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Type 53 torpedo

May 05, 2024

Type 53 is the common name for a family of 53 cm (21 inch) torpedoes manufactured in Russia, starting with the 53-27 torpedo and continuing to the modern UGST (Fizik-1), which is being replaced by the Futlyar.

A 53-65K torpedo on display in the torpedo storage areas of the former Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk

With the exception of the UGST which uses Mark 48 style monopropellants, Soviet 53 cm torpedoes generally use electric power (since middle of World War II), or kerosene mixed with various oxidizers for propulsion. Russian torpedoes are often named descriptively for their characteristics – examples include "acoustic homing" or "electric torpedo", all in Russian acronyms.

History edit

Early history edit

Model 53-27 (1927) with 265 kg (584 lb) of TNT was developed domestically in the so-called Ostekhbureau [Wikidata], and it had a poor 3.7 km (2.0 nmi) range at 45 knots (83 km/h). In 1932 USSR bought in Italy several types of torpedoes, and the 21-inch (530 mm) model of Whitehead plant in Fiume (in the Soviet Union it was designated 53F) was considered superior. After adapting several features from the latter in unsuccessful 53-36 the decision was made to copy 53F. Resulting 53-38 (3 speed regimes, range up to 10 km (5.4 nmi), 300 kg (660 lb) of trotyl in warhead) was later upgraded to 53-38U (400 kg (880 lb) of TNT, roughly the same characteristics) and then redesigned in 53-39 (317 kg (699 lb), up to 51 knots (94 km/h)), considered to be one of the fastest in the world at the time (another were secret Japanese oxygen torpedoes and the Italian Siluro Tipo W. 270/533, 4 × 7,20 Veloce).

World War II edit

The 53-38/53-38U, which had entered service in 1938–1939, were the main Soviet torpedoes in World War II; they proved to be fairly reliable and effective. The two deadliest sinkings in history (the German 25,484-ton military transport Wilhelm Gustloff and the troop transport Goya) were performed by two Soviet submarines using 53-38s on 30 January and 16 April 1945; both ships were hit on first attempt and sank within minutes in despite of difficult visibility conditions and the presence of escorts. Notably, all three torpedoes launched against Wilhelm Gustloff hit and exploded with catastrophic results, not a common feat in those times and conditions.

Another notable sinking with 53-38/53-38Us was the 14,660-ton General von Steuben. During the Black Sea campaigns (1941–44), Soviet submarines sank at least 29,000 tons of enemy shipping, mostly using mines, shellfire and 53-38 torpedoes.

The new 53-39 (entering service in 1941) was very fast and effective but only available in limited numbers, while the ET-80 (1942–1943) was the first Soviet electric torpedo and crews did not trust it because of its teething and rushed induction problems.

Cold War edit

The first Soviet torpedo with passive-homing capability was the SAET-50 (1950), which was an anti-ship weapon used on submarines. The 53-61 was the first Soviet homing torpedo to exceed 40 knots.

The 53-65 torpedo family are Russian made, wake-homing torpedoes designed to destroy surface ships. The 53-65 became operational in 1965, while the 53-65K and 53-65M both became operational in 1969. The 53-65KE is an exported version. China received an unknown number of 53-65KE torpedoes from Russia after purchasing four Kilo-class submarines in the 1990s.

The Type 53 torpedo is carried by almost all Russian submarines, including the Kilo class and the Akula-class submarine.

