The aircraft cruiser (also known as aviation cruiser or cruiser-carrier) is a warship that combines the features of the aircraft carrier and a surface warship such as a cruiser or battleship.
The first aircraft cruiser was originally a 1930s experimental concept of creating an all-around warship. The early aircraft cruisers were usually armed with relatively heavy artillery, mines and a number of aircraft fitted with floats (making the ship a kind of seaplane tender/fighter catapult ship). The early aircraft cruiser turned out to be an unsuccessful design. The rapid development of naval aircraft in the 1930s quickly rendered the vessels obsolete, and they were rebuilt e.g. as anti-aircraft cruisers.
A United States design for a flight deck cruiser from 1930,[1] was described as "a Brooklyn-class light cruiser forwards [and] one half of a Wasp-class aircraft carrier aft".[2] Although not built, similar ships were created during and after World War II as reconstructions and later from the keel up.
The Japanese built a pair of aircraft cruisers in 1937, the Tone-class cruisers. These ships had their main armament of 4x twin 8" gun turrets placed forward of the superstructure, and an aircraft handling deck was built aft of the funnel. The ships could carry a maximum of 8 float planes, launched by catapult, though the normal complement was 6. During World War II, in part to offset the loss of carriers at the Battle of Midway, Japan rebuilt its Ise-classbattleships as hybrid carriers, placing the flight deck and hangar aft to replace the rear turrets, while retaining their main guns forward and amidships. The cruiser Mogami also had its rear gun turrets (which had been damaged at Midway) replaced by aircraft handling facilities. The German Kriegsmarine also studied several "Flugdeckkreuzer" (flight deck cruiser) designs in 1942 which included 20.3 cm (8 inch) or 28 cm (11 inch) gun turrets forward of the flight deck.
Helicopter cruisersEdit
A newer variation of the aircraft carrier is the helicopter carrier, which is capable of operating at least 4 or more helicopters, including medium and heavy lift models. This is in contrast to surface warships such as cruisers, destroyers, and frigates which have basic aviation facilities, including a hangar and landing pad, that are sufficient only for 1–2 light/medium helicopters.
Post-war the United Kingdom reconstructed the Tiger-class cruisers, HMS Blake and HMS Tiger into helicopter cruisers, retaining their guns forward but having their aft guns removed for the installation of a hangar and helicopter platform for the operation of four Sea King helicopters.
USS Hayler and her unnamed sister ship (which was never funded) were originally planned as modified Spruance-classdestroyers, to be built as helicopter destroyers (DDH), provided they would not cost more than a standard Spruance class. Litton-Ingalls completed sketch design work for Hayler, which moved the helicopter deck aft, stretching the length of the hangar and displacing the Sea Sparrow launcher to the top of the hangar. The design would have accommodated two SH-3 Sea Kings or four smaller SH-60 Seahawk or SH-2 Seasprite helicopters. While the prospective Hayler probably would not have cost much more to build than a standard Spruance class, the detail design and engineering work required before the ship could be built would have been substantial (similar work for the Kidd class cost $110.8 million). This raised the cost of the DDH substantially above a standard Spruance-class destroyer. While this additional cost might have been justified if the DDH was going to enter series production, it was difficult to justify for a single ship. Accordingly, the Navy built Hayler to the same design as the rest of the Spruance class.
