An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales.[1][2][3][4] Akinetes are resistant to cold and desiccation.[1] They also accumulate and store various essential material, both of which allows the akinete to serve as a survival structure for up to many years.[1][4] However, akinetes are not resistant to heat.[1] Akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to heterocysts if they are present.[1] Development usually occurs during stationary phase and is triggered by unfavorable conditions such as insufficient light or nutrients, temperature, and saline levels in the environment.[1][4] Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell.[5] Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination.[5] In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.[4][6] This is associated with the accumulation of nucleic acids which is important for both dormancy and germination of the akinete.[6] Despite being a resting cell, it is still capable of some metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and carbon fixation, albeit at significantly lower levels.[3]
Intercalary located akinete of Dolichospermum smithiiTerminally located akinete of Gloeotrichia
Akinetes can remain dormant for extended periods of time. Studies have shown that some species could be cultured that were 18 and 64 years old. [7]
Akinete formation also influences the perennial blooms of cyanobacteria.[8]
Referencesedit
^ abcdefAdams, David; Duggan, Paula (Aug 1999). "Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria". New Phytol. 144: 23–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00505.x.
^Moore, R. et al. (1998) Botany. 2nd Ed. WCB/McGraw Hill. ISBN0-697-28623-1
^ abSukenik, Assaf; Beardall, John; Hadas, Ora (July 2007). "Photosynthetic Characterization of Developing and Mature Akinetes Ofaphanizomenon Ovalisporum(Cyanoprokaryota)1". Journal of Phycology. 43 (4): 780–788. Bibcode:2007JPcgy..43..780S. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00374.x. S2CID 85200692.
^ abcdSukenik, Assaf; Maldener, Iris; Delhaye, Thomas (September 2015). "Carbon assimilation and accumulation of cyanophycin during the development of dormant cells (akinetes) in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum". Front. Microbiol. 6: 1067. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01067. PMC4586427. PMID 26483781.
^ abMyers, Jackie; Beardall, John; Allinson, Graeme (July 2010). "Environmental influences on akinete germination and development in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae), isolated from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia". Hydrobiologia. 649 (1): 239–247. doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0252-5. S2CID 23052084.
^ abSukenik, Assaf; Kaplan-Levy, Ruth; Mark, Jessica (March 2012). "Massive multiplication of genome and ribosomes in dormant cells (akinetes) of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanobacteria)". The ISME Journal. 6 (3): 670–679. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.128. PMC3280138. PMID 21975597.
^David Livingstone & G.H.M. Jaworski (1980) The viability of akinetes of blue-green algae recovered from the sediments of Rostherne Mere, British Phycological Journal, 15:4, 357-364, DOI: 10.1080/00071618000650361
^ Myers, Jackie; Beardall, John (Aug 2011). "Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) isolated from Australia". Hydrobiologia. 671 (1): 165. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0714-4. S2CID 7949386.
This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
akinete, akinete, enveloped, thick, walled, motile, dormant, cell, formed, filamentous, heterocyst, forming, cyanobacteria, under, order, nostocales, stigonematales, resistant, cold, desiccation, they, also, accumulate, store, various, essential, material, bot. An akinete is an enveloped thick walled non motile dormant cell formed by filamentous heterocyst forming cyanobacteria under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales 1 2 3 4 Akinetes are resistant to cold and desiccation 1 They also accumulate and store various essential material both of which allows the akinete to serve as a survival structure for up to many years 1 4 However akinetes are not resistant to heat 1 Akinetes usually develop in strings with each cell differentiating after another and this occurs next to heterocysts if they are present 1 Development usually occurs during stationary phase and is triggered by unfavorable conditions such as insufficient light or nutrients temperature and saline levels in the environment 1 4 Once conditions become more favorable for growth the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell 5 Increased light intensity nutrients availability oxygen availability and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination 5 In comparison to vegetative cells akinetes are generally larger 4 6 This is associated with the accumulation of nucleic acids which is important for both dormancy and germination of the akinete 6 Despite being a resting cell it is still capable of some metabolic activities such as photosynthesis protein synthesis and carbon fixation albeit at significantly lower levels 3 Intercalary located akinete of Dolichospermum smithiiTerminally located akinete of GloeotrichiaAkinetes can remain dormant for extended periods of time Studies have shown that some species could be cultured that were 18 and 64 years old 7 Akinete formation also influences the perennial blooms of cyanobacteria 8 References edit a b c d e f Adams David Duggan Paula Aug 1999 Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria New Phytol 144 23 28 doi 10 1046 j 1469 8137 1999 00505 x Moore R et al 1998 Botany 2nd Ed WCB McGraw Hill ISBN 0 697 28623 1 a b Sukenik Assaf Beardall John Hadas Ora July 2007 Photosynthetic Characterization of Developing and Mature Akinetes Ofaphanizomenon Ovalisporum Cyanoprokaryota 1 Journal of Phycology 43 4 780 788 Bibcode 2007JPcgy 43 780S doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2007 00374 x S2CID 85200692 a b c d Sukenik Assaf Maldener Iris Delhaye Thomas September 2015 Carbon assimilation and accumulation of cyanophycin during the development of dormant cells akinetes in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum Front Microbiol 6 1067 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2015 01067 PMC 4586427 PMID 26483781 a b Myers Jackie Beardall John Allinson Graeme July 2010 Environmental influences on akinete germination and development in Nodularia spumigena Cyanobacteriaceae isolated from the Gippsland Lakes Victoria Australia Hydrobiologia 649 1 239 247 doi 10 1007 s10750 010 0252 5 S2CID 23052084 a b Sukenik Assaf Kaplan Levy Ruth Mark Jessica March 2012 Massive multiplication of genome and ribosomes in dormant cells akinetes of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum Cyanobacteria The ISME Journal 6 3 670 679 doi 10 1038 ismej 2011 128 PMC 3280138 PMID 21975597 David Livingstone amp G H M Jaworski 1980 The viability of akinetes of blue green algae recovered from the sediments of Rostherne Mere British Phycological Journal 15 4 357 364 DOI 10 1080 00071618000650361 Myers Jackie Beardall John Aug 2011 Potential triggers of akinete differentiation in Nodularia spumigena Cyanobacteriaceae isolated from Australia Hydrobiologia 671 1 165 doi 10 1007 s10750 011 0714 4 S2CID 7949386 nbsp This cell biology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Akinete amp oldid 1185204164, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
