Antennapedia (abbreviated Antp) is a Hox gene first discovered in Drosophila which controls the formation of legs during development. Loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory region of this gene result in the development of the second leg pair into ectopicantennae. By contrast gain-of-function alleles convert antennae into ectopic legs.[1]
The mutation AntennapediaThe two Hox gene complexes in fruit flies
This is just one illustration of the tendency of organisms to exhibit variations on a theme: modulated repetition. Legs and antennae are related to one another as much as molars are to incisors, fingers are to toes, and arms are to legs.
Antp also refers to a gene complex (ANT-C) in Drosophila ending with the Antp gene. It is responsible for formation and differentiation of the thoracic and head segments of the fly's body.
The origin of the ancestor homeobox gene is an important aspect of the evolution of the Antp-class Hox genes. Early evolution of the Antp-class genes may have predated the divergence of cnidarians. However, the role that Antp plays in the spatial body development of cnidarians remains unclear. A widely accepted theory is that the ancestor Hox cluster containing three genes arose in the early metazoan era. It is suggested that Antennapedia arose from Evx, a non-Hox family of genes. This duplication event of Evx into the Antp-class probably occurred prior to cnidarian divergence, as there are Cnidarians with Evx and without Hox class genes and vice versa.[2]
Antennapedia in arachnidsedit
Recent studies have observed that down-regulation of the Antp gene in Parasteatoda tepidariorum leads to the development of a pair of ectopic legs, resulting in 10-legged mutant spiders. DrosophilaAntp is thought to play an important role in the role of ectopic leg or antenna placement, but not in abdominal leg suppression. However, recent research supported that leg suppression was indeed performed by Antp in arachnids.[3] This suggests that spiders and insects may have separately developed strategies of the leg suppression via the evolutionary pressure of convergence. Arachnids' Antp gene is different from other AntpHox clusters, suggesting that it has evolved via a divergence event leading to the development on the leg suppression function. This example suggests how the functions of homeobox genes including Antp have evolved over time to account for different lineages' needs.[3]
HoxC6: an ortholog of Antpedit
Although it is known that Antp-class homeobox genes play some sort of role in transcriptional processes, not all of their actions and functions have been discovered. Recent studies observed Antp and the Hox ortholog HoxC6 in Xenopus in order to further distinguish the evolution of these orthologues. HoxC6 was found to play an important role in gastrulation in the vertebrate Xenopus. However, gastrulation was also a target in the DrosophilaAntp gene. The anterior–posterior pattern mechanism is highly conserved in these genes, as its function in Xenopus is clear, but it is unclear why it would be a target in Drosophila. The similarities continuously observed between Hox genes in vertebrates and Drosophila suggests a complex evolutionary history of the AntpHox gene cluster, as well as reaffirms the importance of the conservation of this gene cluster in the evolution of body morphology.[4]
Referencesedit
^Schneuwly S, Klemenz R, Gehring WJ (1987). "Redesigning the body plan of Drosophila by ectopic expression of the homoeotic gene Antennapedia". Nature. 325 (6107): 816–8. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..816S. doi:10.1038/325816a0. PMID 3821869. S2CID 4320668.
^Gauchat D, Mazet F, Berney C, Schummer M, Kreger S, Pawlowski J, Galliot B (April 2000). "Evolution of Antp-class genes and differential expression of Hydra Hox/paraHox genes in anterior patterning" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (9): 4493–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4493. PMC18262. PMID 10781050.
^ abKhadjeh S, Turetzek N, Pechmann M, Schwager EE, Wimmer EA, Damen WG, Prpic NM (March 2012). "Divergent role of the Hox gene Antennapedia in spiders is responsible for the convergent evolution of abdominal limb repression". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (13): 4921–6. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.4921K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116421109. PMC3323954. PMID 22421434.
^Michaut L, Jansen HJ, Bardine N, Durston AJ, Gehring WJ (December 2011). "Analyzing the function of a hox gene: an evolutionary approach". Development, Growth & Differentiation. 53 (9): 982–93. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2011.01307.x. PMID 22150153. S2CID 10938031.
