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Allied Command Europe Highband

January 01, 1970

Allied Command Europe Highband, better known as ACE High, was a fixed service NATO radiocommunication and early warning system dating back to 1956. After extensive testing ACE High was accepted by NATO to become operational in 1964/1965.

Billboard type troposcatter antennas
Dish type microwave antennas

The frequency supportability and frequency assignments were provided in accordance with the NATO Joint Civil/Military Frequency Agreement (NJFA). The system was designed to be a combined UHF troposcatter/microwave radio system, providing long-range communications in the form of telephone, telegraph and data traffic in the NATO chain of command.[1]

Its combined services produced over 200 channels and equipment was in place to multiplex them to contain up to 12 different calls each. There used to be 49 troposcatter links augmented by 40 Line Of Sight Microwave terrestrial stations, located in nine different NATO countries from northern Norway through central Europe to eastern Turkey. The transmitters broadcast at 832.56 - 959.28 MHz producing an average transmitting power of 10 kilowatts.[2]

History edit

NATO had been established in 1949 with then a supreme command (SHAPE) near Versailles, France, and the regional headquarters (RHQ) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) at Kolsås, Norway (responsible for Denmark, Norway and the UK), Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) at Laffaux, France (responsible for Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) and Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) at Naples, Italy (responsible for Italy, Greece and Turkey). Supreme command, the three RHQ's and all subordinated units used various communication systems to establish contact: high frequency radio networks, VHF beaming transmitters and civil or military landlines. All systems had their weakness in equipment reliability; in the maximum amount of data transferred; in encryption possibilities and in unauthorized data interception. So in the early 1950s there existed an urgent need for a reliable, foolproof long distance European communications network.

US developed tropospheric diffusion techniques, integrated in a new military communications network appeared to be the solution and in 1956 STC, a planning, design, engineering and installation company had been ordered to develop a new integrated communications network in Europe. This network consisted of a number of "backbone" stations covering the 6,800 km (4,200 mi) distance from the north of Norway to the south of Turkey and was initially called the "Over the Horizon Troposperic scatter Communications Net" but was renamed "Allied Command Europe - Highband" (ACE-High). The network would be kept operational until the 1990s as all frequencies then had to be released to the civilian authorities.

After all components had been installed on their locations by Marconi Electronic Systems UK, (from 1968 part of General Electric Company), in 1961 the ACE-High system had officially been transferred to NATO.

In 1966 however France, under president Charles de Gaulle, withdrew from NATO integrated military structure (not from the Alliance itself) and systems had to be rerouted from France to Brunssum, Netherlands while the former Primary Control Center at Beauvais, was relocated to Lamersdorf, West-Germany.

In the early 1970s, the first geostationary satellites in the "Satellite Communication" network (SATCOM) had been activated thus expanding the ACE-High system.

The rise of the military SATCOM I-III (1971–1994), SATCOM IV (1995-now) network satellites, Internet routers, and the Central Region Integrated Communication System (CRICS) and the Crisis Response Operations in NATO Operating Systems (CRONOS) made ACE High obsolete. By the end of the 1980s, its replacement was already available but NATO postponed the ACE High phasing-out until 1995.[citation needed]

In 1995, the first British NATO SATCOM IV/B satellites had been activated and because the ACE-High frequencies had to be released for civil TV and mobile phone usage NATO decided to deactivate ACE-High in 1996, and the 800 MHz band frequencies became available for civilian use again.[citation needed]

ACE High sites edit

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

The ACE High network included the following major sites and terminals, but also connected Line of Sight (LOS) microwave links to other networks reaching C2 centres not listed here.[3]

AFNORTH-Norway
  • (NC- Senja) > NSEZ

Pos 69°19′44″N 17°29′49″E / 69.32889°N 17.49694°E / 69.32889; 17.49694 TX RX Equipment:1 Scatter Line + 2 Radio Line

  • (nca - Höggumpen) > NHGZ

Pos 69°04′41″N 18°00′16″E / 69.07806°N 18.00444°E / 69.07806; 18.00444 502 m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ND- Bodö) > NKLZ

