fbpx
Wikipedia

Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome

December 18, 2023

Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a nerve entrapment condition that causes chronic pain of the abdominal wall. It occurs when nerve endings of the lower thoracic intercostal nerves (7–12) are 'entrapped' in abdominal muscles, causing a severe localized nerve (neuropathic) pain that is usually experienced at the front of the abdomen.

ACNES is frequently overlooked and unrecognized, although the incidence is estimated to be 1:2000 patients.[1]

The relative unfamiliarity with this condition often leads to significant diagnostic delays and misdiagnoses, often resulting in unnecessary diagnostic interventions and futile procedures.[2] Physicians often misdiagnose ACNES as irritable bowel syndrome or appendicitis as symptoms of the condition are not unique to this syndrome.[3][4]

Signs and symptoms edit

Affected individuals typically experience limited relief from standard pain relieving medication, with the exception of some neuroleptic agents. Patients frequently experience 'pseudovisceral' phenomena or symptoms of altered autonomic nervous system function including nausea, bloating, abdominal swelling, loss of appetite with consecutively lowered body weight or an altered defecation process.[5]

Pain is typically related to tensing the abdominal wall muscles, so any type of movement is prone to aggravate pain. Lying quietly can be the least painful position. Most patients report that they cannot sleep on the painful side.[6]

Diagnosis edit

Once ACNES is considered based on the patient's history, the diagnosis can be made via a thorough physical examination: looking for a painful spot, which worsens by tensing the abdominal muscles with lifting the head and straightened legs (Carnett's sign).[7] Almost always, a small area of maximal pain is covered by a larger area of altered skin sensibility with somatosensory disturbances such as hypoesthesia as well as hyperesthesia or hyperalgesia and change of cool perception. Pinching the skin between thumb and index finger is extremely painful compared to the opposite non-involved side.[8]

Confirmation of a diagnosis of ACNES is warranted using an abdominal wall infiltration with a local anesthetic agent near the painful spot.[9]

Treatment edit

Treatment consists of several such anesthetic injections, sometimes combined with corticosteroids. Such an approach yields persistent pain relief in two-thirds of patients. This beneficial effect on pain has been demonstrated in a prospective double blind trial.[10] The physical volume of the injection may also break apart the adhesions or fibrosis responsible for the entrapment symptoms.[11]

Patients who do not respond to a stratagem of repetitive local trigger point injections can be offered a surgical approach. Terminal branches of an intercostal nerve are removed at the level of the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominal muscle ('anterior neurectomy'). Several larger series demonstrated a successful response in approximately two out of three patients, which was confirmed in another prospective double blind surgical trial: 73% of the patients who underwent a neurectomy were pain free, compared to 18% in the non-nerve resected group.[12] Patients not responding to an anterior neurectomy, or those in whom the pain syndrome recurs after an initial pain free period (10%) may choose to undergo secondary surgery. This involves a repeated exploration combined with a posterior neurectomy. This procedure has been shown to be beneficial in 50% of cases.[13][14]

Epidemiology edit

This syndrome is predominantly found in young women, but also occurs in children, teenagers and octogenarians.[15]

