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Race and ethnicity in the NBA

May 07, 2024

The composition of race and ethnicity in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has changed throughout the league's history. The first non-white player to play in the league was an Asian American, Wat Misaka, in 1947.[1] African Americans entered the league beginning in 1950. According to racial equality activist Richard Lapchick, the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73.2 percent black players, 16.8 percent white players, 3.1 percent Latino players of any race, and 0.4 percent Asian players. Additionally, 6.6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or "other" races.[2] The league has the highest percentage of black players of any major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.[3]

Asian American point guard Wat Misaka broke basketball's color barrier as the first non-white player to play in the NBA in 1947.

History edit

Players edit

 
Earl Lloyd (right) was the first African American to play in the NBA in 1950.

The NBA was founded in June 1946, with its first season played in 1946–47. Wat Misaka debuted in 1947–48 as the first non-white player and the first Asian American to play in the league.[1][4]

African Americans first appeared in the NBA in 1950. Chuck Cooper was the first black player drafted in the NBA.[5] On April 26, 1950, Harold Hunter signed with the Washington Capitols, becoming the first African American to sign a contract with any NBA team in history.[6][7] However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.[6][7][8] On May 24, Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton was the second African American player to sign an NBA contract.[9][10][a] Earl Lloyd was the first to play in the NBA.[5] Hank DeZonie also played that year.[12] In 1953, Don Barksdale became the first African American to play in an NBA All-Star Game.[13]

With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s, the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim. Many of the league's great players were black. At that time, African Americans believed they were limited by an unofficial league quota of four black players per team.[14]

Puerto Rican Butch Lee in 1978 was the first Latino in the league.[15] Wang Zhizhi became the first Chinese player in 2001.[16] In 2010, Jeremy Lin became the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA.[17][18][19]

In 2011, Richard Lapchick with The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport (TIDES) of the University of Central Florida reported in their annual Racial and Gender Report Card that 17 percent of the league's players were white, the lowest since the report began in 1990.[b][20][22][23] Hall of Fame player and Indiana Pacers president of basketball operations Larry Bird, who is white, stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league's fans are mostly white. "And if you just had a couple of white guys in there, you might get them [the fans, not the guys] a little excited. But it is a black man's game, and it will be forever. I mean, the greatest athletes in the world are African American," said Bird.[24][25] Contrary to Bird's assertion, as of 2017, White Americans, made up only 34% of the NBA's viewership, making it the only major sports league in North America, that doesn't have a majority white viewership. At the same time, the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent, while Hispanic (of any race) stood at 11% and Asian viewership stood at 8%.[26]

More recently, a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league's dwindling number of white American players. While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18.3 percent white in the 2015–16 season, this number also included non-Americans, most notably Europeans. During the entire 1996–97 season, only three NBA teams did not field an American-born white; on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, eight teams did not have a white American on their roster, and an additional 10 teams had only one. At the latter point in time, fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American-born whites (43 out of a possible 450).[27]

NBA player composition by year[2]
25
50
75
100
125
150
1990
2000
2010
2020
  •   White
  •   Black
  •   Latino
  •   Asian
  •   Other

Coaches edit

Bill Russell in 1966 became the first non-white and African American head coach in the NBA.[28][29] In the late 1980s, teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers.[28] At the start of the 2015–16 season, there were seven black head coaches in the league, down 50 percent from three years earlier, and the fewest in 16 years.[30] At the conclusion of the 2016-17 season there were eight African American head coaches.[31]

Owners edit

 
Robert Johnson became the first black majority NBA team owner in 2004.