In 1980, there was a proposed “Interdiction Assault Ship” (IAS) conversion for the Iowa-class battleships that would have removed the aft main gun turret. This would free up space for a V-shaped ramped flight deck (the base of the V would have been on the ship's stern, while each leg of the V would extend forward, so that planes taking off would fly past the ship's exhaust stacks and conning tower), while a new hangar would be added with 2 elevators, which would support up to 12 Boeing AV-8B Harrier II jump-jets. These aviation facilities could also support helicopters, SEAL teams and up to 500 Marines for an air assault. In the empty space between the V flight deck would be up to 320 missile silos accommodating a mixture of Tomahawk land attack missiles, ASROC anti-submarine rockets and Standard surface-to-air missiles. The existing 5-inch gun turrets would be replaced with 155-millimeter howitzers for naval gunfire support. These modifications would have required significant time and funding to achieve so it was never carried out, furthermore the Department of Defense and the Navy wanted the Iowa battleships reactivated as quickly as possible.[3]
Soviet and Russian aviation cruisersEdit
In the Russian Navy, "aviation cruiser" is a designation for the Kiev and Kuznetsov-class ships. They are a cross between a cruiser and an aircraft carrier. Aviation cruisers have close-in weapon systems, both gun and missile, for self-defense against missiles or rockets. Unlike aircraft carriers who rely solely upon their aircraft and helicopter complement for offensive power, aviation cruisers are also equipped with cruiser weaponry to engage the full gamut of surface, submarines and aircraft adversaries.
The Kiev class of aviation cruisers is capable of carrying VTOL aircraft and helicopters. The ships have only a single angled flight deck for aviation. The forward deck is used to carry cruiser weapons, including P-500 Bazalt cruise missiles that are the main armament of the Slava-class cruiser.
The Kuznetsov class is classified as heavy aviation cruisers, reflecting their greater weight as well as the larger number of aircraft they can operate. In addition to helicopters, they are also capable of operating conventional fixed-wing aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-33 and the Mikoyan MiG-29K. The ships have an angled flight deck as well as an axial flight deck for takeoff. Since there is no catapult, a bow ski jump is used to assist takeoff. Kuznetsov also carries the P-700 Granit cruise missiles that form the main armament of the Kirov-class battlecruiser.
All Soviet aircraft carriers were built at the Nikolayev Shipyard in the Ukrainian SSR. Their classification as aircraft cruisers is very important for the purposes of international law, as it allows them to transit the Turkish Straits on their way into the Mediterranean Sea. Under the Montreux Convention, aircraft carriers heavier than 15,000 tons may not pass through the Straits. However, there is no tonnage limit on capital ships operated by Black Sea Powers.[4] Turkey has always allowed Soviet and Russian aviation cruisers to transit the Straits, and no other signatory to the Montreux Convention has challenged the ships' classification.[5]
Cruisers in name onlyEdit
Some aircraft-carrying ships have been officially designated as cruisers, despite being for all intents and purposes light aircraft carriers. The Royal Navy's Invincible-class aircraft carriers were originally termed "through-deck cruisers" for political reasons (the CVA-01 project had recently been cancelled). In addition, they were expected to serve in some cruiser-like roles - taking on those roles from the RN's Tiger-class cruiser conversions - and were constructed in a similar fashion to cruisers. Later in their life they were however known as aircraft carriers.
^Mizokami, Kyle (April 26, 2019). "The Ultimate Warship: A Hybrid Aircraft Carrer-Battleship?". The National Interest.
^Miller, David V.; Hine, Jr., Jonathan T. (31 January 1990). Soviet Carriers in the Turkish Straits(PDF). Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College. (PDF) from the original on November 14, 2016.
Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-0-87021-739-5. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
External linksEdit
October 08, 2023
aircraft, cruiser, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, december. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Aircraft cruiser news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message The aircraft cruiser also known as aviation cruiser or cruiser carrier is a warship that combines the features of the aircraft carrier and a surface warship such as a cruiser or battleship HSwMS Gotland Contents 1 Early types 2 Helicopter cruisers 3 Interdiction Assault Ship 4 Soviet and Russian aviation cruisers 5 Cruisers in name only 6 Aircraft cruisers 6 1 Early types 6 2 Later types 6 3 Helicopters only 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External linksEarly types EditThe first aircraft cruiser was originally a 1930s experimental concept of creating an all around warship The early aircraft cruisers were usually armed with relatively heavy artillery mines and a number of aircraft fitted with floats making the ship a kind of seaplane tender fighter catapult ship The early aircraft cruiser turned out to be an unsuccessful design The rapid development of naval aircraft in the 1930s quickly rendered the vessels obsolete and they were rebuilt e g as anti aircraft cruisers A United States design for a flight deck cruiser from 1930 1 was described as a Brooklyn class light cruiser forwards and one half of a Wasp class aircraft carrier aft 2 Although not built similar ships were created during and after World War II as reconstructions and later from the keel up The Japanese built a pair of aircraft cruisers in 1937 the Tone class cruisers These ships had their main armament of 4x twin 8 gun turrets placed forward of the superstructure and an aircraft handling deck was built aft of the funnel The ships could carry a maximum of 8 float planes launched by catapult though the normal complement was 6 During World War II in part to offset the loss of carriers at the Battle of Midway Japan rebuilt its Ise class battleships as hybrid carriers placing the flight deck and hangar aft to replace the rear turrets while retaining their main guns forward and amidships The cruiser Mogami also had its rear gun turrets which had been damaged at Midway replaced by aircraft handling facilities The German Kriegsmarine also studied several Flugdeckkreuzer flight deck cruiser designs in 1942 which included 20 3 cm 8 inch or 28 cm 11 inch gun turrets forward of the flight deck Helicopter cruisers EditA newer variation of the aircraft carrier is the helicopter carrier which is capable of operating at least 4 or more helicopters including medium and heavy lift models This is in contrast to surface warships such as cruisers destroyers and frigates which have basic aviation facilities including a hangar and landing pad that are sufficient only for 1 2 light medium helicopters Post war the United Kingdom reconstructed the Tiger class cruisers HMS Blake and HMS Tiger into helicopter cruisers retaining their guns forward but having their aft guns removed for the installation of a hangar and helicopter platform for the operation of four Sea King helicopters The Italian Andrea Doria class cruisers and Vittorio Veneto French Jeanne d Arc and Soviet Moskva class helicopter cruisers were built from the keel up as guided missile cruisers forward and helicopter carriers aft USS Hayler and her unnamed sister ship which was never funded were originally planned as modified Spruance class destroyers to be built as helicopter destroyers DDH provided they would not cost more than a standard Spruance class Litton Ingalls completed sketch design work for Hayler which moved the helicopter deck aft stretching the length of the hangar and displacing the Sea Sparrow launcher to the top of the hangar The design would have accommodated two SH 3 Sea Kings or four smaller SH 60 Seahawk or SH 2 Seasprite helicopters While the prospective Hayler probably would not have cost much more to build than a standard Spruance class the detail design and engineering work required before the ship could be built would have been substantial similar work for the Kidd class cost 110 8 million This raised the cost of the DDH substantially above a standard Spruance class destroyer While this additional cost might have been justified if the DDH was going to enter series production it was difficult to justify for a single ship Accordingly the Navy built Hayler to the same design as the rest of the Spruance class Interdiction Assault Ship EditMain article Interdiction Assault Ship In 1980 there was a proposed Interdiction Assault Ship IAS conversion for the Iowa class battleships that would have removed the aft main gun turret This would free up space for a V shaped ramped flight deck the base of the V would have been on the ship s stern while each leg of the V would extend forward so that planes taking off would fly past the ship s exhaust stacks and conning tower while a new hangar would be added with 2 elevators which would support