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8-inch/35-caliber gun

February 28, 2023

The 8"/35 caliber gun Mark 3 and Mark 4 (spoken "eight-inch-thirty-five--caliber") were used for the main batteries of the United States Navy's first armored cruisers and the secondary batteries for their first battleships, the Indiana-class. The 8"/40 caliber gun Mark 5 initially armed the Pennsylvania-class armored cruisers.[1]

8"/35 caliber Mark 3 & 4 / 8"/40 caliber Mark 5 Naval Gun
Crewmen standing atop USS Indiana forward port side 8-inch gun turret, circa the later 1890s.
TypeNaval gun
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service
  • Mark 3: 1890
  • Mark 5: 1894
Used by United States Navy
Wars
Production history
DesignerBureau of Ordnance
Designed1889
ManufacturerU.S. Naval Gun Factory
No. built
  • Mark 3: 19 (Nos. 9–21, 33–37, and 51)
  • Mark 4: 56 (Nos. 22–32, 38–50, and 52–83)
  • Mark 5: 24 (Nos. 84–107)
VariantsMarks 3–5
Specifications
Mass
  • Mark 3: 29,400 lb (13,300 kg) (without breech)
  • Mark 5: 40,151 lb (18,212 kg) (without breech)
  • Mark 5: 40,621 lb (18,425 kg) (with breech)
Length
  • Marks 3 & 4: 25 ft 4.5 in (7.73 m)
  • Mark 5: 28 ft 7 in (8.71 m)
Barrel length
  • Marks 3 & 4: 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m) bore (35 calibers)
  • Mark 5: 27 ft 10 in (8.48 m) bore (40 calibers)
Shell260 lb (120 kg) armor-piercing
Caliber8 in (203 mm)
Elevation
  • Marks 3 and 4: -5° to +20°
  • Marks 5 and 6: −4° to +13°
  • Marks 7, 8, and 9: −7° to +14°
Traverse
  • Bow and Stern Mountings: −150° to +150°
  • New York Amidships Mountings: 140°
  • Brooklyn Amidships Mountings: 140°
Rate of fire
  • 1890s: 0.5 – 0.8 rounds per minute
  • 1900s: 2 – 2.8 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity
  • Marks 3 & 4: 2,100 ft/s (640 m/s)
  • Mark 5: 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s)
Effective firing rangeMarks 3 & 4: 16,000 yd (14,630 m) at 20.1° elevation

Mark 3

The Mark 3 Experimental was a 30 caliber gun that used trunnions and had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting 4 in (100 mm) from the breech and running out to the muzzle. The Mark 3s consisted of gun Nos. 9 – 27, 33 – 37, and 51. The production Mark 3 Mod 0 had removable trunnions, 96–97 in (2,400–2,500 mm) from the breech, 35 caliber gun that had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting 4 inches from the breech and running out to 43.5 in (1,100 mm) from the muzzle. This gun was removed from service prior to World War I. The Mark 3 Mod 1 was constructed of tube, jacket and eight hoops while Mod 2 was identical to Mod 1 but with different steps under the chase hoops. Mod 3 was, for one gun, lengthened to 40 calibers and was removed from service prior to the start of World War I. Mod 4 was, also for one gun only, different from other Mods in having a ring shrunk onto the breech end, tapering the breech, and with a small balancing hoop screwed onto the front chase hoop. Mod 5 had the trunnions removed and the outer jacket threaded to accept a sleeve. Mod 6, gun Nos. 52 and 82 – 83, were constructed of nickel-steel in a simplified three-piece construction.[1][2]

Mark 4

The Mark 4s were Nos. 22 – 32, 38 – 50, and 52 – 83. The original Mark 4 Mod 0 guns were identical to Mark 3 Mod 1 guns with the trunnion hoop and elevating band removed and with the threads formerly under the trunnion hoop being continued to the rear of the gun. This allowed these guns to be screwed into the sleeve of a two-gun turret mount. Mark 4 Mod 1 was one Mark 4 gun, No. 27, shortened by 0.66 in (17 mm) in rear of the threads. Mods 2 through 9 were for minor differences primarily for testing different mounting techniques. Mod 10 was for one gun cut down to 23 calibers and used for experimental work with high-explosive shells. Mod 11 was a Mod 4 gun, No. 72, with an alloy steel liner, uniformed rifling and modified chamber.[1][2]

Mark 5

The Mark 5, Nos. 84 – 107, was a new 40 caliber design intended for armored cruisers and battleship secondaries and constructed of tube, jacket, three hoops and one locking ring. This gun had a muzzle bell. Unfortunately, the Mark 5 proved to be unable to handle the transition from black powder to nitrocellulose propellants as the new propellant burned more slowly, which allowed pressure to build up to unsafe levels as the projectile traveled down the bore. This problem was illustrated when Colorado blew off the muzzle of one of her Mark 5 guns during gunnery practice off Chefoo, Shantung, on 22 June 1907. All Mark 5 guns were subsequently removed from service by 1908, lengthened to 45 calibers by adding a new liner and rehooped to the muzzle, redesignated as Mod 1 and then placed into reserve. Two of these Mod 1 guns were given a slightly different breech mechanism and gas seat and then designated as Mod 2. Pennsylvania-class cruisers were subsequently rearmed with the stronger 8-in/45 caliber Mark 6 guns.[1][2]