Robert Johnson of the Charlotte Bobcats (now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05.[32] He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American, Michael Jordan.[22] In 2013–14, Jordan and Sacramento Kings owner Vivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league.[33] The number of NBA teams with non-white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneur Joseph Tsai's purchase of Russian Mikhail Prokhorov's 51 percent share in the Brooklyn Nets. Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team, having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018, and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date.[34][35]

Viewership demographics edit

Among NBA fans during the 2013–14 season, African Americans (844 minutes) and Asian Americans (719) spent the most time watching the league, followed by Hispanics (of any race, 390) and Whites (290).[36] Furthermore, according to a Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the highest share of black viewers, with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers being white, making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience.[37]

During the 2016–17 season, 66 percent of the league's viewers were racial and ethnic minorities. Its audience was 47 percent Blacks, 34 percent Whites, 11 percent Hispanics (of any race), and 8 percent Asians.[38]

Timothy J. Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don't exist in the league, despite the fact that they do. The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings. In particular, it introduced a "business casual" attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip-hop culture. The league's efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code, which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce, according to then-NBA Commissioner David Stern. This was all in order to enhance the league's image, some players welcomed this idea. The article also notes the NBA's 2007 advertising campaign, "Where Amazing Happens," which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league's branding approach. The goal of this campaign, which marked a change from prior ones, was to portray the NBA as a varied but "raceless".[39]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Some sources conflict and list Clifton as the first African American to sign in the NBA.[5][11]
  2. ^ Lapchick began the reports, known previously as the Racial Report Card, while with the Center for the Study of Sport in Society at Northeastern University.[20][21]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Vecsey, George (February 15, 2012). "The Old Guard Welcomes the New Guard". The New York Times. p. B10. from the original on November 12, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Lapchick, Richard (August 25, 2021). "The 2021 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Basketball Association" (PDF). tidesport.org. (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2022.
  3. ^ Landrum Jr., Jonathan (February 11, 2012). . Archived from the original on January 15, 2014.
  4. ^ Goldstein, Richard (November 21, 2019). "Wat Misaka, 95, First Nonwhite in Modern Pro Basketball, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c . NBA.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
  6. ^ a b McDowell, Sam (March 9, 2013). "Sumner grad Harold Hunter, first African American to sign with NBA team, dies at 86". Kansas City Star. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  7. ^ a b "NBA pioneer Harold Hunter, an ex-Xavier coach, died Thursday". Times-Picayune. March 7, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  8. ^ . The City Paper. March 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  9. ^ Howell, Dave. "Six Who Paved the Way". NBA.com. from the original on March 11, 2013.
  10. ^ Wagner, Jeremy. "9.Firsts For African-Americans". ESPN.com. from the original on November 10, 2013.
  11. ^ Spears, Marc J. (April 23, 2009). "Chicago has long history of courtship". Boston Globe. from the original on February 23, 2014.
  12. ^ Pomerantz, Gary M. (2005). Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era. New York: Crown. p. 54. ISBN 1-4000-5160-6.
