In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us.[1] Initially, when these models were being developed and tested, it seemed that the mathematics behind those models, which were satisfactory in areas already tested, would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass, which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete. In 1964 three groups of physicists almost simultaneously released papers describing how masses could be given to these particles, using approaches known as symmetry breaking. This approach allowed the particles to obtain a mass, without breaking other parts of particle physics theory that were already believed reasonably correct. This idea became known as the Higgs mechanism, and later experiments[which?] confirmed that such a mechanism does exist—but they could not show exactly how it happens.
The simplest theory for how this effect takes place in nature, and the theory that became incorporated into the Standard Model, was that if one or more of a particular kind of "field" (known as a Higgs field) happened to permeate space, and if it could interact with elementary particles in a particular way, then this would give rise to a Higgs mechanism in nature. In the basic Standard Model there is one field and one related Higgs boson; in some extensions to the Standard Model there are multiple fields and multiple Higgs bosons.
In the years since the Higgs field and boson were proposed as a way to explain the origins of symmetry breaking, several alternatives have been proposed that suggest how a symmetry breaking mechanism could occur without requiring a Higgs field to exist. Models which do not include a Higgs field or a Higgs boson are known as Higgsless models. In these models, strongly interacting dynamics rather than an additional (Higgs) field produce the non-zero vacuum expectation value that breaks electroweak symmetry.
List of alternative modelsedit
A partial list of proposed alternatives to a Higgs field as a source for symmetry breaking includes:
Extra-dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields to play the role of the Higgs fields. It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields, increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension.[4][5] Through the AdS/QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to "UnHiggs" models in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature.[6]
"Unitary Weyl gauge". By adding a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action in curved spacetime, the theory develops a local conformal (Weyl) invariance. The conformal gauge is fixed by choosing a reference mass scale based on the gravitational coupling constant. This approach generates the masses for the vector bosons and matter fields similar to the Higgs mechanism without traditional spontaneous symmetry breaking.[9]
Preon and models inspired by preons such as Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson-Thompson, based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories.[13] This model not only explains mass[clarification needed] but leads to an interpretation of electric charge as a topological quantity (twists carried on the individual ribbons) and colour charge as modes of twisting.
Symmetry breaking driven by non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale.[14][15]
Unparticle physics and the unhiggs.[16][17] These are models that posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant, also known as unparticle physics.
In theory of superfluid vacuum masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the physical vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors.[18][19]
UV-completion by classicalization, in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations.[20]
^Heath, Nick, The Cern tech that helped track down the God particle, TechRepublic, July 4, 2012
^Steven Weinberg (1976), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking", Physical Review D, 13 (4): 974–996, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..974W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974. S. Weinberg (1979), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking: An addendum", Physical Review D, 19 (4): 1277–1280, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..19.1277W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277.
^Leonard Susskind (1979), "Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg-Salam theory", Physical Review D, 20 (10): 2619–2625, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2619S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2619, OSTI 1446928, S2CID 17294645.
^Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J. (2004), "Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking", Physical Review Letters, 92 (10): 101802, arXiv:hep-ph/0308038, Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92j1802C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.101802, PMID 15089195, S2CID 6521798
^Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J.; Terning, John (2004), "Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs", Physical Review D, 69 (5): 055006, arXiv:hep-ph/0305237, Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69e5006C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006, S2CID 119094852
^Calmet, X.; Deshpande, N. G.; He, X. G.; Hsu, S. D. H. (2009), "Invisible Higgs boson, continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism" (PDF), Physical Review D, 79 (5): 055021, arXiv:0810.2155, Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79e5021C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.055021, S2CID 14450925
^Abbott, L. F.; Farhi, E. (1981), "Are the Weak Interactions Strong?" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 101 (1–2): 69, Bibcode:1981PhLB..101...69A, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90492-5
^Speirs, Neil Alexander (1985), Composite models of weak gauge bosons (PhD Thesis), Durham University
^Pawlowski, M.; Raczka, R. (1994), "A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field", Foundations of Physics, 24 (9): 1305–1327, arXiv:hep-th/9407137, Bibcode:1994FoPh...24.1305P, doi:10.1007/BF02148570, S2CID 17358627
^Calmet, X. (2011), "Asymptotically safe weak interactions", Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 26 (21): 1571–1576, arXiv:1012.5529, Bibcode:2011MPLA...26.1571C, doi:10.1142/S0217732311035900, S2CID 118712775
^Calmet, X. (2011), "An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions", Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 26 (17): 2855–2864, arXiv:1008.3780, Bibcode:2011IJMPA..26.2855C, doi:10.1142/S0217751X11053699, S2CID 118422223
^Codello, A.; Percacci, R. (2009), "Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d>2", Physics Letters B, 672 (3): 280–283, arXiv:0810.0715, Bibcode:2009PhLB..672..280C, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.032, S2CID 119223124
^Bilson-Thompson, Sundance O.; Markopoulou, Fotini; Smolin, Lee (2007), "Quantum gravity and the standard model", Class. Quantum Grav., 24 (16): 3975–3993, arXiv:hep-th/0603022, Bibcode:2007CQGra..24.3975B, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/24/16/002, S2CID 37406474.
