later this was shown to be variable and the first cusp to appear in ontogeny would not be related to the evolution of the tooth 2 Image gallery edit nbsp Lophodont teeth with ectoloph protoloph and metaloph several small cristae and an entoflexus and postflexus nbsp The bunolophoselenodont dentition of a horse nbsp Cricetidae molar teeth nomenclature after REIG 1977 editSource 4 nbsp Cricetidae molar teeth nomenclature after Reig 1977 Upper teeth edit Name Nomenclature term is used in Definition Comments ImageAnterolingual conule Reig 1977 4 A conule on the lingual side of an anterocone divided by an anteromedian flexus or fossetteAnteromedian flexus Reig 1977 4 A longitudinal flexus dividing the anterocone into anterolabial and anterolingual conulesAnterolabial conule Reig 1977 4 A conule on the labial side of an anterocone divided by an anteromedian flexus or fossetteAnterocone Reig 1977 4 A cusp at the front of the tooth that may be divided into anterolabial and anterolingual conulesProtostyle Reig 1977 4 A style in front of the protocone in the protoflexusProtoflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus between the protocone and the anterolingual conuleAnterior mure Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the anterocone to the protoconeProtocone Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the anterolingual sideEnterostyle Reig 1977 4 A style between the protocone and the hypocone in the hypoflexusEnteroloph Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the enterostyle to the mesoconeHypoflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus between the protocone and the hypoconeMesocone Reig 1977 4 A conule in the median mure where the mesoloph is attached to itMedian mure Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the protocone paracone to the hypocone metaconeHypocone Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the posterolingual sideProcingulum Reig 1977 4 The front part of the tooth before the anterior mureAnteroflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus between the anteroloph and the anterolabial conuleAnteroloph Reig 1977 4 A crest between the paracone and the anterolabial conule that may be connecting to a parastyleParastyle Reig 1977 4 A style in front of the paraconeParaflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus in front of the paraconeProtolophule Reig 1977 4 A small crest in the paraflexus connected to the protoconeParaloph Reig 1977 4 A crest attaching the paracone to the protocone or the median mureParacone Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the anterolabial sideParalophule Reig 1977 4 A small crest attached to the back side of the paraconeMesoflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus between the mesoloph and the paraconeMesostyle Reig 1977 4 A style at the labial margin between the paracone and metaconeMesoloph Reig 1977 4 A crest in front of the metaflexus connected to the median mureMetaflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus in front of the metaconeMetalophule Reig 1977 4 A small crest attached to the front side of the metaconeMetacone Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the posterolabial sideMetaloph Reig 1977 4 A crest attaching the paracone to the hypoconePosteroflexus Reig 1977 4 A flexus between the posteroloph and the metaconePosterostyle Reig 1977 4 A crest on the posterolabial corner of the molarPosteroloph Reig 1977 4 A crest at the back of the molar connected to the hypoconeLower teeth edit Name Nomenclature term is used in Definition Comments ImageAnterolingual conulid Reig 1977 4 A conulid on the lingual side of an anteroconid divided by an anteromedian flexid or fossettidAnteromedian flexid Reig 1977 4 A longitudinal flexid dividing the anteroconid into anterolabial and anterolingual conulesAnterolabial conulid Reig 1977 4 A conulid on the labial side of an anteroconid divided by an anteromedian flexid or fossettidAnteroconid Reig 1977 4 A cusp at the front of the tooth that may be divided into anterolabial and anterolingual conulidsAnterolabial cingulum Reig 1977 4 A crest before the protoconid and protoflexidProtostylid Reig 1977 4 A stylid in front of the protoconid in the protoflexidProtoflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid between the protoconid and the anterolabial conulidAnterior murid Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the anteroconid to the protoconidProtoconid Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the anterolabial sideEctostylid Reig 1977 4 A stylid between the protoconid and the hypoconid in the hypoflexidEctolophid Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the ectostylid to the mesoconidHypoflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid between the protoconid and the hypoconidMesoconid Reig 1977 4 A conulid in the median murid where the mesolophid is attached to itMedian murid Reig 1977 4 A crest connecting the protoconid metaconid to the hypoconid entoconidHypoconid Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the posterolabial sideProcingulum Reig 1977 4 The front part of the tooth before the anterior muridAnteroflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid between the anterolophid and the anterolingual conulidAnterolophid Reig 1977 4 A crest between the metaconid and the anterolabial conulid that may be connecting to a metastylidMetastylid Reig 1977 4 A stylid in front of the metaconidMetaflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid in front of the metaconidProtolophulid Reig 1977 4 A small crest in the mesoflexid connected to the protoconidMetalophid Reig 1977 4 A crest attaching the metaconid to the protoconid or the anterior muridMetaconid Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the anterolingual sideMetalophulid Reig 1977 4 A small crest attached to the back side of the metaconidMesoflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid between the mesolophid and the paraconidMesostylid Reig 1977 4 A stylid at the labial margin between the metaconid and entoconidMesolophid Reig 1977 4 A crest in front of the entoflexid connected to the median muridEntoflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid in front of the entoconidEntolophulid Reig 1977 4 A small crest attached to the front side of the entoconidEntoconid Reig 1977 4 One of the main cusps at the posterolingual sideEntolophid Reig 1977 4 A crest attaching the entoconid to the hypoconid or median muridPosteroflexid Reig 1977 4 A flexid between the posterolophid and the metaconidHypolophulid Reig 1977 4 A small crest in the posteroflexid attached to the posterolophidPosterostylid Reig 1977 4 A crest on the posterolingual corner of the molarPosterolophid Reig 1977 4 A crest at the back of the molar connected to the hypoconidSee also editMolar tooth References edit a b Osborn Henry Fairfield 1857 1935 1907 Evolution of mammalian molar teeth to and from the triangular type including collected and revised researches on trituberculy and new sections on the forms and homologies of the molar teeth in the different orders of mammals Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978 1 4368 4090 3 OCLC 810943856 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b MacCord Katherine 2017 Development evolution and teeth how we came to explain the morphological evolution of the mammalian dentition Arizona State University Szalay Frederick S 1969 Mixodectidae Microsyopidae and the insectivore primate transition Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 140 4 193 330 hdl 2246 1130 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Reig Osvaldo A 2009 A proposed unified nomenclature for the enamelled components of the molar teeth of the Cricetidae Rodentia Journal of Zoology 181 2 227 241 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1977 tb03238 x ISSN 0952 8369 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glossary of mammalian dental topography amp oldid 1211669363 Anterolophid, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