  13. ^ (Press release). Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
  14. ^ Pomerantz 2005, pp.53, 123
  15. ^ Motenko, Joshua (July 11, 2006). . NBADraft.net. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.
  16. ^ Chang, Anita (November 26, 2012). "China beats South Korea 77-71 in Asian Games final". USA Today. Associated Press. from the original on February 20, 2020.
  17. ^ Beck, Howard (December 29, 2011). "Newest Knick Out to Prove He's Not Just a Novelty". The New York Times. p. B10. from the original on February 18, 2012.
  18. ^ Roth, David (February 7, 2012). "The NBA's Unlikeliest New Hero". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on February 11, 2012.
  19. ^ . NBA. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  20. ^ a b Lapchick, Richard; Aristeguieta, Francisco; Clark, Wayne; Cloud, Christina; Florzak, Anna; Frazier, Demetrius; Kuhn, Michael; Record, Tavia; Vinson, Matthew (June 16, 2011). "The 2011 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Basketball Association". The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport. from the original on August 24, 2017.
  21. ^ . University of Central Florida. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  22. ^ a b "Study: 2011 NBA Racial and Gender Report Card". SlamOnline.com. Source Interlink Magazines. June 16, 2011. from the original on June 28, 2012.
  23. ^ "Pro sports get 'racial report card'". The Item. The Associated Press. July 23, 1991. p. 2B. Retrieved December 7, 2015. This is the second year the center issued its 'Racial Report Card.'
  24. ^ Celzic, Mike. . NBCSports.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012.
  25. ^ Kuhn, David Paul (2007). The Neglected Voter: White Men and the Democratic Dilemma. Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 9781403982742. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  26. ^ "The NFL Isn't the Only Divisive Sport in America". Morning Consult Pro. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  27. ^ Spears, Marc J. (October 25, 2016). "Where Are All the White American NBA Players?". Andscape. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  28. ^ a b Leonhardt, David; Fessenden, Ford (March 22, 2005). "Black Coaches in N.B.A. Have Shorter Tenures". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014.
  29. ^ Lapchick, Richard; Hippert, Andrew; Rivera, Stephanie; Robinson, Jason (June 25, 2013). "The 2013 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Basketball Association" (PDF). tidesport.org. (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2014.
  30. ^ Beck, Howard (November 6, 2015). "Where Are All the Black NBA Coaches? Examining a Sudden, Silent Disappearance". Bleacher Report. from the original on November 12, 2015.
  31. ^ "NBA Coaches - National Basketball Association - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  32. ^ Lapchick, Richard (May 4, 2005). "The 2004 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Basketball Association". The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport. from the original on March 5, 2016.
  33. ^ Lapchick, Richard; Guiao, Angelica (July 1, 2015). . tidesport.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016.
  34. ^ Ozanian, Mike. "Alibaba's Joseph Tsai Reportedly Closes Deal For 49% Of Brooklyn Nets". Forbes. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  35. ^ "NBA Board of Governors approves sale of Nets to Joe Tsai" (Press release). National Basketball Association. September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  36. ^ "Hoop Dreams: Multicultural Diversity in NBA Viewership". www.nielsen.com.
  37. ^ Thompson, Derek (February 10, 2014). "Which Sports Have the Whitest/Richest/Oldest Fans?". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  38. ^ "The NFL Isn't the Only Divisive Sport in America". January 25, 2018.
  39. ^ Piper, Timothy J. (2018). "Where "Post-Race" Happens: National Basketball Association Branding and the Recontextualization of Archival Sports Footage". The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists. 18 (1): 1–24. doi:10.5749/movingimage.18.1.0001. ISSN 1532-3978. JSTOR 10.5749/movingimage.18.1.0001. S2CID 192265280.