Naval Service

Ship Gun Installed Gun Mount
USS Chicago (1885) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 69 – 72) refit 8"/30s in 1899 Mark 2: 4 × Single "Half-turret"
USS New York (ACR-2) Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 16 – 21) Mark 3 and Mark 4: 2 × Single center-pivots; Mark 5: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS Brooklyn (ACR-3) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 53 – 60) Mark 8: 4 × Twin Turrets
USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS West Virginia (ACR-5) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS California (ACR-6) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS Colorado (ACR-7) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS Maryland (ACR-8) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS South Dakota (ACR-9) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber Mark 12: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS Charleston (C-2) Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 13 and 14) Mark 3 and Mark 4: 2 × Single center-pivots
USS Baltimore (C-3) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber Mark 3 and Mark 4: 4 × Single center-pivots
USS Olympia (C-6) Mark 3: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 34 – 37) Mark 6: 2 × Twin Turrets
USS Columbia (C-12) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber (No. 33) Mark 3 or Mark 4: 1 × Single center-pivot
USS Minneapolis (C-13) Mark 5: 8"/40 caliber (No. 51) Mark 3 or Mark 4: 1 × Single center-pivot
USS Indiana (BB-1) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 81 and 82 in 1906) Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets
USS Massachusetts (BB-2) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets
USS Oregon (BB-3) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets
USS Iowa (BB-4) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber (Nos. 61 – 68) (No. 83 in 1908) Mark 7: 4 × Twin Turrets
USS Kearsarge (BB-5) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber Mark 9 (superimposed turret): 2 × Dual-Caliber Turret
USS Kentucky (BB-6) Mark 4: 8"/35 caliber Mark 9 (superimposed turret): 2 × Dual-Caliber Turret

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Navweaps 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Friedman 2011, p. 173.

References

Books
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Seaforth Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
Online sources
  • "United States of America 8"/35 (20.3 cm) Marks 3 and 4 8"/40 (20.3 cm) Mark 5". Navweaps. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.

