2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

An election of the Members of the European Parliament from the Netherlands was held on 23 May 2019. It is the ninth time the elections have been held for the European elections in the Netherlands. The number of Dutch seats was to increase from 26 to 29 following Brexit, but due to the extension of the Article 50 process in the United Kingdom, the number of seats to be elected will remain at 26.

2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

← 2014 23 May 2019 2024 →
26 Netherlands seats in the European Parliament
Turnout	41.93%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Frans Timmermans Malik Azmani Esther de Lange Party PvdA VVD CDA Alliance S&D RE EPP Last election 9.40%, 3 seats 12.02%, 3 seats 15.18%, 5 seats Seats won 6 4 4 Seat change 3 1 1 Popular vote 1,045,274 805,100 669,555 Percentage 19.01% 14.64% 12.18% Swing 9.61 2.62 3.00   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Derk Jan Eppink Bas Eickhout Sophie in 't Veld Party FvD GL D66 Alliance ECR Greens-EFA RE Last election New 6.98%, 2 seats 15.48%, 4 seats Seats won 3 3 2 Seat change New 1 2 Popular vote 602,507 599,283 389,692 Percentage 10.96% 10.90% 7.09% Swing New 3.92 8.39   Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party   Leader Peter van Dalen Anja Hazekamp Toine Manders Party CU–SGP PvdD 50+ Alliance EPP / ECR EUL/NGL EPP Last election 7.67%, 2 seats 4.21%, 1 seats 3.69%, 0 seats Seats won 2 1 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 375,660 220,938 215,199 Percentage 6.83% 4.02% 3.91% Swing 0.84 0.19 0.22

Elections, candidates and members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands
1952–1958	ECSC delegation
1958–1979	EP delegation
1979–1984	1st election, candidates and members
1984–1989	2nd election, candidates and members
1989–1994	3rd election, candidates and members
1994–1999	4th election, candidates and members
1999–2004	5th election, candidates and members
2004–2009	6th election, candidates and members
2009–2014	7th election, candidates and members
2014–2019	8th election, candidates and members
2019–2024	9th election, candidates and members
v t e

Background

Voting and election organisation

Election Planning

Date	Requirement
26 February 2019	Last day for registering political parties names
9 April 2019	Candidate lists presented to the Electoral Council
23 May 2019	European Election in the Netherlands
4 June 2019	Official results released by the Electoral Council
2 July 2019	9th European Parliament session begins (2019-2024)

Right to vote

In order to vote, a person must:

• have either the Dutch nationality or the nationality of a European Union member state,
• be 18 years or older, and
• not be otherwise disqualified from voting.

Additionally, nationals of other member states of the European Union must:

• be resident in the Netherlands on the day the candidates are nominated,
• not be disqualified from voting either in the Netherlands or in the Member State in which they are a national, and
• have registered in a municipality declaring that they want to vote in the Netherlands instead of in the home country (by filling out the Y-32 form).

Dutch nationals abroad, as well as in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have to register to vote for the elections to the European Parliament. When they register, they must say whether they will vote by post, by proxy, or in person at a polling station in the Netherlands.

Dutch nationals living in another EU member state must make a statement that they have not voted in the member state in which they reside, if they want to vote in the Netherlands.

Dutch residents on Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba have no need to register, because these islands are part of the Netherlands. They are able to vote in person at polling stations on the islands.

Right to stand as a candidate

In order to stand in the European Parliament election, a candidate must:

• hold either Dutch nationality or the nationality of a Member State of the European Union,
• be at least 18 years of age on the day they would be sworn into the European Parliament, and
• have the right to vote.

Additionally, candidates from other member states of the European Union must:

• be resident in the Netherlands, and
• be able to stand as a candidate in the member state of which they are a national.

Organisation of elections

Further information: Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)

In elections for the European Parliament, the national electoral districts play no role in the nomination. The Netherlands consists of a single electoral district. Political parties, therefore, take part in the elections with only a single candidate list.

However, the national electoral districts do play an important role in processing the election results. The principal polling station of each constituency determines the vote total of the constituency. The results of the vote are recorded in an official document and transferred to the Electoral Council. The Electoral Council, in its role as the central electoral committee, then determines the result of the Netherlands' distribution of seats.

Casting a vote

A voter could cast their vote at a polling station of their choice within their own district. At the casting their vote, they could identify themselves with an identity document which is considered valid even if it has expired within the last five years.

Participation of political groups

Numbering of the candidates list

Further information: Party lists in the 2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

The parties which had obtained one or more seats in 2014 at the last election to the European Parliament were given a number based on the number of votes they had received in the previous election. These totalled nine candidate lists. The party with the most votes got number 1 and the rest were listed accordingly. The list numbers for the remaining candidate lists were decided by a lottery.