Pos 67°10′23″N 15°01′24″E / 67.17306°N 15.02333°E / 67.17306; 15.02333 801 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nda - Bodoe Tail - Kletkov) > NVAZ Pos unbekannt

TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NE - Mosjöen) > NMOZ

Pos 65°52′41″N 13°18′11″E / 65.87806°N 13.30306°E / 65.87806; 13.30306 627 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

  • (NF - Trondheim) > NSBZ

Pos 63°18′41″N 10°56′17″E / 63.31139°N 10.93806°E / 63.31139; 10.93806 677 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (nfa - Trondheim Tail - Graakallen)

Pos 63°25′15″N 10°15′06″E / 63.42083°N 10.25167°E / 63.42083; 10.25167 543 m AMSL TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NG - Oslo AAA) > NSOZ

Pos 60°03′34″N 11°16′09″E / 60.05944°N 11.26917°E / 60.05944; 11.26917 246 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (Oslo YYY - Svartas) > NVAZ

Pos 68°18′3″N 14°14′16″E / 68.30083°N 14.23778°E / 68.30083; 14.23778 TX RX Equipment:3 Radio Line

  • (nga - Oslo Tail 01 - Kolsaas) > NKOZ

Pos 59°55′7″N 10°30′58″E / 59.91861°N 10.51611°E / 59.91861; 10.51611 TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (ngb - Oslo Tail 02 - Maakeroy) > NVEZ

Pos 59°09′22″N 10°26′19″E / 59.15611°N 10.43861°E / 59.15611; 10.43861 14  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

  • (NH - Grimstad - Stormyrheia/hørte) > NSMZ

Pos 58°27′19″N 08°27′43″E / 58.45528°N 8.46194°E / 58.45528; 8.46194 326 m TX Rx Equipment:3 Scatter Line

  • (NJ - Sola - Lysenut) > NLYZ

Pos 59°31′40″N 05°54′12″E / 59.52778°N 5.90333°E / 59.52778; 5.90333 792 m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line

AFNORTH-Denmark
  • (DA - Karup - Torphøj) > DTOZ

Pos 55°52′28″N 09°21′00″E / 55.87444°N 9.35000°E / 55.87444; 9.35000 135  m TX RX Equipment:2 Scatter Line + 1 Radio Line

  • (daa - Karup Tail - Lundbakke) > DLUZ

Pos 56°13′49″N 09°09′48″E / 56.23028°N 9.16333°E / 56.23028; 9.16333 68  m TX RX Equipment:1 Radio Line

AFNORTH-United Kingdom
AFCENT-France
AFCENT-Netherlands
AFCENT-Belgium
AFCENT-Germany
AFSOUTH-Italy
AFSOUTH-Malta
  • (idb - Malta - Gharghur) IDBZ - Malta - Gharghur
AFSOUTH-Greece
AFSOUTH-Turkey
AFSOUTH-Cyprus
Equipment used[4][5]

Initially 60, 30 or 15 ft dish or billboard type antennas have been used in combination with General Electric or RCA AN/MRC80 TRC24; AN/FRC-75 or 39 radio sets. Later being replaced by newer Siemens & Halske EM 120/400 and 12/800 types. The type and beaming angle of the antennas depended of the local site position and its distance to the next relays.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ http://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/nato-archives-online/0/7/8/0780e4a143f64cb3103978c2bcabc8cddcc409cce87a25584765d522d816a1c2/MCWM-077-66_ENG_PDP.pdf NATO UNCLAS Memorandum MCWM -77-66
  2. ^ ACE HIGH. SCALE OF THE SYSTEM, Andy Emmerson, 2003 Subterranea Britannica:
  3. ^ "Troposcatter Communication Networks". rammstein.dfmk.hu.
  4. ^ Communications-electronics Reference Data, Volume 24,#19
  5. ^ Operator's, Organizational, Direct Support, General Support, and Depot Maintenance TM's 11-5820-203-15 and 11-5840-401-12

External links edit

  • History and details
  • Troposcatter communication network maps
  • Italian Website