The Type 53-65 torpedo is considered a significant threat by the United States Navy because they do not respond to usual torpedo countermeasures; typical torpedo countermeasures are decoys that use noise to distract homing torpedoes, analogous to an aircraft's flare or chaff systems, but the Type 53-65 uses sensors that follows the wake of a moving ship, snaking through the ship's trail until impacting it, from up to 19.0 km (10.3 nmi) away. The threat of wake homing torpedoes influenced the U.S. Navy to develop the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD) system that employs a maneuvering Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo (CAT) that seeks and intercepts an incoming torpedo.[1]

UGST edit

The last entry in the class is the UGST (Fizik-1) heavy deepwater torpedo with a range of up to 50 km (27 nmi) (export versions are limited to 40 km). It differs from most previous Soviet and Russian torpedoes in that unlike the previously dominant electric or peroxide propulsion, it uses the Otto fuel axial engine, which allows it to have much extended range while keeping the speeds of up to 65 knots. It also features an updated homing system, which, in addition to the traditional passive wake homing, features a phased array active sonar and an improved wire guidance system: previous Soviet torpedoes had the guidance wire spool in the torpedo body, with the wire released through the hollow propeller shaft, which had the disadvantage of the wire being prone to breakage, while the UGST has the wire release port on the side. Together with the towed extender spool, kept in the calmer portion of the wake, this makes the wire much more durable than before, though not as durable as the tube mounted spool (not used by the Soviets/Russian Navy as it interferes with the automatic reload systems). It was supposed to enter service in the 1990s,[2] but the teething problems and the lack of funding during that period made the deployment sluggish, and it entered the widespread service only in the 2015 by the Fizik name,[3] being quickly replaced by the new-generation Futlyar (Fizik-2). Sources refer to them as heat-seeking torpedoes.[4]

Variants edit

 
Soviet torpedoes of the types SET-40 (front) and SET-65, as manufactured 1965. The SET-40 carries 80 kg of explosives and has a length of 4,50 metres with a diameter of 400 mm. It travels up to 7,5 km at a speed of 29 knots. Type SET-65 contains 205 kg of explosives, has a length of 7,90 metres and a diameter of 533 mm. It travels up to 15 km at a speed of 40 knots.
  • 53-27L (First produced variant)
  • 53-38/53-38U/53-59/53-56V and -56VA (Standard straight-running Soviet torpedo of WWII)
  • 53-51 (First Soviet torpedo with pattern-running ability)
  • 53-57/53-58/53-61 (Primary torpedo development family in the post-war era)
  • 53-65/53-65K and -65KE/TT-3 (First mass-produced wake homing Soviet torpedo, included engine improvements)
  • SAET-50 (First Soviet anti-ship homing torpedo)
  • SET-53/SAET-53 (First Soviet anti-submarine homing torpedo)
  • SAET-60/SAET-60M (Anti-ship homing torpedo, improvement over the SET-53 development)
  • SET-65 Enot/SET-65M Enot 2 (First effective Soviet anti-submarine homing torpedo, active/passive homing)
  • TEST-71 (Standard Soviet/Russian wire guided torpedo, active/passive homing)
  • UGST (A 'universal' thermal torpedo, with pumpjet propulsor, active/passive homing)
  • USET-80 (Current Russian submarine and surface ship torpedo, active/passive/wake homing)[5]

53-65 specifications edit

  • Primary function: ASUW torpedo
  • Power plant:
    • 53-65 and 53-65M: Kerosene-hydrogen peroxide turbine
    • 53-65K: Kerosene-oxygen turbine
  • Length: 7.2 m (24 ft)
  • Weight: 2,070–2,300 kg (4,560–5,070 lb)
  • Diameter: 533 mm (21.0 in)
  • Range:
    • 53-65: 18,000 metres (20,000 yd)
    • 53-65K: 19,000 metres (21,000 yd)
    • 53-65M: 22,000 metres (24,000 yd)
  • Speed:
    • 53-65 and 53-65K: 45 kn (83 km/h)
    • 53-65M: 44 kn (81 km/h)
  • Guidance system: Wake homing
  • Warhead: 307.6 kilograms (678 lb) high explosive
  • Operational since:
    • 53-65: 1965
    • 53-65K and 53-65M: 1969

References edit

  1. ^ Navy Develops Torpedo Killing Torpedo - News.USNI.org, 20 June 2013
  2. ^ "Torpedoes of Russia/USSR". Tass. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Improved UGST / Fizik Torpedo "Futlyar" to Enter Russian Navy Service in 2018". Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Russian Navy to receive advanced Futlyar torpedoes". Tass. 22 June 2016.
  5. ^ Friedman, Norman (2006). Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5th ed.). US Naval Institute. pp. 731–735. ISBN 1557502625.