Further reading edit

  • Kalb, Elliot; Weinstein, Mark (2009). The 30 greatest sports conspiracy theories of all time: ranking sports' most notorious fixes, cover-ups, and scandals. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 25–34. ISBN 978-1-60239-678-4. Retrieved February 22, 2012. Discusses racial quota in the NBA through the early 1960s.
  • George, Nelson (1999). "Elevating the Game: Black Men and Basketball". U of Nebraska Press. pp. 139–43. ISBN 9780803270855. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  • Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (2010). "'Too Black': Race in the 'Dark Ages' of the National Basketball Association". The International Journal of Sport and Society. Retrieved June 11, 2017.

External links edit

  • The national basketball association racial & gender report card at tidesport.org

May 07, 2024
race, ethnicity, composition, race, ethnicity, national, basketball, association, changed, throughout, league, history, first, white, player, play, league, asian, american, misaka, 1947, african, americans, entered, league, beginning, 1950, according, racial, . The composition of race and ethnicity in the National Basketball Association NBA has changed throughout the league s history The first non white player to play in the league was an Asian American Wat Misaka in 1947 1 African Americans entered the league beginning in 1950 According to racial equality activist Richard Lapchick the NBA in 2021 was composed of 73 2 percent black players 16 8 percent white players 3 1 percent Latino players of any race and 0 4 percent Asian players Additionally 6 6 percent of the players were classified as either multiracial or other races 2 The league has the highest percentage of black players of any major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada 3 Asian American point guard Wat Misaka broke basketball s color barrier as the first non white player to play in the NBA in 1947 Contents 1 History 1 1 Players 1 2 Coaches 1 3 Owners 1 4 Viewership demographics 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory editPlayers edit nbsp Earl Lloyd right was the first African American to play in the NBA in 1950 The NBA was founded in June 1946 with its first season played in 1946 47 Wat Misaka debuted in 1947 48 as the first non white player and the first Asian American to play in the league 1 4 African Americans first appeared in the NBA in 1950 Chuck Cooper was the first black player drafted in the NBA 5 On April 26 1950 Harold Hunter signed with the Washington Capitols becoming the first African American to sign a contract with any NBA team in history 6 7 However Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally 6 7 8 On May 24 Nathaniel Sweetwater Clifton was the second African American player to sign an NBA contract 9 10 a Earl Lloyd was the first to play in the NBA 5 Hank DeZonie also played that year 12 In 1953 Don Barksdale became the first African American to play in an NBA All Star Game 13 With the emergence of African American players by the 1960s the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim Many of the league s great players were black At that time African Americans believed they were limited by an unofficial league quota of four black players per team 14 Puerto Rican Butch Lee in 1978 was the first Latino in the league 15 Wang Zhizhi became the first Chinese player in 2001 16 In 2010 Jeremy Lin became the first American of Chinese or Taiwanese descent to play in the NBA 17 18 19 In 2011 Richard Lapchick with The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport TIDES of the University of Central Florida reported in their annual Racial and Gender Report Card that 17 percent of the league s players were white the lowest since the report began in 1990 b 20 22 23 Hall of Fame player and Indiana Pacers president of basketball operations Larry Bird who is white stated in 2004 that the league needed more white players since the league s fans are mostly white And if you just had a couple of white guys in there you might get them the fans not the guys a little excited But it is a black man s game and it will be forever I mean the greatest athletes in the world are African American said Bird 24 25 Contrary to Bird s assertion as of 2017 White Americans made up only 34 of the NBA s viewership making it the only major sports league in North America that doesn t have a majority white viewership At the same time the black share of viewership stands at 47 percent while Hispanic of any race stood at 11 and Asian viewership stood at 8 26 More recently a number of commentators and fans have remarked on the league s dwindling number of white American players While a TIDES study found that the NBA was 18 3 percent white in the 2015 16 season this number also included non Americans most notably Europeans During the entire 1996 97 season only three NBA teams did not field an American born white on the opening day of the 2016 17 season eight teams did not have a white American on their roster and an additional 10 teams had only one At the latter point in time fewer than 10 percent of NBA players were American born