Alfred Lingard (1849 – 18 February 1938) was a British medical pathologist who worked on veterinary diseases in India, serving as an Imperial Bacteriologist from 1890 to 1907. He was the founding director of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory in Mukteswar (which later became part of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute) to produce anthrax and rinderpest vaccines.
Life and workedit
The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory in Mukteshwar, c. 1913
Lingard received a medical degree in 1873, an LSA in 1874. He worked in the Royal Army Medical Corps and as a house physician at St. Thomas' Hospital before traveling across Europe. Lingard studied bacteriology in Germany and had worked as a lecturer at the Birkbeck Institution. He was appointed as Imperial Bacteriologist from 1890 to 1907. The post was created following several earlier studies. A report commissioned by Lord Mayo in 1871 had identified that "Rinderpest is the murrain to which a far greater share of mortality among cattle is due than all other causes put together and this would appear to be still true at the present time" and the Pioneer reported in 1893 that rinderpest caused a loss of three crore rupees in bad years. In 1915 there were 1,10,397 bovines and 1,232 sheep reported killed by rinderpest.[1] Lingard was initially located at Poona near the College of Science but he suggested the establishment of a laboratory in Mukteswar, which happened in 1893. The hot climate was noted as being unsuitable for the storage of serum and vaccines and a location in the mountains was claimed to be more suitable. The isolation from local cattle was also thought to make it safer for research on infectious diseases. On his recommendation, the lab was visited by Robert Koch, George Gaffky, and Pfeiffer. His early work was on Surra disease of horses. Surra was a form of trypanosomiasis and among Lingard's experiments were (unsuccessful) trials of Fowler's solution (Arsphenamine).[2][3] After the move to Mukteswar the main work was the search for a rinderpest vaccine. The work began in 1897. The original laboratory was burnt and destroyed in a fire on 27 September 1899.[4][5]
Lingard (seated at left) with Koch, Pfeiffer, and Gaffky. 1897, Mukteshwar.
Apart from writing on bacteriology, Lingard also translated many works from French to English. Lingard was a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, a member of the Pathological Society of London, the British Medical Association, the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and the Society for Anthropology, Paris. He was also enlisted in the Middlesex Rifle Volunteers. As an animal physiologist, he held a license for vivisection and during the period when the anti-vivisection movement was at its peak, he was included as a target. A booklet noted that he had a "License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned 1883."[6] Another activist who opposed "Loathsome Feeding" noted that "Dr. Klein and Mr. A. Lingard actually fed fowls upon the putrid lungs of human beings, to see if it were possible thus to communicate to them the consumption of which the human patients died."[7]
J.D.E. Holmes succeeded him as Imperial Bacteriologist in 1907.[8]
Referencesedit
^Shilston, A.W. (1916). "Protective inoculation of stock in India". The Agricultural Journal of India. 11: 112-133.
^Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley and Sons. p. 49.
^Lingard, A. (1904). "A short account of the various Trypanosomata found to date in the blood of some lower animals and fish". Indian Med. Gaz. 39 (12): 445–447. PMC5162511. PMID 29003793.
^(PDF). Indian Farming. 1 (11). 1940. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-25. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^Holmes, J.D.E. (1913). A description of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, Muktesar : its work and products. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.
^Bryan, Benjamin, ed. (1884). The Vivisectors' Directory. London: Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection. p. 70.
^Rhodes, G.M., ed. (1893). The Nine Circles or the torture of the Innocent being records of vivisection, English and Foreign. London: Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection. p. 80.
^Holmes, J.D.E. (1913). A description of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, Muktesar : its work and products. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.
January 01, 1970
alfred, lingard, 1849, february, 1938, british, medical, pathologist, worked, veterinary, diseases, india, serving, imperial, bacteriologist, from, 1890, 1907, founding, director, imperial, bacteriological, laboratory, mukteswar, which, later, became, part, in. Alfred Lingard 1849 18 February 1938 was a British medical pathologist who worked on veterinary diseases in India serving as an Imperial Bacteriologist from 1890 to 1907 He was the founding director of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory in Mukteswar which later became part of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute to produce anthrax and rinderpest vaccines Life and work edit nbsp The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory in Mukteshwar c 1913 Lingard received a medical degree in 1873 an LSA in 1874 He worked in the Royal Army Medical Corps and as a house physician at St Thomas Hospital before traveling across Europe Lingard studied bacteriology in Germany and had worked as a lecturer at the Birkbeck Institution He was appointed as Imperial Bacteriologist from 1890 to 1907 The post was created following several earlier studies A report commissioned by Lord Mayo in 1871 had identified that Rinderpest is the murrain to which a far greater share of mortality among cattle is due than all other causes put together and this would appear to be still true at the present time and the Pioneer reported in 1893 that rinderpest caused a loss of three crore rupees in bad years In 1915 there were 1 10 397 bovines and 1 232 sheep reported killed by rinderpest 1 Lingard was initially located at Poona near the College of Science but he suggested the establishment of a laboratory in Mukteswar which happened in 1893 The hot climate was noted as being unsuitable for the storage of serum and vaccines and a location in the mountains was claimed to be more suitable The isolation from local cattle was also thought to make it safer for research on infectious diseases On his recommendation the lab was visited by Robert Koch George Gaffky and Pfeiffer His early work was on Surra disease of horses Surra was a form of trypanosomiasis and among Lingard s experiments were unsuccessful trials of Fowler s solution Arsphenamine 2 3 After the move to Mukteswar the main work was the search for a rinderpest vaccine The work began in 1897 The original laboratory was burnt and destroyed in a fire on 27 September 1899 4 5 nbsp Lingard seated at left with Koch Pfeiffer and Gaffky 1897 Mukteshwar Apart from writing on bacteriology Lingard also translated many works from French to English Lingard was a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society a member of the Pathological Society of London the British Medical Association the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and the Society for Anthropology Paris He was also enlisted in the Middlesex Rifle Volunteers As an animal physiologist he held a license for vivisection and during the period when the anti vivisection movement was at its peak he was included as a target A booklet noted that he had a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr George Lacey 213 Wandsworth Road S W and situated in the Stag Yard opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883 Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill No experiments returned 1883 6 Another activist who opposed Loathsome Feeding noted that Dr Klein and Mr A Lingard actually fed fowls upon the putrid lungs of human beings to see if it were possible thus to communicate to them the consumption of which the human patients died 7 J D E Holmes succeeded him as Imperial Bacteriologist in 1907 8 References edit Shilston A W 1916 Protective inoculation of stock in India The Agricultural Journal of India 11 112 133 Sneader Walter 2005 Drug Discovery A History John Wiley and Sons p 49 Lingard A 1904 A short account of the various Trypanosomata found to date in the blood of some lower animals and fish Indian Med Gaz 39 12 445 447 PMC 5162511 PMID 29003793 Supplement Imperial Veterinary Research Institute 1890 1940 Golden Jubilee PDF Indian Farming 1 11 1940 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 01 25 Retrieved 2019 01 25 Holmes J D E 1913 A description of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory Muktesar its work and products Calcutta Superintendent of Government Printing Bryan Benjamin ed 1884 The Vivisectors Directory London Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection p 70 Rhodes G M ed 1893 The Nine Circles or the torture of the Innocent being records of vivisection English and Foreign London Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection p 80 Holmes J D E 1913 A description of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory Muktesar its work and products Calcutta Superintendent of Government Printing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alfred Lingard amp oldid 1160681349, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
