Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture. Especially for smaller, simpler objects, annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture, but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature-controlled kiln known as a lehr.[1] Annealing of glass is critical to its durability. Glass that has not been properly annealed retains thermal stresses caused by quenching, which will indefinitely decrease the strength and reliability of the product. Inadequately annealed glass is likely to crack or shatter when subjected to relatively small temperature changes or to mechanical shock or stress. It even may fail spontaneously.
To anneal glass, it is necessary to heat it to its annealing temperature, at which its viscosity, η, drops to 1013Poise (1013 dyne-second/cm²).[2] For most kinds of glass, this annealing temperature is in the range of 454–482 °C (850–900 °F)[citation needed], and is the so-called stress-relief point or annealing point of the glass. At such a viscosity, the glass is still too hard for significant external deformation without breaking, but it is soft enough to relax internal strains by microscopic flow in response to the intense stresses they introduce internally. The piece then heat-soaks until its temperature is even throughout and the stress relaxation is adequate. The time necessary for this step varies depending on the type of glass and its maximum thickness. The glass then is permitted to cool at a predetermined rate until its temperature passes the strain point (η = 1014.5 Poise)[citation needed], below which even microscopic internal flow effectively stops and annealing stops with it. It then is safe to cool the product to room temperature at a rate limited by the heat capacity, thickness, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient of the glass. After annealing is complete the material can be cut to size, drilled, or polished without risk of its internal stresses shattering it.
At the annealing point (η = 1013 Poise), stresses relax within several minutes, while at the strain point (η = 1014.5 Poise) stresses relax within several hours.[3] Stresses acquired at temperatures above the strain point, and not relaxed by annealing, remain in the glass indefinitely and may cause either short-term or much delayed failure. Stresses resulting from cooling too rapidly below the strain point largely are considered temporary, although they may be sufficient to cause short-term failure.
See alsoedit
For other important temperatures in glass processing, see viscous liquid
^E. F. Collins (1921) Electrically heated glass annealing lehr. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4 (5), pp. 335–349
^"All About Glass". www.cmog.org. Corning Museum of Glass. 9 December 2011.
^Werner Vogel: "Glass Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994), ISBN3-540-57572-3
December 05, 2023
annealing, glass, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, annealing, glass, news, newspapers, books, scholar. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Annealing glass news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message For other uses see Annealing disambiguation Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture Especially for smaller simpler objects annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature controlled kiln known as a lehr 1 Annealing of glass is critical to its durability Glass that has not been properly annealed retains thermal stresses caused by quenching which will indefinitely decrease the strength and reliability of the product Inadequately annealed glass is likely to crack or shatter when subjected to relatively small temperature changes or to mechanical shock or stress It even may fail spontaneously To anneal glass it is necessary to heat it to its annealing temperature at which its viscosity h drops to 1013 Poise 1013 dyne second cm 2 For most kinds of glass this annealing temperature is in the range of 454 482 C 850 900 F citation needed and is the so called stress relief point or annealing point of the glass At such a viscosity the glass is still too hard for significant external deformation without breaking but it is soft enough to relax internal strains by microscopic flow in response to the intense stresses they introduce internally The piece then heat soaks until its temperature is even throughout and the stress relaxation is adequate The time necessary for this step varies depending on the type of glass and its maximum thickness The glass then is permitted to cool at a predetermined rate until its temperature passes the strain point h 1014 5 Poise citation needed below which even microscopic internal flow effectively stops and annealing stops with it It then is safe to cool the product to room temperature at a rate limited by the heat capacity thickness thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the glass After annealing is complete the material can be cut to size drilled or polished without risk of its internal stresses shattering it At the annealing point h 1013 Poise stresses relax within several minutes while at the strain point h 1014 5 Poise stresses relax within several hours 3 Stresses acquired at temperatures above the strain point and not relaxed by annealing remain in the glass indefinitely and may cause either short term or much delayed failure Stresses resulting from cooling too rapidly below the strain point largely are considered temporary although they may be sufficient to cause short term failure See also editFor other important temperatures in glass processing see viscous liquid Annealing metallurgy Bologna bottle Fabrication and testing optical components Float glass Tempered glass Warm glassReferences edit E F Collins 1921 Electrically heated glass annealing lehr Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4 5 pp 335 349 All About Glass www cmog org Corning Museum of Glass 9 December 2011 Werner Vogel Glass Chemistry Springer Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH amp Co K 2nd revised edition November 1994 ISBN 3 540 57572 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Annealing glass amp oldid 1101465563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