whites 43 out of a possible 450 27 NBA player composition by year 2 25 50 75 100 125 150 1990 2000 2010 2020 White Black Latino Asian Other Coaches edit Bill Russell in 1966 became the first non white and African American head coach in the NBA 28 29 In the late 1980s teams began hiring black coaches in large numbers 28 At the start of the 2015 16 season there were seven black head coaches in the league down 50 percent from three years earlier and the fewest in 16 years 30 At the conclusion of the 2016 17 season there were eight African American head coaches 31 Owners edit nbsp Robert Johnson became the first black majority NBA team owner in 2004 Robert Johnson of the Charlotte Bobcats now known as the Charlotte Hornets was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004 05 32 He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010 11 by another African American Michael Jordan 22 In 2013 14 Jordan and Sacramento Kings owner Vivek Ranadive who is Indian marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U S that there were two non white majority owners in a league 33 The number of NBA teams with non white majority owners increased to three in September 2019 with the league approval of Taiwanese Canadian entrepreneur Joseph Tsai s purchase of Russian Mikhail Prokhorov s 51 percent share in the Brooklyn Nets Tsai had previously held a 49 percent interest in the team having acquired that stake from Prokhorov in 2018 and exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest before its 2021 expiration date 34 35 Viewership demographics edit Among NBA fans during the 2013 14 season African Americans 844 minutes and Asian Americans 719 spent the most time watching the league followed by Hispanics of any race 390 and Whites 290 36 Furthermore according to a Nielsen s survey the NBA has the highest share of black viewers with 45 percent of its viewers being black and 40 percent of viewers being white making it the only top North American sport that did not have a white majority audience 37 During the 2016 17 season 66 percent of the league s viewers were racial and ethnic minorities Its audience was 47 percent Blacks 34 percent Whites 11 percent Hispanics of any race and 8 percent Asians 38 Timothy J Piper examines how the NBA uses archival sports video in its advertising to give the impression that racial issues don t exist in the league despite the fact that they do The NBA tried to revitalize its brand prior to 2007 as a result of issues like dwindling attendance and broadcast ratings In particular it introduced a business casual attire policy for players in 2005 as part of its effort to distance itself from facets of hip hop culture The league s efforts to solve its economic fall were tied to this clothing code which was intended to redefine player uniforms for NBA commerce according to then NBA Commissioner David Stern This was all in order to enhance the league s image some players welcomed this idea The article also notes the NBA s 2007 advertising campaign Where Amazing Happens which featured archival footage and signaled a change in the league s branding approach The goal of this campaign which marked a change from prior ones was to portray the NBA as a varied but raceless 39 See also edit nbsp Basketball portal nbsp Sports portal Black participation in college basketball Race and sports Baseball color line List of foreign NBA players List of foreign NBA coaches Race and ethnicity in the NHL List of African American sports firsts Race and ethnicity in the United StatesNotes edit Some sources conflict and list Clifton as the first African American to sign in the NBA 5 11 Lapchick began the reports known previously as the Racial Report Card while with the Center for the Study of Sport in Society at Northeastern University 20 21 References edit a b Vecsey George February 15 2012 The Old Guard Welcomes the New Guard The New York Times p B10 Archived from the original on November 12 2020 a b Lapchick Richard August 25 2021 The 2021 Racial and Gender Report Card National Basketball Association PDF tidesport org Archived PDF from the original on July 20 2022 Landrum Jr Jonathan February 11 2012 First Black NBA Player Gets Honor at Hawks Game Archived from the original on January 15 2014 Goldstein Richard November 21 2019 Wat Misaka 95 First Nonwhite in Modern Pro Basketball Dies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved June 5 2020 a b c NBA s Color Line Is Broken NBA com Archived from the original on February 18 2012 a b McDowell Sam March 9 2013 Sumner grad Harold Hunter first African American to sign with NBA team dies at 86 Kansas City Star Retrieved March 30 2013 a b NBA pioneer Harold Hunter an ex Xavier coach died Thursday Times Picayune March 7 2013 Retrieved March 30 2013 Former Tennessee State basketball coach Harold Hunter dies The City Paper March 7 2013 Archived from the original on November 2 2013 Retrieved March 30 2013 Howell Dave Six Who Paved the Way NBA com Archived from the original on March 11 2013 Wagner Jeremy 9 Firsts For African Americans ESPN com Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Spears Marc J April 23 2009 Chicago has