Alma the Younger
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In the Book of Mormon, Alma, the son of Alma (/ˈælmə/) is a Nephite prophet often referred to as Alma the Younger to distinguish him from his father, who is often referred to as Alma the Elder. These appellations, "the Younger" and "the Elder," are not used in the Book of Mormon; they are distinctions made by scholars, useful because both individuals were prominent during the same time period in the Book of Mormon's story and filled a similar cultural and religious role. Alma is the namesake of the Book of Alma.
Alma | |
|---|---|
From Alma Being Carried to His Father's House (October 1925) | |
| Chief judge of the Nephites | |
| Preceded by | (Inaugurated position) |
| Succeeded by | Nephihah |
| High priest of the Church | |
| Preceded by | Alma the Elder |
| Succeeded by | Helaman |
| Personal | |
| Children |
|
| Era | Reign of the judges |
| Military service | |
| Commands | Nephite military |
| Battles/wars | Amlicite Civil War |
Conversion edit
Alma the Younger lived in Zarahemla during the end of the reign of the Nephite King Mosiah. Adherents of Mormonism believe that he was born in 126 BC. As a young man, he, the four sons of Mosiah, and others wanted to destroy the church and actively persecuted its members. After they were visited personally by an angel and rebuked for their actions, Alma fell into an unconscious state where for three days and three nights he lay unable to move until he felt within that he had been forgiven of his sins. He later recounted that he had experienced a vision during unconsciousness, in which he renounced his behavior against the church and subsequently received a glimpse of God sitting on his throne (Alma 36:12–22). He and those who persecuted church members with him abdicated their role as persecutors and became followers of Christ.[1]
Chief judge and high priest edit
Alma the Younger subsequently became the first elected chief judge of the Nephites as well as their religious leader.
When Amlici leads his followers in an insurrection against Nephite government, Alma as chief judge serves also as military commander and suppresses the Amlicites in the Amlicite Civil War.[2]
Ministry edit
He observed that the Nephites of the church were becoming increasingly wicked, proud, disdainful of outsiders and neglectful toward the poor and needy (Alma 4:11–12). When the "unbelievers" began to follow their example, Alma feared the entire people were on the path to self-destruction (Alma 4:11). He resigned his post as chief judge and began traveling from city to city to preach to the Nephites. He began in Zarahemla, where his efforts were successful. A thorough purge of the church leadership and membership took place, with those former insiders and leaders who refused to relinquish their pride being "rejected, and their names blotted out" (Alma 6:3).
Alma moved on to the cities of Gideon and Melek, where his call to humility was also well received. From Melek he traveled three days journey north to Ammonihah, whose inhabitants proved much more hardened than those of the previous three cities.[3]
In Ammonihah the people were very wicked. They considered themselves superior to outsiders, especially the Lamanites, and gloried in the strength of their city, which they considered indestructible. According to Alma chapter 9, Satan held such control over them that they would not listen to Alma. While trying to speak to them he was abused and thrown out of the city. Commanded by an angel to return, Alma slipped back into the city through a different route from the south. There he met Amulek, a lapsed believer (Alma 10:5-6) of some social prominence who fed Alma and housed him for a time. In the city streets, the two of them joined up and preached to the people, where they were challenged by a lawyer named Zeezrom. After Amulek had silenced Zeezrom through his teaching and aroused his conscience, Alma took his turn, preaching to the people with similar results. When finished, Alma and Amulek were cast into prison and delivered by a miracle.[4] A repentant Zeezrom eventually joined Alma in his missionary work.