External linksedit
Antennapedia+Homeodomain+Protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
DrosophilaAntennapedia - The Interactive Fly
April 13, 2024
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Antennapedia abbreviated Antp is a Hox gene first discovered in Drosophila which controls the formation of legs during development Loss of function mutations in the regulatory region of this gene result in the development of the second leg pair into ectopic antennae By contrast gain of function alleles convert antennae into ectopic legs 1 Homeotic protein antennapediaIdentifiersOrganismDrosophila melanogasterSymbolantpUniProtP02833Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProThe mutation AntennapediaThe two Hox gene complexes in fruit fliesThis is just one illustration of the tendency of organisms to exhibit variations on a theme modulated repetition Legs and antennae are related to one another as much as molars are to incisors fingers are to toes and arms are to legs Antp also refers to a gene complex ANT C in Drosophila ending with the Antp gene It is responsible for formation and differentiation of the thoracic and head segments of the fly s body Contents 1 Origin of Antennapedia class homeobox gene 2 Antennapedia in arachnids 3 HoxC6 an ortholog of Antp 4 References 5 External linksOrigin of Antennapedia class homeobox gene editThe origin of the ancestor homeobox gene is an important aspect of the evolution of the Antp class Hox genes Early evolution of the Antp class genes may have predated the divergence of cnidarians However the role that Antp plays in the spatial body development of cnidarians remains unclear A widely accepted theory is that the ancestor Hox cluster containing three genes arose in the early metazoan era It is suggested that Antennapedia arose from Evx a non Hox family of genes This duplication event of Evx into the Antp class probably occurred prior to cnidarian divergence as there are Cnidarians with Evx and without Hox class genes and vice versa 2 Antennapedia in arachnids editRecent studies have observed that down regulation of the Antp gene in Parasteatoda tepidariorum leads to the development of a pair of ectopic legs resulting in 10 legged mutant spiders Drosophila Antp is thought to play an important role in the role of ectopic leg or antenna placement but not in abdominal leg suppression However recent research supported that leg suppression was indeed performed by Antp in arachnids 3 This suggests that spiders and insects may have separately developed strategies of the leg suppression via the evolutionary pressure of convergence Arachnids Antp gene is different from other Antp Hox clusters suggesting that it has evolved via a divergence event leading to the development on the leg suppression function This example suggests how the functions of homeobox genes including Antp have evolved over time to account for different lineages needs 3 HoxC6 an ortholog of Antp editAlthough it is known that Antp class homeobox genes play some sort of role in transcriptional processes not all of their actions and functions have been discovered Recent studies observed Antp and the Hox ortholog HoxC6 in Xenopus in order to further distinguish the evolution of these orthologues HoxC6 was found to play an important role in gastrulation in the vertebrate Xenopus However gastrulation was also a target in the Drosophila Antp gene The anterior posterior pattern mechanism is highly conserved in these genes as its function in Xenopus is clear but it is unclear why it would be a target in Drosophila The similarities continuously observed between Hox genes in vertebrates and Drosophila suggests a complex evolutionary history of the Antp Hox gene cluster as well as reaffirms the importance of the conservation of this gene cluster in the evolution of body morphology 4 References edit Schneuwly S Klemenz R Gehring WJ 1987 Redesigning the body plan of Drosophila by ectopic expression of the homoeotic gene Antennapedia Nature 325 6107 816 8 Bibcode 1987Natur 325 816S doi 10 1038 325816a0 PMID 3821869 S2CID 4320668 Gauchat D Mazet F Berney C Schummer M Kreger S Pawlowski J Galliot B April 2000 Evolution of Antp class genes and differential expression of Hydra Hox paraHox genes in anterior patterning PDF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 9 4493 8 doi 10 1073 pnas 97 9 4493 PMC 18262 PMID 10781050 a b Khadjeh S Turetzek N Pechmann M Schwager EE Wimmer EA Damen WG Prpic NM March 2012 Divergent role of the Hox gene Antennapedia in spiders is responsible for the convergent evolution of abdominal limb repression Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 13 4921 6 Bibcode 2012PNAS 109 4921K doi 10 1073 pnas 1116421109 PMC 3323954 PMID 22421434 Michaut L Jansen HJ Bardine N Durston AJ Gehring WJ December 2011 Analyzing the function of a hox gene an evolutionary approach Development Growth amp Differentiation 53 9 982 93 doi 10 1111 j 1440 169X 2011 01307 x PMID 22150153 S2CID 10938031 External links editAntennapedia Homeodomain Protein at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Drosophila Antennapedia The Interactive Fly Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antennapedia amp oldid 1136099985, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