January 01, 1970
allied, command, europe, highband, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Allied Command Europe Highband news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message Allied Command Europe Highband better known as ACE High was a fixed service NATO radiocommunication and early warning system dating back to 1956 After extensive testing ACE High was accepted by NATO to become operational in 1964 1965 Billboard type troposcatter antennas Dish type microwave antennas The frequency supportability and frequency assignments were provided in accordance with the NATO Joint Civil Military Frequency Agreement NJFA The system was designed to be a combined UHF troposcatter microwave radio system providing long range communications in the form of telephone telegraph and data traffic in the NATO chain of command 1 Its combined services produced over 200 channels and equipment was in place to multiplex them to contain up to 12 different calls each There used to be 49 troposcatter links augmented by 40 Line Of Sight Microwave terrestrial stations located in nine different NATO countries from northern Norway through central Europe to eastern Turkey The transmitters broadcast at 832 56 959 28 MHz producing an average transmitting power of 10 kilowatts 2 Contents 1 History 2 ACE High sites 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editNATO had been established in 1949 with then a supreme command SHAPE near Versailles France and the regional headquarters RHQ Allied Forces Northern Europe AFNORTH at Kolsas Norway responsible for Denmark Norway and the UK Allied Forces Central Europe AFCENT at Laffaux France responsible for Belgium France Germany and the Netherlands and Allied Forces Southern Europe AFSOUTH at Naples Italy responsible for Italy Greece and Turkey Supreme command the three RHQ s and all subordinated units used various communication systems to establish contact high frequency radio networks VHF beaming transmitters and civil or military landlines All systems had their weakness in equipment reliability in the maximum amount of data transferred in encryption possibilities and in unauthorized data interception So in the early 1950s there existed an urgent need for a reliable foolproof long distance European communications network US developed tropospheric diffusion techniques integrated in a new military communications network appeared to be the solution and in 1956 STC a planning design engineering and installation company had been ordered to develop a new integrated communications network in Europe This network consisted of a number of backbone stations covering the 6 800 km 4 200 mi distance from the north of Norway to the south of Turkey and was initially called the Over the Horizon Troposperic scatter Communications Net but was renamed Allied Command Europe Highband ACE High The network would be kept operational until the 1990s as all frequencies then had to be released to the civilian authorities After all components had been installed on their locations by Marconi Electronic Systems UK from 1968 part of General Electric Company in 1961 the ACE High system had officially been transferred to NATO In 1966 however France under president Charles de Gaulle withdrew from NATO integrated military structure not from the Alliance