External links edit

  • Site with information about Russian torpedoes

May 05, 2024
type, torpedo, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Type 53 torpedo news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message Type 53 is the common name for a family of 53 cm 21 inch torpedoes manufactured in Russia starting with the 53 27 torpedo and continuing to the modern UGST Fizik 1 which is being replaced by the Futlyar A 53 65K torpedo on display in the torpedo storage areas of the former Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk With the exception of the UGST which uses Mark 48 style monopropellants Soviet 53 cm torpedoes generally use electric power since middle of World War II or kerosene mixed with various oxidizers for propulsion Russian torpedoes are often named descriptively for their characteristics examples include acoustic homing or electric torpedo all in Russian acronyms Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 World War II 1 3 Cold War 1 4 UGST 2 Variants 3 53 65 specifications 4 References 5 External linksHistory editEarly history edit Model 53 27 1927 with 265 kg 584 lb of TNT was developed domestically in the so called Ostekhbureau Wikidata and it had a poor 3 7 km 2 0 nmi range at 45 knots 83 km h In 1932 USSR bought in Italy several types of torpedoes and the 21 inch 530 mm model of Whitehead plant in Fiume in the Soviet Union it was designated 53F was considered superior After adapting several features from the latter in unsuccessful 53 36 the decision was made to copy 53F Resulting 53 38 3 speed regimes range up to 10 km 5 4 nmi 300 kg 660 lb of trotyl in warhead was later upgraded to 53 38U 400 kg 880 lb of TNT roughly the same characteristics and then redesigned in 53 39 317 kg 699 lb up to 51 knots 94 km h considered to be one of the fastest in the world at the time another were secret Japanese oxygen torpedoes and the Italian Siluro Tipo W 270 533 4 7 20 Veloce World War II edit The 53 38 53 38U which had entered service in 1938 1939 were the main Soviet torpedoes in World War II they proved to be fairly reliable and effective The two deadliest sinkings in history the German 25 484 ton military transport Wilhelm Gustloff and the troop transport Goya were performed by two Soviet submarines using 53 38s on 30 January and 16 April 1945 both ships were hit on first attempt and sank within minutes in despite of difficult visibility conditions and the presence of escorts Notably all three torpedoes launched against Wilhelm Gustloff hit and exploded with catastrophic results not a common feat in those times and conditions Another notable sinking with 53 38 53 38Us was the 14 660 ton General von Steuben During the Black Sea campaigns 1941 44 Soviet submarines sank at least 29 000 tons of enemy shipping mostly using mines shellfire and 53 38 torpedoes The new 53 39 entering service in 1941 was very fast and effective but only available in limited numbers while the ET 80 1942 1943 was the first Soviet electric torpedo and crews did not trust it because of its teething and rushed induction problems Cold War edit The first Soviet torpedo with passive homing capability was the SAET 50 1950 which was an anti ship weapon used on submarines The 53 61 was the first Soviet homing torpedo to exceed 40 knots The 53 65 torpedo family are Russian made wake homing torpedoes designed to destroy surface ships The 53 65 became operational in 1965 while the 53 65K and 53 65M both became operational in 1969 The 53 65KE is an exported version China received an unknown number of 53 65KE torpedoes from Russia after purchasing four Kilo class submarines in the 1990s The Type 53 torpedo is carried by almost all Russian submarines including the Kilo class and the Akula class submarine The Type 53 65 torpedo is considered a significant threat by the United States Navy because they do not respond to usual torpedo countermeasures typical torpedo countermeasures are decoys that use noise to distract homing torpedoes analogous to an aircraft s flare or chaff systems but the Type 53 65 uses sensors that follows the wake of a moving ship snaking through the ship s trail until