All American (aircraft)
The All American (full name All American III[1]) was a World War II Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress heavy bomber that was able to return safely to its base after having its rear fuselage nearly cut off by an in-flight collision with a German Bf 109 over enemy-held territory. The bomber's flight is said to have yielded one of the most famous photographs of World War II, and has been linked with the phrase "Comin' in on a Wing and a Prayer." It inspired the 414th Bombardment Squadron's emblem, an image of a puppy praying atop an aircraft's tail section.
| All American | |
|---|---|
| The All American returning to base after its collision with an enemy fighter | |
| Type | Boeing B-17F-5-BO Flying Fortress[1] |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| Serial | 41-24406[1] |
| Owners and operators | USAAF |
| In service | 1942–1945 |
| Fate | Dismantled for salvage at Lucera Airfield, Italy, on 6 March 1945[2] |
The aircraft edit
The All American was a B-17F-5-BO, serial number 41-24406, in the 97th Bombardment Group, 414th Bombardment Squadron.[1]
The mission edit
On February 1, 1943, bombers of the 414th Bombardment Squadron departed their base near Biskra, Algeria, to attack the German-controlled seaports, Bizerte and Tunis, Tunisia.[3] After dropping their bombloads and returning toward base, the bombers were attacked by German fighters,[3] believed to be Messerschmitt Bf 109s.[4] Two fighters attacked the lead B-17 and the All American which was flying next to it in formation.[3] The bombers' machine gun fire downed the first fighter, but the second pressed its head-on attack against the All American.[3] Apparently struck by machine gun fire, the second fighter could not complete its roll to pull down and away from the All American, the pilot apparently having been killed or disabled.[3][5] The German pilot was reported as being 16-victory ace Erich Paczia of I/Jagdgeschwader 53.[6]
The fighter's wing collided with the top rear fuselage of the All American, almost cleaving the bomber's tail section off, leaving a large diagonal gash from the base of the All American's vertical stabilizer and severing the left horizontal stabilizer from the plane.[3] Metal in the airframe near the right tailplane was the only thing keeping the tail section, housing the rear gunner, attached to the aircraft.[3][7] The fighter broke apart, leaving some pieces in the bomber's fuselage.[7] Even though the control cables were severed, the crew was able to continue to fly the aircraft by using the autopilot system for the Norden bombsight, as it employed electric wires connecting to electric motor servos mounted next to the rudder and elevator.[8][9]
The bomber squadron maintained formation to protect the All American until they were beyond the range of enemy fighters, with the crew donning parachutes in the expectation of having to bail out.[3][4][5] However, the aircraft was piloted to a safe landing at its base, and despite the damage, none of the crew was injured.[3]
The All American was repaired and returned to service as a hack[4] with the 352d Bombardment Squadron, 301st Bombardment Group, and flew until its March 1945 dismantlement.[2]
The All American is reputed to be the source of the phrase, "Comin' in on a Wing and a Prayer,"[3][4][5] and inspired the 414th Bombardment Squadron's emblem.[3] An image of a puppy praying atop the rear fuselage formed the unit badge.[4][5] The aircraft was the subject of what has been called one of the most famous photographs of World War II.[5][7]
Mythology edit
Several false myths accrued in the lore of the All American,[10] some of which were refuted in a 2012 interview of her bombardier Ralph Burbridge.[5] Burbridge explained that the aircraft returned to her base in North Africa, and could not have made a long trip back to England as widely recounted.[5] The base near Biskra, Algeria, was a more reasonable 300 miles (480 km) from the bombing target.[10]
Burbridge also said that the collision occurred when the bomber group was returning to base after having dropped its bombs on target, so that the aircraft did not complete a bombing run after being damaged as had been incorrectly recounted.[5] Burbridge's account confirms that the 10 crew members donned their parachutes, contradicting stories that the crew sacrificed some of their parachutes to hold the plane together or for an in-flight rescue of crew members from the isolated tail section.[5]
The Harold Adamson and Jimmy McHugh 1943 song "Comin' In on a Wing and a Prayer" was not written about All American as sometimes reported, but was about another 97th Bomb Group B-17, Thunderbird.[10]
Crew members edit
In a wartime letter, navigator Harry C. Nuessle listed the All American's crew of its 1 February 1943 flight, along with their signatures:[4][7]
- Pilot – Ken Bragg Jr.†
- Copilot – G. Engel Jr. or G. Boyd Jr.‡
- Navigator – Harry C. Nuessle
- Bombardier – Ralph Burbridge
- Engineer – Joe C. James
- Radio Operator – Paul A. Galloway
- Ball Turret Gunner – Elton Conda
- Waist Gunner – Michael Zuk
- Tail Gunner – Sam T. Sarpolus
- Ground Crew Chief – Hank Hyland
† Bragg was a halfback on the 1938 Duke Blue Devils football team.[11][12]
‡ The signature of the copilot has an unclear surname. It has been read as "G. Boyd Jr." (Melville Guy Boyd Jr., 1921–1966) or as "G. Engel Jr." (Godfrey Engel Jr., 1915–2007).[7][13] Research indicates Boyd was assigned to the 100th Bomb Group, not the 97th Bomb Group,[14] while Engel's obituary noted that he served in the 97th.[15] Signatures of both Boyd and Engel can be seen on their draft registration cards.[16][17]
References edit
- ^ a b c d "Boeing B-17F". National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "1 February 1943". This Day in Aviation. from the original on February 3, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Axberg, Jason, 628th Air Base Wing historian (February 3, 2015). . U.S. Air Force, Joint Base Charleston. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f "A Wing and a Prayer". The Aviation History Online Museum. August 28, 2013. from the original on July 5, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Interview with bombardier Ralph Burbridge published by Nichols, Ralph (September 21, 2012). "Local B-17 Bombardier Recalls 'Wing and a Prayer' Mission on the All American". The Waterland Blog. from the original on June 17, 2016.
- ^ Aviation History Museum (2013-08-28) cites Hess, William N. (1997). Wings of Fame, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd. p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e . Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA). 2015. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- ^ "Precision Bombing and the Automatic Pilot". Aero Digest. Vol. 43, no. 4. October 1943. p. 117. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ Pardini, Albert L. (1999). The Legendary Secret Norden Bombsight. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p. 284.
- ^ a b c "WWII's B-17 All American: Separating Fact and Fiction". Warbirds News. June 27, 2013. from the original on April 5, 2016.
- ^ Fullerton Jr., Hugh (March 23, 1943). "Roundup of Sports (column)". The Record-Argus. Greenville, Pennsylvania. p. 7. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Bragg, Sonny, 1938". Duke.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
- ^ "B-17 "All American" (414th Squadron, 97BG)". reddog1944.com. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
1943 Roster of Officers Emergency Addresses
- ^ Darvell, James. "The B-17 All American The Truth Behind the Tall Tale". DisciplesOfFlight.com. from the original on 23 November 2020.
- ^ "Godfrey Engel Jr". Rapid City Journal. Rapid City, South Dakota. May 6, 2007. p. F3. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Draft Registration Card | Melville Guy Boyd Jr". Selective Service System. February 1942. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via fold3.com.
- ^ "Draft Registration Card | Godfrey Engel Jr". Selective Service System. October 1940. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via fold3.com.