itself and systems had to be rerouted from France to Brunssum Netherlands while the former Primary Control Center at Beauvais was relocated to Lamersdorf West Germany In the early 1970s the first geostationary satellites in the Satellite Communication network SATCOM had been activated thus expanding the ACE High system The rise of the military SATCOM I III 1971 1994 SATCOM IV 1995 now network satellites Internet routers and the Central Region Integrated Communication System CRICS and the Crisis Response Operations in NATO Operating Systems CRONOS made ACE High obsolete By the end of the 1980s its replacement was already available but NATO postponed the ACE High phasing out until 1995 citation needed In 1995 the first British NATO SATCOM IV B satellites had been activated and because the ACE High frequencies had to be released for civil TV and mobile phone usage NATO decided to deactivate ACE High in 1996 and the 800 MHz band frequencies became available for civilian use again citation needed ACE High sites editMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates The ACE High network included the following major sites and terminals but also connected Line of Sight LOS microwave links to other networks reaching C2 centres not listed here 3 AFNORTH Norway NC Senja gt NSEZ Pos 69 19 44 N 17 29 49 E 69 32889 N 17 49694 E 69 32889 17 49694 TX RX Equipment 1 Scatter Line 2 Radio Line nca Hoggumpen gt NHGZ Pos 69 04 41 N 18 00 16 E 69 07806 N 18 00444 E 69 07806 18 00444 502 m TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line ND Bodo gt NKLZ Pos 67 10 23 N 15 01 24 E 67 17306 N 15 02333 E 67 17306 15 02333 801 m TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line 1 Radio Line nda Bodoe Tail Kletkov gt NVAZ Pos unbekannt TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line NE Mosjoen gt NMOZ Pos 65 52 41 N 13 18 11 E 65 87806 N 13 30306 E 65 87806 13 30306 627 m TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line NF Trondheim gt NSBZ Pos 63 18 41 N 10 56 17 E 63 31139 N 10 93806 E 63 31139 10 93806 677 m AMSL TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line 1 Radio Line nfa Trondheim Tail Graakallen Pos 63 25 15 N 10 15 06 E 63 42083 N 10 25167 E 63 42083 10 25167 543 m AMSL TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line NG Oslo AAA gt NSOZ Pos 60 03 34 N 11 16 09 E 60 05944 N 11 26917 E 60 05944 11 26917 246 m TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line 1 Radio Line Oslo YYY Svartas gt NVAZ Pos 68 18 3 N 14 14 16 E 68 30083 N 14 23778 E 68 30083 14 23778 TX RX Equipment 3 Radio Line nga Oslo Tail 01 Kolsaas gt NKOZ Pos 59 55 7 N 10 30 58 E 59 91861 N 10 51611 E 59 91861 10 51611 TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line ngb Oslo Tail 02 Maakeroy gt NVEZ Pos 59 09 22 N 10 26 19 E 59 15611 N 10 43861 E 59 15611 10 43861 14 m TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line NH Grimstad Stormyrheia horte gt NSMZ Pos 58 27 19 N 08 27 43 E 58 45528 N 8 46194 E 58 45528 8 46194 326 m TX Rx Equipment 3 Scatter Line NJ Sola Lysenut gt NLYZ Pos 59 31 40 N 05 54 12 E 59 52778 N 5 90333 E 59 52778 5 90333 792 m TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line AFNORTH Denmark DA Karup Torphoj gt DTOZ Pos 55 52 28 N 09 21 00 E 55 87444 N 9 35000 E 55 87444 9 35000 135 