impacting it from up to 19 0 km 10 3 nmi away The threat of wake homing torpedoes influenced the U S Navy to develop the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense SSTD system that employs a maneuvering Countermeasure Anti Torpedo CAT that seeks and intercepts an incoming torpedo 1 UGST edit The last entry in the class is the UGST Fizik 1 heavy deepwater torpedo with a range of up to 50 km 27 nmi export versions are limited to 40 km It differs from most previous Soviet and Russian torpedoes in that unlike the previously dominant electric or peroxide propulsion it uses the Otto fuel axial engine which allows it to have much extended range while keeping the speeds of up to 65 knots It also features an updated homing system which in addition to the traditional passive wake homing features a phased array active sonar and an improved wire guidance system previous Soviet torpedoes had the guidance wire spool in the torpedo body with the wire released through the hollow propeller shaft which had the disadvantage of the wire being prone to breakage while the UGST has the wire release port on the side Together with the towed extender spool kept in the calmer portion of the wake this makes the wire much more durable than before though not as durable as the tube mounted spool not used by the Soviets Russian Navy as it interferes with the automatic reload systems It was supposed to enter service in the 1990s 2 but the teething problems and the lack of funding during that period made the deployment sluggish and it entered the widespread service only in the 2015 by the Fizik name 3 being quickly replaced by the new generation Futlyar Fizik 2 Sources refer to them as heat seeking torpedoes 4 Variants edit nbsp Soviet torpedoes of the types SET 40 front and SET 65 as manufactured 1965 The SET 40 carries 80 kg of explosives and has a length of 4 50 metres with a diameter of 400 mm It travels up to 7 5 km at a speed of 29 knots Type SET 65 contains 205 kg of explosives has a length of 7 90 metres and a diameter of 533 mm It travels up to 15 km at a speed of 40 knots 53 27L First produced variant 53 38 53 38U 53 59 53 56V and 56VA Standard straight running Soviet torpedo of WWII 53 51 First Soviet torpedo with pattern running ability 53 57 53 58 53 61 Primary torpedo development family in the post war era 53 65 53 65K and 65KE TT 3 First mass produced wake homing Soviet torpedo included engine improvements SAET 50 First Soviet anti ship homing torpedo SET 53 SAET 53 First Soviet anti submarine homing torpedo SAET 60 SAET 60M Anti ship homing torpedo improvement over the SET 53 development SET 65 Enot SET 65M Enot 2 First effective Soviet anti submarine homing torpedo active passive homing TEST 71 Standard Soviet Russian wire guided torpedo active passive homing UGST A universal thermal torpedo with pumpjet propulsor active passive homing USET 80 Current Russian submarine and surface ship torpedo active passive wake homing 5 53 65 specifications editPrimary function ASUW torpedo Power plant 53 65 and 53 65M Kerosene hydrogen peroxide turbine 53 65K Kerosene oxygen turbine Length 7 2 m 24 ft Weight 2 070 2 300 kg 4 560 5 070 lb Diameter 533 mm 21 0 in Range 53 65 18 000 metres 20 000 yd 53 65K 19 000 metres 21 000 yd 53 65M 22 000 metres 24 000 yd Speed 53 65 and 53 65K 45 kn 83 km h 53 65M 44 kn 81 km h Guidance system Wake homing Warhead 307 6 kilograms 678 lb high explosive Operational since 53 65 1965 53 65K and 53 65M 1969References edit Navy Develops Torpedo Killing Torpedo News USNI org 20 June 2013 Torpedoes of Russia USSR Tass Retrieved 10 July 2021 Improved UGST Fizik Torpedo Futlyar to Enter Russian Navy Service in 2018 Retrieved 10 July 2021 Russian Navy to receive advanced Futlyar torpedoes Tass 22 June 2016 Friedman Norman 2006 Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems 5th ed US Naval Institute pp 731 735 ISBN 1557502625 External links editSite with information about Russian torpedoes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Type 53 torpedo amp oldid 1192332088, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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