Several years later, Alma met up with a man named Korihor, whom the Book of Mormon describes as an anti-Christ. This Korihor tried to lead the Nephites astray. Alma confronted him, confounding his arguments and miraculously removing Korihor's power of speech. The stricken Korihor signaled acknowledgement that he had acted maliciously, knowing all along that he was wrong and bringing destruction upon others. He was reduced to begging and was eventually run down and killed in a city of Nephite dissenters called Zoramites.[5]
These same Zoramites were found to practice things that perverted the ways of the Lord. This led Alma to extend his missionary work to these people. While among them, he was most successful with the poor.[6]
Alma's final instruction was to his sons, Helaman, Shiblon, and Corianton. He gave each separate lessons, and finally gave the records of the church to Helaman. He then departed, in the 19th year of the reign of the judges (or 73 BC) as if to go to Melek, but was never heard from again. Both Mormon and Helaman believed that he was taken up like Moses of old, and buried by the Lord.[7]
Descendants edit
The Book of Mormon narrative describes several of Alma's notable descendants as shown in the following family tree:
| Alma the Elder | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma the Younger | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helaman | Shiblon | Corianton | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Helaman Son of Helaman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nephi Son of Helaman | Lehi Son of Helaman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nephi the Disciple | Timothy Son of Nephi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nephi Son of Nephi the Disciple | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amos Son of Nephi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amos Son of Amos | Ammaron Son of Amos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Intertextuality edit
Alma's conversion is reminiscent of that of Saul of Tarsus, or Paul the Apostle, in the New Testament.[8] Both persecute the Christian church, abruptly encounter divine figures (Jesus appears to Saul; an angel confronts Alma) that physically incapacitate them, and open physically recovering subsequently convert and commit to Christianity.[9] Literary critic Michael Austin explains that by coexisting, these stories "encourage [readers] to universalize the possibility of conversion" and focus on the role of grace in Christian life.[10]
Citations edit
- ^ Mosiah 27
- ^ Austin (2020, pp. 153–157, 163); Davis (2007, p. 50).
- ^ Alma 1: - Alma 8
- ^ Alma 9 - Alma 14
- ^ Alma 30
- ^ Alma 51:31–33
- ^ Alma 36 - Alma 42, Alma 45
- ^ Curtis (1990, p. 94n10); Austin (2020, pp. 125–127); Austin (2024, p. 26).
- ^ Austin (2020, pp. 126–127).
- ^ Austin (2020, p. 129).
Sources edit
- Austin, Michael (2020). Buried Treasures: Reading the Book of Mormon Again for the First Time. By Common Consent Press. ISBN 978-1-948218-252.
- Austin, Michael (2024). The Testimony of Two Nations: How the Book of Mormon Reads, and Rereads, the Bible. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252045356.
- Curtis, Susan (1990). "Early Nineteenth-century America and the Book of Mormon". In Vogel, Dan (ed.). The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture. Signature Books. pp. 81–96. ISBN 0941214931.
- Davis, Ryan W. (2007). "For the Peace of the People: War and Democracy in the Book of Mormon". Journal of Book of Mormon Studies. 16 (1): 42–55, 85–86. doi:10.5406/jbookmormstud.16.1.0042. ISSN 1065-9366.
Further reading edit
- Welch, John (2011). . Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press; Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship. ISBN 978-0842527125. OCLC 232358237. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
- Perkins, Jerome M. (2007). "Alma the Younger: A Disciple's Quest to Become". In Strathearn, Gaye; Swift, Charles (eds.). Living the Book of Mormon: Abiding by Its Precepts. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. pp. 151–62. ISBN 978-1-59038-799-3.
- Ball, Terry B. (2007). "Alma's Reform of Zarahemla: A Model for Activation". In Strathearn, Gaye; Swift, Charles (eds.). Living the Book of Mormon: Abiding by Its Precepts. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. pp. 186–95. ISBN 978-1-59038-799-3.
- Brown, S. Kent (1992). . In Nyman, Monte S.; Tate, Charles D. Jr. (eds.). The Book of Mormon: Alma, the Testimony of the Word. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. pp. 141–56. ISBN 0-8849-4841-2. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
- —— (March 1977), "Alma, Son of Alma", Ensign
- J. Christopher Conkling, "Alma's Enemies: The Case of the Lamanites, Amlicites, and Mysterious Amalekites" 2014-04-27 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 14/1 (2005)
- Millet, Robert L. (1992), "Alma2 [Alma the Younger]", in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 33–35, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140