m TX RX Equipment 2 Scatter Line 1 Radio Line daa Karup Tail Lundbakke gt DLUZ Pos 56 13 49 N 09 09 48 E 56 23028 N 9 16333 E 56 23028 9 16333 68 m TX RX Equipment 1 Radio Line AFNORTH United Kingdom EAA Faroes Sandfelli 2 EA Shetlands Mossy Hill gt UMSZ Mossy Hill gt 59 57 17 15 N 01 18 11 60 W 59 9547639 N 1 3032222 W 59 9547639 1 3032222 227 m AMSL eab Shetlands Tail Relay Collofirth Hill gt UCOZ Collafirth Hill gt 60 32 00 75 N 01 23 28 30 W 60 5335417 N 1 3911944 W 60 5335417 1 3911944 239 m AMSL eac Shetlands Tail Saxa Vord USVZ Saxa Vord 60 49 37 20 N 00 50 22 59 W 60 8270000 N 0 8396083 W 60 8270000 0 8396083 276 m AMSL EB Aberdeen Mormond Hill gt UMOZ Mormond Hill 57 36 11 19 N 02 01 51 86 W 57 6031083 N 2 0310722 W 57 6031083 2 0310722 227 m AMSL eba Aberdeen Tail Long Haven Hill gt UBUZ Long Haven Hill 57 27 31 94 N 1 48 46 07 W 57 4588722 N 1 8127972 W 57 4588722 1 8127972 95 m AMSL EC Boulmer Brizlee Wood gt UBOZ Brizlee Wood 55 25 05 28 N 1 46 04 26 W 55 4181333 N 1 7678500 W 55 4181333 1 7678500 250 m AMSL ED Binbrook Stenigot gt UBIZ Stenigot 53 19 36 08 N 00 06 57 44 E 53 3266889 N 0 1159556 E 53 3266889 0 1159556 153 m AMSL EE London Coldblow Lane gt UMAZ Coldblow Lane 51 17 44 95 N 00 36 51 52 E 51 2958194 N 0 6143111 E 51 2958194 0 6143111 194 m AMSL eeb London Tail Relay Woldingham RAF Botley Hill Farm eea London tail Hillingdon RAF Uxbridge local terminus AFCENT France FAN Paris Mont Florentin FFLZ Paris North 49 20 27 59 N 02 03 06 79 E 49 3409972 N 2 0518861 E 49 3409972 2 0518861 222 m AMSL FTAZ Taverny 49 02 02 88 N 02 13 45 85 E 49 0341333 N 2 2294028 E 49 0341333 2 2294028 178 m AMSL fac Paris Tail 2 Sant Germain 48 54 44 67 N 02 01 25 44 E 48 9124083 N 2 0237333 E 48 9124083 2 0237333 71 m AMSL fae Paris Tail 2 Extension SHAPE 48 50 34 19 N 02 06 14 30 E 48 8428306 N 2 1039722 E 48 8428306 2 1039722 178 m AMSL fa Relais Paris Emeville FEMZ Emeville 49 18 01 83 N 03 00 41 00 E 49 3005083 N 3 0113889 E 49 3005083 3 0113889 247 m AMSL faa Paris Tail 1 Laffaux 49 27 15 05 N 03 24 57 39 E 49 4541806 N 3 4159417 E 49 4541806 3 4159417 143 m AMSL fad Relay Paris Rozoy Bellevalle FRBZ Rozoy Bellevalle 48 55 56 05 N 03 28 24 62 E 48 9322361 N 3 4735056 E 48 9322361 3 4735056 219 m AMSL FAS Paris Mont Aout FAOZ Paris South 48 46 14 78 N 03 53 25 33 E 48 7707722 N 3 8903694 E 48 7707722 3 8903694 216 m AMSL FA Trier Rohrbach FROZ Rohrbach 49 03 18 47 N 07 14 40 74 E 49 0551306 N 7 2446500 E 49 0551306 7 2446500 376 m AMSL fay Trier Tail Kindsbach ABHZ Kindsbach 49 23 48 11 N 07 35 38 32 E 49 3966972 N 7 5939778 E 49 3966972 7 5939778 458 m AMSL FC Lyon Pierre sur Haute FLYZ Lyon 45 39 11 52 N 03 48 33 07 E 45 6532000 N 3 8091861 E 45 6532000 3 8091861 1632 m AMSL FD Nice Signal de la Chens FNIZ Nice 43 44 53 67 N 06 39 44 85 E 43 7482417 N 6 6624583 E 43 7482417 6 6624583 1703 m AMSL AFCENT Netherlands HBRZ Brunssum 50 56 19 11 N 05 58 35 60 E 50 9386417 N 5 9765556 E 50 9386417 5 9765556 95 m AMSL TX equipment 1S 1R HMAZ Maastricht 50 50 25 05 N 05 39 33 78 E 50 8402917 N 5 6593833 E 50 8402917 5 6593833 82 m AMSL TX equipment 1S 2R AFCENT Belgium BADZ Adinkerke BCAZ Casteau Supreme HQ Allied Powers Europe Pos 50 30 05 56 N 03 58 15 69 E 50 5015444 N 3 9710250 E 50 5015444 3 9710250 87 m AMSL TX Equipment 2S 2R BCHZ Chievres Pos 50 35 