References edit

  1. ^ Van Assen, T.; Brouns, J. A. G. M.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2015). "Incidence of abdominal pain due to the anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in an emergency department". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 23: 19. doi:10.1186/s13049-015-0096-0. PMC 4327965. PMID 25887961.
  2. ^ Srinivasan, R; Greenbaum, D. S. (2002). "Chronic abdominal wall pain: A frequently overlooked problem. Practical approach to diagnosis and management". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 97 (4): 824–30. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05662.x. PMID 12003414. S2CID 13233372.
  3. ^ Van Assen, T; De Jager-Kievit, J. W.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2013). "Chronic abdominal wall pain misdiagnosed as functional abdominal pain". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 26 (6): 738–44. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2013.06.130115. PMID 24204070.
  4. ^ Van Assen, T; Boelens, O. B.; Kamphuis, J. T.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2012). "Construction and validation of a questionnaire distinguishing a chronic abdominal wall pain syndrome from irritable bowel syndrome". Frontline Gastroenterology. 3 (4): 288–294. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2012-100207. PMC 3730810. PMID 23914291.
  5. ^ Applegate WV (1972). "Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome". Surgery. 71 (1): 118–24. PMID 4332389.
  6. ^ Scheltinga, M. R.; Boelens, O. B.; Tjon a Ten, W. E.; Roumen, R. M. (2011). "Surgery for refractory anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) in children". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 46 (4): 699–703. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.08.054. PMID 21496540.
  7. ^ Carnett J. (1926). "Intercostal neuralgia as a cause of abdominal pain and tenderness". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 42: 8.
  8. ^ Van Assen, T; Boelens, O. B.; Van Eerten, P. V.; Perquin, C; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2015). "Long-term success rates after an anterior neurectomy in patients with an abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome". Surgery. 157 (1): 137–43. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2014.05.022. PMID 25444218.
  9. ^ Boelens, O. B.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Houterman, S; Roumen, R. M. (2011). "Management of anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in a cohort of 139 patients". Annals of Surgery. 254 (6): 1054–8. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31822d78b8. PMID 21881494. S2CID 22809902.
  10. ^ Boelens, O. B.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Houterman, S; Roumen, R. M. (2013). "Randomized clinical trial of trigger point infiltration with lidocaine to diagnose anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome". British Journal of Surgery. 100 (2): 217–21. doi:10.1002/bjs.8958. PMID 23180371. S2CID 25599651.
  11. ^ Akhnikh, S; De Korte, N; De Winter, P (2014). "Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES): The forgotten diagnosis". European Journal of Pediatrics. 173 (4): 445–9. doi:10.1007/s00431-013-2140-2. PMID 24197667. S2CID 116332685.
  12. ^ Boelens, O. B.; Van Assen, T; Houterman, S; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2013). "A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial on surgery for chronic abdominal pain due to anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome". Annals of Surgery. 257 (5): 845–9. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318285f930. PMID 23470571. S2CID 5133539.
  13. ^ Van Assen, T; Boelens, O. B.; Van Eerten, P. V.; Scheltinga, M. R.; Roumen, R. M. (2014). "Surgical options after a failed neurectomy in anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome". World Journal of Surgery. 38 (12): 3105–11. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2737-2. PMID 25189442. S2CID 29949527.
  14. ^ Roumen, R. M.; Scheltinga, M. R. (2006). "Abdominal intercostal neuralgia: A forgotten cause of abdominal pain". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 150 (35): 1909–15. PMID 16999272.
  15. ^ Lindsetmo, R. O.; Stulberg, J (2009). "Chronic abdominal wall pain--a diagnostic challenge for the surgeon". The American Journal of Surgery. 198 (1): 129–34. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.10.027. PMID 19555786.