^Goldfain, E. (2008), "Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics: An introductory study", EPL, 82 (1): 11001, Bibcode:2008EL.....8211001G, doi:10.1209/0295-5075/82/11001, S2CID 62823832
^Stancato, David; Terning, John (2009), "The Unhiggs", Journal of High Energy Physics, 2009 (11): 101, arXiv:0807.3961, Bibcode:2009JHEP...11..101S, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/101, S2CID 17512330
^Falkowski, Adam; Perez-Victoria, Manuel (2009), "Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs", Journal of High Energy Physics, 2009 (12): 061, arXiv:0901.3777, Bibcode:2009JHEP...12..061F, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/12/061, S2CID 17570408
^Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011), "Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory", Acta Physica Polonica B, 42 (2): 261–292, arXiv:0912.4139, Bibcode:2011AcPPB..42..261Z, doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261, S2CID 118152708
^Avdeenkov, Alexander V.; Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011), "Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent", Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 44 (19): 195303, arXiv:1108.0847, Bibcode:2011JPhB...44s5303A, doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303, S2CID 119248001
^Dvali, Gia; Giudice, Gian F.; Gomez, Cesar; Kehagias, Alex (2011), "UV-Completion by Classicalization", Journal of High Energy Physics, 2011 (8): 108, arXiv:1010.1415, Bibcode:2011JHEP...08..108D, doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2011)108, S2CID 53315861
External linksedit
Higgsless model on arxiv.org
April 30, 2024
alternatives, standard, higgs, model, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, december, 2022, alternative, models, standard, higgs, model, models, which, considered, many, part. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson s existing problems Two of the most currently researched models are quantum triviality and Higgs hierarchy problem Contents 1 Overview 2 List of alternative models 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksOverview editSee also Introduction to the Higgs field In particle physics elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us 1 Initially when these models were being developed and tested it seemed that the mathematics behind those models which were satisfactory in areas already tested would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete In 1964 three groups of physicists almost simultaneously released papers describing how masses could be given to these particles using approaches known as symmetry breaking This approach allowed the particles to obtain a mass without breaking other parts of particle physics theory that were already believed reasonably correct This idea became known as the Higgs mechanism and later experiments which confirmed that such a mechanism does exist but they could not show exactly how it happens The simplest theory for how this effect takes place in nature and the theory that became incorporated into the Standard Model was that if one or more of a particular kind of field known as a Higgs field happened to permeate space and if it could interact with elementary particles in a particular way then this would give rise to a Higgs mechanism in nature In the basic Standard Model there is one field and one related Higgs boson in some extensions to the Standard Model there are multiple fields and multiple Higgs bosons In the years since the Higgs field and boson were proposed as a way to explain the origins of symmetry breaking several alternatives have been proposed that suggest how a symmetry breaking mechanism could occur without requiring a Higgs field to exist Models which do not include a Higgs field or a Higgs boson are known as Higgsless models In these models strongly interacting dynamics rather than an additional Higgs field produce the non zero vacuum expectation value that breaks electroweak symmetry List of alternative models editA partial list of proposed alternatives to a Higgs field as a source for symmetry breaking includes Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through new gauge interactions which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics 2 3 Extra dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields to play the role of the Higgs fields It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension 4 5 Through the AdS QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to UnHiggs models in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature 6 Models of composite W and Z vector bosons 7 8 Top quark condensate Unitary Weyl gauge By adding a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action in curved spacetime the theory develops a local conformal Weyl invariance The conformal gauge is fixed by choosing a reference mass scale based on the gravitational coupling constant This approach generates the masses for the vector bosons and matter fields similar to the Higgs mechanism without traditional spontaneous symmetry breaking 9 Asymptotically safe weak interactions 10 11 based on some nonlinear sigma models 12 Preon and models inspired by preons such as Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson Thompson based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories 13 This model not only explains mass clarification needed but leads to an interpretation of electric charge as a topological quantity twists carried on the individual ribbons and colour charge as modes of twisting Symmetry breaking driven by non equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale 14 15 Unparticle physics and the unhiggs 16 17 These are models that posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant also known as unparticle physics In theory of superfluid vacuum masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the physical vacuum similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors 18 19 UV completion by classicalization in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations 20 See also editComposite Higgs modelsReferences edit Heath Nick The Cern tech that helped track down the God particle TechRepublic July 4 2012 Steven Weinberg 1976 Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking Physical Review D 13 4 974 996 Bibcode 1976PhRvD 13 974W doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 13 974 S Weinberg 1979 Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking An addendum Physical Review D 19 4 1277 1280 Bibcode 1979PhRvD 19 1277W doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 19 1277 Leonard Susskind 1979 Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg Salam theory Physical Review D 20 10 2619 2625 Bibcode 1979PhRvD 20 2619S doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 20 2619 OSTI 1446928 S2CID 17294645 Csaki C Grojean C Pilo L Terning J 2004 Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking Physical Review Letters 92 10 101802 arXiv hep ph 0308038 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 92j1802C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 92 101802 PMID 15089195 S2CID 6521798 Csaki C Grojean C Pilo L Terning J Terning John 2004 Gauge theories on an interval Unitarity without a Higgs Physical Review D 69 5 055006 arXiv hep ph 0305237 Bibcode 2004PhRvD 69e5006C doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 69 055006 S2CID 119094852 Calmet X Deshpande N G He X G Hsu S D H 2009 Invisible Higgs boson continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism PDF Physical Review D 79 5 055021 arXiv 0810 2155 Bibcode 2009PhRvD 79e5021C doi 10 1103 PhysRevD 79 055021 S2CID 14450925 Abbott L F Farhi E 1981 Are the Weak Interactions Strong PDF Physics Letters B 101 1 2 69 Bibcode 1981PhLB 101 69A doi 10 1016 0370 2693 81 90492 5 Speirs Neil Alexander 1985 Composite models of weak gauge bosons PhD Thesis Durham University Pawlowski M Raczka R 1994 A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field Foundations of Physics 24 9 1305 1327 arXiv hep th 9407137 Bibcode 1994FoPh 24 1305P doi 10 1007 BF02148570 S2CID 17358627 Calmet X 2011 Asymptotically safe weak interactions Mod Phys Lett A 26 21 1571 1576 arXiv 1012 5529 Bibcode 2011MPLA 26 1571C doi 10 1142 S0217732311035900 S2CID 118712775 Calmet X 2011 An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions Int J Mod Phys A 26 17 2855 2864 arXiv 1008 3780 Bibcode 2011IJMPA 26 2855C doi 10 1142 S0217751X11053699 S2CID 118422223 Codello A Percacci R 2009 Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d gt 2 Physics Letters B 672 3 280 283 arXiv 0810 0715 Bibcode 2009PhLB 672 280C doi 10 1016 j physletb 2009 01 032 S2CID 119223124 Bilson Thompson Sundance O Markopoulou Fotini Smolin Lee 2007 Quantum gravity and the standard model Class Quantum Grav 24 16 3975 3993 arXiv hep th 0603022 Bibcode 2007CQGra 24 3975B doi 10 1088 0264 9381 24 16 002 S2CID 37406474 Goldfain E 2008 Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics An introductory study EPL 82 1 11001 Bibcode 2008EL 8211001G doi 10 1209 0295 5075 82 11001 S2CID 62823832 Goldfain 2010 Non equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics PDF Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 7 24 219 archived from the original PDF on 2022 01 20 retrieved 2011 07 27 Stancato David Terning John 2009 The Unhiggs Journal of High Energy Physics 2009 11 101 arXiv 0807 3961 Bibcode 2009JHEP 11 101S doi 10 1088 1126 6708 2009 11 101 S2CID 17512330 Falkowski Adam Perez Victoria Manuel 2009 Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs Journal of High Energy Physics 2009 12 061 arXiv 0901 3777 Bibcode 2009JHEP 12 061F doi 10 1088 1126 6708 2009 12 061 S2CID 17570408 Zloshchastiev Konstantin G 2011 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory Acta Physica Polonica B 42 2 261 292 arXiv 0912 4139 Bibcode 2011AcPPB 42 261Z doi 10 5506 APhysPolB 42 261 S2CID 118152708 Avdeenkov Alexander V Zloshchastiev Konstantin G 2011 Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity Self sustainability and emergence of spatial extent Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics 44 19 195303 arXiv 1108 0847 Bibcode 2011JPhB 44s5303A doi 10 1088 0953 4075 44 19 195303 S2CID 119248001 Dvali Gia Giudice Gian F Gomez Cesar Kehagias Alex 2011 UV Completion by Classicalization Journal of High Energy Physics 2011 8 108 arXiv 1010 1415 Bibcode 2011JHEP 08 108D doi 10 1007 JHEP08 2011 108 S2CID 53315861External links editHiggsless model on arxiv org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model amp oldid 1189940646, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