7 75 N 3 48 59 84 E 50 5854861 N 3 8166222 E 50 5854861 3 8166222 TX Equipment 2S 2R BFRZ Baraque de Fraiture 50 15 07 94 N 05 43 56 13 E 50 2522056 N 5 7322583 E 50 2522056 5 7322583 654 m AMSL TX Equipment 3R AFCENT Germany ABHZ Kindsbach 49 23 51 24 N 07 35 41 17 E 49 3975667 N 7 5947694 E 49 3975667 7 5947694 458 m u NN AA Emden Aurich AEMZ Aurich 53 30 32 04 N 07 26 34 83 E 53 5089000 N 7 4430083 E 53 5089000 7 4430083 10 m u NN AB Moenchengladbach Roetgen ALAZ Lammersdorf 50 39 57 59 N 06 17 14 58 E 50 6659972 N 6 2873833 E 50 6659972 6 2873833 593 m u NN abb Moenchengladbach Tail 1 Hehn AHEZ Hehn 51 10 51 44 N 06 23 37 77 E 51 1809556 N 6 3938250 E 51 1809556 6 3938250 81 m u NN aba Moenchengladbach Tail 2 Millen 50 45 57 87 N 05 33 47 26 E 50 7660750 N 5 5631278 E 50 7660750 5 5631278 151 m u NN abc Uedem AUEZ Uedem 51 39 39 08 N 06 16 58 97 E 51 6608556 N 6 2830472 E 51 6608556 6 2830472 47 m u NN AFEZ Feldberg 47 52 23 09 N 08 00 59 73 E 47 8730806 N 8 0165917 E 47 8730806 8 0165917 1458 m u NN AFSOUTH Italy IDGZ Dosso dei Galli 45 51 13 66 N 10 22 32 28 E 45 8537944 N 10 3756333 E 45 8537944 10 3756333 2174 m AMSL IVTZ Verona Tail im West Star Bunker 45 33 17 89 N 10 45 46 83 E 45 5549694 N 10 7630083 E 45 5549694 10 7630083 334 m AMSL IA Livorno Monte Giogo IMXZ Livorno 44 19 17 38 N 10 07 30 94 E 44 3214944 N 10 1252611 E 44 3214944 10 1252611 1496 m AMSL IAZ Cavriana Monte Bosco Scuro IMBZ Cavriana 45 21 00 79 N 10 37 01 46 E 45 3502194 N 10 6170722 E 45 3502194 10 6170722 189 m AMSL iaa Verona Torre 4 45 27 11 35 N 11 00 30 55 E 45 4531528 N 11 0084861 E 45 4531528 11 0084861 164 m AMSL IAY Lame Cavanella ICEZ Lame Concordia 45 44 55 99 N 12 52 08 75 E 45 7488861 N 12 8690972 E 45 7488861 12 8690972 7 m AMSL iax Aviano IAVZ Aviano 46 01 23 02 N 12 35 34 19 E 46 0230611 N 12 5928306 E 46 0230611 12 5928306 99 m AMSL IB Rome Tolfa ITLZ Rome 42 09 01 76 N 11 54 32 73 E 42 1504889 N 11 9090917 E 42 1504889 11 9090917 621 m AMSL iba Rome Tail Monte Cavo IMCZ Monte Cavo 41 45 04 86 N 12 42 31 03 E 41 7513500 N 12 7086194 E 41 7513500 12 7086194 930 m AMSL IC Naples Ischia Punta Fetto IICZ Naples 40 35 50 88 N 13 54 08 54 E 40 5974667 N 13 9023722 E 40 5974667 13 9023722 639 m AMSL ica Naples Tail Monte Pecorara IPEZ Monte Petrino 41 13 24 29 N 13 57 57 75 E 41 2234139 N 13 9660417 E 41 2234139 13 9660417 335 m AMSL icy Monte Vergine IMNZ Monte Nardello 40 56 33 27 N 14 43 07 28 E 40 9425750 N 14 7186889 E 40 9425750 14 7186889 1516 m AMSL icz Monte Vulture IVUZ Monte Vulture 40 57 03 12 N 15 38 10 75 E 40 9508667 N 15 6363194 E 40 9508667 15 6363194 1301 m AMSL icv Monte Iacontenente IIAZ Monte Iacontenente 41 47 20 2956 N 16 2 58 0236 E 41 788971000 N 16 049451000 E 41 788971000 16 049451000 icf Pietra Ficcata IPFZ Pietra Ficcata 40 34 04 90 N 16 19 21 31 E 40 5680278 N 16 3225861 E 40 5680278 16 3225861 586 m AMSL icw Martina Franca IAMZ Martina Franca 40 39 22 968 N 17 17 21 048 E 40 65638000 N 17 28918000 E 40 65638000 17 28918000 ID Catanzaro Monte Mancuso IMMZ Catanzaro 39 01 09 13 N 16 13 32 02 E 39 0192028 N 16 2255611 E 39 0192028 16 2255611 1319 m AMSL IDA Monte Lauro Cozzo tre Grotte ICCZ Monte Lauro 37 06 52 13 N 14 51 18 96 E 37 1144806 N 14 8552667 E 37 1144806 14 8552667 944 m AMSL AFSOUTH Malta idb Malta Gharghur IDBZ Malta Gharghur