up to 12 Boeing AV 8B Harrier II jump jets These aviation facilities could also support helicopters SEAL teams and up to 500 Marines for an air assault In the empty space between the V flight deck would be up to 320 missile silos accommodating a mixture of Tomahawk land attack missiles ASROC anti submarine rockets and Standard surface to air missiles The existing 5 inch gun turrets would be replaced with 155 millimeter howitzers for naval gunfire support These modifications would have required significant time and funding to achieve so it was never carried out furthermore the Department of Defense and the Navy wanted the Iowa battleships reactivated as quickly as possible 3 Soviet and Russian aviation cruisers EditIn the Russian Navy aviation cruiser is a designation for the Kiev and Kuznetsov class ships They are a cross between a cruiser and an aircraft carrier Aviation cruisers have close in weapon systems both gun and missile for self defense against missiles or rockets Unlike aircraft carriers who rely solely upon their aircraft and helicopter complement for offensive power aviation cruisers are also equipped with cruiser weaponry to engage the full gamut of surface submarines and aircraft adversaries The Kiev class of aviation cruisers is capable of carrying VTOL aircraft and helicopters The ships have only a single angled flight deck for aviation The forward deck is used to carry cruiser weapons including P 500 Bazalt cruise missiles that are the main armament of the Slava class cruiser The Kuznetsov class is classified as heavy aviation cruisers reflecting their greater weight as well as the larger number of aircraft they can operate In addition to helicopters they are also capable of operating conventional fixed wing aircraft like the Sukhoi Su 33 and the Mikoyan MiG 29K The ships have an angled flight deck as well as an axial flight deck for takeoff Since there is no catapult a bow ski jump is used to assist takeoff Kuznetsov also carries the P 700 Granit cruise missiles that form the main armament of the Kirov class battlecruiser All Soviet aircraft carriers were built at the Nikolayev Shipyard in the Ukrainian SSR Their classification as aircraft cruisers is very important for the purposes of international law as it allows them to transit the Turkish Straits on their way into the Mediterranean Sea Under the Montreux Convention aircraft carriers heavier than 15 000 tons may not pass through the Straits However there is no tonnage limit on capital ships operated by Black Sea Powers 4 Turkey has always allowed Soviet and Russian aviation cruisers to transit the Straits and no other signatory to the Montreux Convention has challenged the ships classification 5 Cruisers in name only EditSome aircraft carrying ships have been officially designated as cruisers despite being for all intents and purposes light aircraft carriers The Royal Navy s Invincible class aircraft carriers were originally termed through deck cruisers for political reasons the CVA 01 project had recently been cancelled In addition they were expected to serve in some cruiser like roles taking on those roles from the RN s Tiger class cruiser conversions and were constructed in a similar fashion to cruisers Later in their life they were however known as aircraft carriers Aircraft cruisers Edit nbsp Heavy aircraft carrying cruiser Kiev USSR 1985 Early types Edit HSwMS Gotland Japanese cruiser Mogami Ise class battleship Tone class cruiser fully functional heavy cruisers but incorporated a heavy seaplane element for scouting purposes Japanese cruiser Ōyodo built as an aircraft cruiser but never operated as such Later types Edit Kiev class aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi class aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier VSTOL Support Ship proposed Interdiction Assault Ship Proposed Helicopters only Edit Andrea Doria class cruiser Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto French cruiser Jeanne d Arc Moskva class helicopter carrier Haruna class destroyer Shirane class destroyer Hyuga class helicopter destroyer Izumo class helicopter destroyerSee also EditAviation capable naval vessels Battlecarrier CAM ship Fighter catapult ship Merchant aircraft carrier Seaplane tenderNotes Edit Friedman 1983 p 179 Bonner 1997 p 150 Mizokami Kyle April 26 2019 The Ultimate Warship A Hybrid Aircraft Carrer Battleship The National Interest Miller David V Hine Jr Jonathan T 31 January 1990 Soviet Carriers in the Turkish Straits PDF Newport Rhode Island Naval War College Archived PDF from the original on November 14 2016 John Pike Montreux Convention 1936 Globalsecurity org Retrieved 2013 07 20 Bibliography EditBonner Kermit 1997 Final Voyages Paducah KY Turner Publishing ISBN 978 1 56311 289 8 Retrieved 2010 12 08 Friedman Norman 1983 U S Aircraft Carriers An Illustrated Design History Annapolis MD United States Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 0 87021 739 5 Retrieved 2010 12 08 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aircraft cruiser amp oldid 1178082117, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