December 18, 2023
anterior, cutaneous, nerve, entrapment, syndrome, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, relies, excessively, references, primary, sources, plea. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome ACNES is a nerve entrapment condition that causes chronic pain of the abdominal wall It occurs when nerve endings of the lower thoracic intercostal nerves 7 12 are entrapped in abdominal muscles causing a severe localized nerve neuropathic pain that is usually experienced at the front of the abdomen ACNES is frequently overlooked and unrecognized although the incidence is estimated to be 1 2000 patients 1 The relative unfamiliarity with this condition often leads to significant diagnostic delays and misdiagnoses often resulting in unnecessary diagnostic interventions and futile procedures 2 Physicians often misdiagnose ACNES as irritable bowel syndrome or appendicitis as symptoms of the condition are not unique to this syndrome 3 4 Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diagnosis 3 Treatment 4 Epidemiology 5 ReferencesSigns and symptoms editAffected individuals typically experience limited relief from standard pain relieving medication with the exception of some neuroleptic agents Patients frequently experience pseudovisceral phenomena or symptoms of altered autonomic nervous system function including nausea bloating abdominal swelling loss of appetite with consecutively lowered body weight or an altered defecation process 5 Pain is typically related to tensing the abdominal wall muscles so any type of movement is prone to aggravate pain Lying quietly can be the least painful position Most patients report that they cannot sleep on the painful side 6 Diagnosis editOnce ACNES is considered based on the patient s history the diagnosis can be made via a thorough physical examination looking for a painful spot which worsens by tensing the abdominal muscles with lifting the head and straightened legs Carnett s sign 7 Almost always a small area of maximal pain is covered by a larger area of altered skin sensibility with somatosensory disturbances such as hypoesthesia as well as hyperesthesia or hyperalgesia and change of cool perception Pinching the skin between thumb and index finger is extremely painful compared to the opposite non involved side 8 Confirmation of a diagnosis of ACNES is warranted using an abdominal wall infiltration with a local anesthetic agent near the painful spot 9 Treatment editTreatment consists of several such anesthetic injections sometimes combined with corticosteroids Such an approach yields persistent pain relief in two thirds of patients This beneficial effect on pain has been demonstrated in a prospective double blind trial 10 The physical volume of the injection may also break apart the adhesions or fibrosis responsible for the entrapment symptoms 11 Patients who do not respond to a stratagem of repetitive local trigger point injections can be offered a surgical approach Terminal branches of an intercostal nerve are removed at the level of the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominal muscle anterior neurectomy Several larger series demonstrated a successful response in approximately two out of three patients which was confirmed in another prospective double blind surgical trial 73 of the patients who underwent a neurectomy were pain free compared to 18 in the non nerve resected group 12 Patients not responding to an anterior neurectomy or those in whom the pain syndrome recurs after an initial pain free period 10 may choose to undergo secondary surgery This involves a repeated exploration combined with a posterior neurectomy This procedure has been shown to be beneficial in 50 of cases 13 14 Epidemiology editThis syndrome is predominantly found in young women but also occurs in children teenagers and octogenarians 15 References edit Van Assen T Brouns J A G M Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2015 Incidence of abdominal pain due to the anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in an emergency department Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 23 19 doi 10 1186 s13049 015 0096 0 PMC 4327965 PMID 25887961 Srinivasan R Greenbaum D S 2002 Chronic abdominal wall pain A frequently overlooked problem Practical approach to diagnosis and management The American Journal of Gastroenterology 97 4 824 30 doi 10 1111 j 1572 0241 2002 05662 x PMID 12003414 S2CID 13233372 Van Assen T De Jager Kievit J W Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2013 Chronic abdominal wall pain misdiagnosed as functional abdominal pain The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 26 6 738 44 doi 10 3122 jabfm 2013 06 130115 PMID 24204070 Van Assen T Boelens O B Kamphuis J T Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2012 Construction and validation of a questionnaire distinguishing a chronic abdominal wall pain syndrome from irritable bowel syndrome Frontline Gastroenterology 3 4 288 294 doi 10 1136 flgastro 2012 100207 PMC 3730810 PMID 23914291 Applegate WV 1972 Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome Surgery 71 1 118 24 PMID 4332389 Scheltinga M R Boelens O B Tjon a Ten W E Roumen R M 2011 Surgery for refractory anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome ACNES in children Journal of Pediatric Surgery 46 4 699 703 doi 10 1016 j jpedsurg 2010 08 054 PMID 21496540 Carnett J 1926 Intercostal neuralgia as a cause of abdominal pain and tenderness Surg Gynecol Obstet 42 8 Van Assen T Boelens O B Van Eerten P V Perquin C Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2015 Long term success rates after an anterior neurectomy in patients with an abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome Surgery 157 1 137 43 doi 10 1016 j surg 2014 05 022 PMID 25444218 Boelens O B Scheltinga M R Houterman S Roumen R M 2011 Management of anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in a cohort of 139 patients Annals of Surgery 254 6 1054 8 doi 10 1097 SLA 0b013e31822d78b8 PMID 21881494 S2CID 22809902 Boelens O B Scheltinga M R Houterman S Roumen R M 2013 Randomized clinical trial of trigger point infiltration with lidocaine to diagnose anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome British Journal of Surgery 100 2 217 21 doi 10 1002 bjs 8958 PMID 23180371 S2CID 25599651 Akhnikh S De Korte N De Winter P 2014 Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome ACNES The forgotten diagnosis European Journal of Pediatrics 173 4 445 9 doi 10 1007 s00431 013 2140 2 PMID 24197667 S2CID 116332685 Boelens O B Van Assen T Houterman S Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2013 A double blind randomized controlled trial on surgery for chronic abdominal pain due to anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome Annals of Surgery 257 5 845 9 doi 10 1097 SLA 0b013e318285f930 PMID 23470571 S2CID 5133539 Van Assen T Boelens O B Van Eerten P V Scheltinga M R Roumen R M 2014 Surgical options after a failed neurectomy in anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome World Journal of Surgery 38 12 3105 11 doi 10 1007 s00268 014 2737 2 PMID 25189442 S2CID 29949527 Roumen R M Scheltinga M R 2006 Abdominal intercostal neuralgia A forgotten cause of abdominal pain Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 150 35 1909 15 PMID 16999272 Lindsetmo R O Stulberg J 2009 Chronic abdominal wall pain a diagnostic challenge for the surgeon The American Journal of Surgery 198 1 129 34 doi 10 1016 j amjsurg 2008 10 027 PMID 19555786 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome amp oldid 1187863425, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.