AFSOUTH Greece GA Kefallina gt GKFZ Kefallonia 38 10 11 18 N 20 37 08 53 E 38 1697722 N 20 6190361 E 38 1697722 20 6190361 1001 m AMSL GB Athens Pendelikon gt GPKZ Athens 38 04 50 46 N 23 52 58 14 E 38 0806833 N 23 8828167 E 38 0806833 23 8828167 1038 m AMSL GBZ Crete Ziros gt GZIZ Ziros 35 03 53 52 N 26 09 14 24 E 35 0648667 N 26 1539556 E 35 0648667 26 1539556 786 m AMSL GBY Larissa Phillon gt GPIZ Phillon 39 25 22 75 N 23 03 11 54 E 39 4229861 N 23 0532056 E 39 4229861 23 0532056 1513 m AMSL GBW Vitsi gt GVIZ Vitzi 40 38 43 34 N 21 23 11 07 E 40 6453722 N 21 3864083 E 40 6453722 21 3864083 2009 m AMSL GBV Ismaros gt GISZ Ismaros 40 53 34 67 N 25 32 56 06 E 40 8929639 N 25 5489056 E 40 8929639 25 5489056 612 m AMSL AFSOUTH Turkey TA Izmir Bespinar Tepes gt TBPZ Izmir Bespinar Tepes 38 18 48 72 N 27 01 29 89 E 38 3135333 N 27 0249694 E 38 3135333 27 0249694 964 m AMSL taa Izmir Tail gt TKYZ Izmir Tail TB Eskisehir gt TKUZ Eskishir Kutahya Dagi 39 25 03 25 N 29 51 19 07 E 39 4175694 N 29 8552972 E 39 4175694 29 8552972 1820 m AMSL tba Eskirsehir Tail gt TESZ Eskirsehir Tail TC Ankara gt TEDZ Ankara Elan Dagi 39 48 20 59 N 32 59 32 27 E 39 8057194 N 32 9922972 E 39 8057194 32 9922972 1856 m AMSL TCK Merzifon gt TKJZ Merzifon TCW Persembe gt TPEZ Persembe TCV Pazar gt TPAZ Pazar TD Siwas Pinarbasi gt TPIZ Pinarbasi 38 40 38 09 N 36 24 10 59 E 38 6772472 N 36 4029417 E 38 6772472 36 4029417 2285 m AMSL TG Adana gt TDDZ Davudi Dagi 36 49 39 37 N 35 38 18 66 E 36 8276028 N 35 6385167 E 36 8276028 35 6385167 515 m AMSL tga Adana Tail gt TDAZ Adana Tail TE Dyarbakir Karaka Dagi gt TDIZ gt Dyarbakir Karaka Dagi tea Dyarbakir Tail gt TDEZ Dyarbakir Tail Bloatli Turkey AFSOUTH Cyprus TCZ Cap Greco gt JCGZ Cavo Greko 34 58 00 85 N 34 04 11 41 E 34 9669028 N 34 0698361 E 34 9669028 34 0698361 62 m AMSL Equipment used 4 5 Initially 60 30 or 15 ft dish or billboard type antennas have been used in combination with General Electric or RCA AN MRC80 TRC24 AN FRC 75 or 39 radio sets Later being replaced by newer Siemens amp Halske EM 120 400 and 12 800 types The type and beaming angle of the antennas depended of the local site position and its distance to the next relays See also editRadio propagation Tropospheric scatter Microwave White Alice Communications System Cold war era Alaskan tropospheric communications link List of White Alice Communications System sites List of DEW Line Sites Distant Early Warning LineReferences edit http archives nato int uploads r nato archives online 0 7 8 0780e4a143f64cb3103978c2bcabc8cddcc409cce87a25584765d522d816a1c2 MCWM 077 66 ENG PDP pdf NATO UNCLAS Memorandum MCWM 77 66 ACE HIGH SCALE OF THE SYSTEM Andy Emmerson 2003 Subterranea Britannica Troposcatter Communication Networks rammstein dfmk hu Communications electronics Reference Data Volume 24 19 Operator s Organizational Direct Support General Support and Depot Maintenance TM s 11 5820 203 15 and 11 5840 401 12External links editHistory and details Photographs of an installation Troposcatter communication network maps Website by Gerrit Padberg and Roger Camperi Italian Website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Allied Command Europe Highband amp oldid 1221334704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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