long history of courtship Boston Globe Archived from the original on February 23 2014 Pomerantz Gary M 2005 Wilt 1962 The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era New York Crown p 54 ISBN 1 4000 5160 6 Five Direct Elects for the Class of 2012 Announced By the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Press release Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame February 24 2012 Archived from the original on March 14 2012 Retrieved February 24 2012 Pomerantz 2005 pp 53 123 Motenko Joshua July 11 2006 The Globalization of Basketball Latin America Part 1 NBADraft net Archived from the original on January 18 2013 Chang Anita November 26 2012 China beats South Korea 77 71 in Asian Games final USA Today Associated Press Archived from the original on February 20 2020 Beck Howard December 29 2011 Newest Knick Out to Prove He s Not Just a Novelty The New York Times p B10 Archived from the original on February 18 2012 Roth David February 7 2012 The NBA s Unlikeliest New Hero The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on February 11 2012 Warriors Lin hopes to break new ground in NBA NBA July 28 2010 Archived from the original on December 31 2010 Retrieved November 12 2010 a b Lapchick Richard Aristeguieta Francisco Clark Wayne Cloud Christina Florzak Anna Frazier Demetrius Kuhn Michael Record Tavia Vinson Matthew June 16 2011 The 2011 Racial and Gender Report Card National Basketball Association The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Richard Lapchick Director of the DeVos Sport Business Management Program University of Central Florida Archived from the original on December 22 2014 Retrieved December 7 2015 a b Study 2011 NBA Racial and Gender Report Card SlamOnline com Source Interlink Magazines June 16 2011 Archived from the original on June 28 2012 Pro sports get racial report card The Item The Associated Press July 23 1991 p 2B Retrieved December 7 2015 This is the second year the center issued its Racial Report Card Celzic Mike Race has nothing to do with NBA s success NBCSports com Archived from the original on October 13 2012 Kuhn David Paul 2007 The Neglected Voter White Men and the Democratic Dilemma Macmillan p 205 ISBN 9781403982742 Retrieved February 16 2014 The NFL Isn t the Only Divisive Sport in America Morning Consult Pro Retrieved September 10 2023 Spears Marc J October 25 2016 Where Are All the White American NBA Players Andscape Retrieved March 20 2017 a b Leonhardt David Fessenden Ford March 22 2005 Black Coaches in N B A Have Shorter Tenures The New York Times Archived from the original on May 13 2014 Lapchick Richard Hippert Andrew Rivera Stephanie Robinson Jason June 25 2013 The 2013 Racial and Gender Report Card National Basketball Association PDF tidesport org Archived PDF from the original on April 28 2014 Beck Howard November 6 2015 Where Are All the Black NBA Coaches Examining a Sudden Silent Disappearance Bleacher Report Archived from the original on November 12 2015 NBA Coaches National Basketball Association ESPN ESPN com Retrieved April 14 2017 Lapchick Richard May 4 2005 The 2004 Racial and Gender Report Card National Basketball Association The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Lapchick Richard Guiao Angelica July 1 2015 The 2015 Racial and Gender Report Card National Basketball Association tidesport org Archived from the original on January 22 2016 Ozanian Mike Alibaba s Joseph Tsai Reportedly Closes Deal For 49 Of Brooklyn Nets Forbes Retrieved March 17 2018 NBA Board of Governors approves sale of Nets to Joe Tsai Press release National Basketball Association September 18 2019 Retrieved September 28 2019 Hoop Dreams Multicultural Diversity in NBA Viewership www nielsen com Thompson Derek February 10 2014 Which Sports Have the Whitest Richest Oldest Fans The Atlantic Retrieved December 8 2016 The NFL Isn t the Only Divisive Sport in America January 25 2018 Piper Timothy J 2018 Where Post Race Happens National Basketball Association Branding and the Recontextualization of Archival Sports Footage The Moving Image The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists 18 1 1 24 doi 10 5749 movingimage 18 1 0001 ISSN 1532 3978 JSTOR 10 5749 movingimage 18 1 0001 S2CID 192265280 Further reading editKalb Elliot Weinstein Mark 2009 The 30 greatest sports conspiracy theories of all time ranking sports most notorious fixes cover ups and scandals Skyhorse Publishing pp 25 34 ISBN 978 1 60239 678 4 Retrieved February 22 2012 Discusses racial quota in the NBA through the early 1960s George Nelson 1999 Elevating the Game Black Men and Basketball U of Nebraska Press pp 139 43 ISBN 9780803270855 Retrieved August 2 2012 Schneider Mayerson Matthew 2010 Too Black Race in the Dark Ages of the National Basketball Association The International Journal of Sport and Society Retrieved June 11 2017 External links editThe national basketball association racial amp gender report card at tidesport org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Race and ethnicity in the NBA amp oldid 1215133294, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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