External links

  • Bluejackets Manual, 1917, 4th revision: US Navy 14-inch Mark 1 gun

February 28, 2023
inch, caliber, caliber, mark, mark, spoken, eight, inch, thirty, five, caliber, were, used, main, batteries, united, states, navy, first, armored, cruisers, secondary, batteries, their, first, battleships, indiana, class, caliber, mark, initially, armed, penns. The 8 35 caliber gun Mark 3 and Mark 4 spoken eight inch thirty five caliber were used for the main batteries of the United States Navy s first armored cruisers and the secondary batteries for their first battleships the Indiana class The 8 40 caliber gun Mark 5 initially armed the Pennsylvania class armored cruisers 1 8 35 caliber Mark 3 amp 4 8 40 caliber Mark 5 Naval GunCrewmen standing atop USS Indiana forward port side 8 inch gun turret circa the later 1890s TypeNaval gunPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn serviceMark 3 1890 Mark 5 1894Used by United States NavyWarsSpanish American War World War IProduction historyDesignerBureau of OrdnanceDesigned1889ManufacturerU S Naval Gun FactoryNo builtMark 3 19 Nos 9 21 33 37 and 51 Mark 4 56 Nos 22 32 38 50 and 52 83 Mark 5 24 Nos 84 107 VariantsMarks 3 5SpecificationsMassMark 3 29 400 lb 13 300 kg without breech Mark 5 40 151 lb 18 212 kg without breech Mark 5 40 621 lb 18 425 kg with breech LengthMarks 3 amp 4 25 ft 4 5 in 7 73 m Mark 5 28 ft 7 in 8 71 m Barrel lengthMarks 3 amp 4 24 ft 7 in 7 49 m bore 35 calibers Mark 5 27 ft 10 in 8 48 m bore 40 calibers Shell260 lb 120 kg armor piercingCaliber8 in 203 mm ElevationMarks 3 and 4 5 to 20 Marks 5 and 6 4 to 13 Marks 7 8 and 9 7 to 14 TraverseBow and Stern Mountings 150 to 150 New York Amidships Mountings 140 Brooklyn Amidships Mountings 140 Rate of fire1890s 0 5 0 8 rounds per minute 1900s 2 2 8 rounds per minuteMuzzle velocityMarks 3 amp 4 2 100 ft s 640 m s Mark 5 2 500 ft s 760 m s Effective firing rangeMarks 3 amp 4 16 000 yd 14 630 m at 20 1 elevation Contents 1 Mark 3 2 Mark 4 3 Mark 5 4 Naval Service 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksMark 3 EditThe Mark 3 Experimental was a 30 caliber gun that used trunnions and had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting 4 in 100 mm from the breech and running out to the muzzle The Mark 3s consisted of gun Nos 9 27 33 37 and 51 The production Mark 3 Mod 0 had removable trunnions 96 97 in 2 400 2 500 mm from the breech 35 caliber gun that had 11 hoops with the outer hoop starting 4 inches from the breech and running out to 43 5 in 1 100 mm from the muzzle This gun was removed from service prior to World War I The Mark 3 Mod 1 was constructed of tube jacket and eight hoops while Mod 2 was identical to Mod 1 but with different steps under the chase hoops Mod 3 was for one gun lengthened to 40 calibers and was removed from service prior to the start of World War I Mod 4 was also for one gun only different from other Mods in having a ring shrunk onto the breech end tapering the breech and with a small balancing hoop screwed onto the front chase hoop Mod 5 had the trunnions removed and the outer jacket threaded to accept a sleeve Mod 6 gun Nos 52 and 82 83 were constructed of nickel steel in a simplified three piece construction 1 2 Mark 4 EditThe Mark 4s were Nos 22 32 38 50 and 52 83 The original Mark 4 Mod 0 guns were identical to Mark 3 Mod 1 guns with the trunnion hoop and elevating band removed and with the threads formerly under the trunnion hoop being continued to the rear of the gun This allowed these guns to be screwed into the sleeve of a two gun turret mount Mark 4 Mod 1 was one Mark 4 gun No 27 shortened by 0 66 in 17 mm in rear of the threads Mods 2 through 9 were for minor differences primarily for testing different mounting techniques Mod 10 was for one gun cut down to 23 calibers and used for experimental work with high explosive shells Mod 11 was a Mod 4 gun No 72 with an alloy steel liner uniformed rifling and modified chamber 1 2 Mark 5 EditThe Mark 5 Nos 84 107 was a new 40 caliber design intended for armored cruisers and battleship secondaries and constructed of tube jacket three hoops and one locking ring This gun had a muzzle bell Unfortunately the Mark 5 proved to be unable to handle the transition from black powder to nitrocellulose propellants as the new propellant burned more slowly which allowed pressure to build up to unsafe levels as the projectile traveled down the bore This problem was illustrated when Colorado blew off the muzzle of one of her Mark 5 guns during gunnery practice off Chefoo Shantung on 22 June 1907 All Mark 5 guns were subsequently removed from service by 1908 lengthened to 45 calibers by adding a new liner and rehooped to the muzzle redesignated as Mod 1 and then placed into reserve Two of these Mod 1 guns were given a slightly different breech mechanism and gas seat and then designated as Mod 2 Pennsylvania class cruisers were subsequently rearmed with the stronger 8 in 45 caliber Mark 6 guns 1 2 Naval Service EditShip Gun Installed Gun MountUSS Chicago 1885 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Nos 69 72 refit 8 30s in 1899 Mark 2 4 Single Half turret USS New York ACR 2 Mark 3 8 35 caliber Nos 16 21 Mark 3 and Mark 4 2 Single center pivots Mark 5 2 Twin TurretsUSS Brooklyn ACR 3 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Nos 53 60 Mark 8 4 Twin TurretsUSS Pennsylvania ACR 4 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS West Virginia ACR 5 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS California ACR 6 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS Colorado ACR 7 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS Maryland ACR 8 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS South Dakota ACR 9 Mark 5 8 40 caliber Mark 12 2 Twin TurretsUSS Charleston C 2 Mark 3 8 35 caliber Nos 13 and 14 Mark 3 and Mark 4 2 Single center pivotsUSS Baltimore C 3 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Mark 3 and Mark 4 4 Single center pivotsUSS Olympia C 6 Mark 3 8 35 caliber Nos 34 37 Mark 6 2 Twin TurretsUSS Columbia C 12 Mark 5 8 40 caliber No 33 Mark 3 or Mark 4 1 Single center pivotUSS Minneapolis C 13 Mark 5 8 40 caliber No 51 Mark 3 or Mark 4 1 Single center pivotUSS Indiana BB 1 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Nos 81 and 82 in 1906 Mark 7 4 Twin TurretsUSS Massachusetts BB 2 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Mark 7 4 Twin TurretsUSS Oregon BB 3 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Mark 7 4 Twin TurretsUSS Iowa BB 4 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Nos 61 68 No 83 in 1908 Mark 7 4 Twin TurretsUSS Kearsarge BB 5 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Mark 9 superimposed turret 2 Dual Caliber TurretUSS Kentucky BB 6 Mark 4 8 35 caliber Mark 9 superimposed turret 2 Dual Caliber TurretSee also Edit8 inch gun M1888 Army gun of similar type and eraNotes Edit a b c d Navweaps 2016 a b c Friedman 2011 p 173 References EditBooksFriedman Norman 2011 Naval Weapons of World War One Seaforth Publishing p 173 ISBN 978 1 84832 100 7 Online sources United States of America 8 35 20 3 cm Marks 3 and 4 8 40 20 3 cm Mark 5 Navweaps 29 July 2016 Retrieved 15 October 2016 External links EditBluejackets Manual 1917 4th revision US Navy 14 inch Mark 1 gunPortal World War I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 8 inch 35 caliber gun amp oldid 1116191035, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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