 

The official order and names of candidate lists:

Candidate lists for the European Parliament election in the Netherlands

← 2014 2019 2024 →
Lists
List			English translation	List name (Dutch)
1		list	Democrats 66 (D66)	Democraten 66 (D66)
2		list	CDA - European People's Party	CDA - Europese Volkspartij
3		list	PVV (Party for Freedom)	PVV (Partij voor de Vrijheid)
4		list	VVD	VVD
5		list	SP (Socialist Party)	SP (Socialistische Partij)
6		list	P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats	P.v.d.A./Europese Sociaaldemocraten
7		list	Christian Union-SGP	ChristenUnie–SGP
8		list	GreenLeft	GROENLINKS
9		list	Party for the Animals	Partij voor de Dieren
10		list	50PLUS	50PLUS
11		list	Jesus Lives	Jezus Leeft
12		list	DENK	DENK
13		list	The Greens	De Groenen
14		list	Forum for Democracy	Forum voor Democratie
15		list	Of the Region & Pirate Party	vandeRegio & Piratenpartij
16		list	Volt Netherlands	Volt Nederland
Source:^[1]

Common lists

Parties can form common lists, which means that two or more parties create a single list and stand in the elections as though they were one party. There are two for this election:

Common list	Parties
Christian Union-SGP		Christian Union
		Reformed Political Party
From the Region & Pirate Party		Pirate Party
		From the Region Party

Election day

Further information: Elections in the Netherlands § Timing

Traditionally, all elections are held on Wednesday in the Netherlands. However, the European Parliament elections run from Thursday to Sunday across the entire European Union so Thursday was chosen. This is because it is the only day that the Dutch Government believes is appropriate for an election day due to it not being a rest day for any religion. Sunday is not an option because it is a rest day for Christians, while it is the Sabbath on Friday and Saturday.^[2][3]

Polls

Exit Poll

An exit poll carried out by Ipsos, as well as a forecast of the result produced by GeenPeil and Maurice de Hond based on a part of results collected, indicated that the Labour Party (PvdA) emerged with the most seats, followed by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) with four seats each, Forum for Democracy (FvD) and GroenLinks (GL) with three seats and the Democrats 66 (D66) and the Christian Union – Reformed Political Party (CU-SGP) lists with two seats each, with all others on zero or one seat.^[4] The result marked the first time the Labour Party had won the most seats of the EU Parliament in the Netherlands since 1984, and the first time it has won the popular vote in a Dutch election since 1998.

Poll

Seats

Polling firm	Date(s)	D66	CDA	PVV	VVD	SP	PvdA	CU SGP	GL	PvdD	50+	DENK	FVD	Volt	Others	Lead
2019 election	23 May 2019	2	4	0	4	0	6	2	3	1	1	0	3	0	0	2
Ipsos 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine	20–21 May 2019	2	3	2	5	1	3	2	3	0	0	0	5	–	0	Tie
Kantar Public	18–21 May 2019	2	2	1	5	1	5	1	3	1	1	0	4	–	–	Tie
Peil.nl	19 May 2019	2	4	1	4–5	1	4	2	2	1	0	0	4–5	0	0	Tie
I&O Research^[permanent dead link]	9–14 May 2019	2	3	2	4	1	3	2	3	1	1	–	4	–	0	Tie
Ipsos 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine	12–13 May 2019	3	3	2	5	1	3	1	3	0	0	0	5	–	0	Tie
Ipsos 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine	26–29 Apr 2019	2	3	2	5	1	2	2	3	1	0	0	5	–	–	Tie
I&O Research 2019-05-21 at the Wayback Machine	19–24 Apr 2019	3	2	1	5	2	3	2	4	0	0	–	4	–	0	1
2014 election	22 May 2014	4	5	4	3	2	3	2	2	1	0	–	–	–	0	1

Vote share

Polling firm	Date(s)	D66	CDA	PVV	VVD	SP	PvdA	CU SGP	GL	PvdD	50+	DENK	FVD	Volt	Others	Lead
2019 election	23 May 2019	7.1%	12.2%	3.5%	14.6%	3.4%	19.0%	6.8%	10.9%	4.0%	3.9%	1.1%	11.0%	1.9%	0.5%	4.4%
Ipsos 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine	20–21 May 2019	7.6%	11.5%	7.2%	15.6%	4.5%	10.4%	6.6%	10.3%	3.2%	3.3%	1.8%	14.9%	–	2.9%	0.7%
Kantar Public 2019-05-25 at the Wayback Machine	18–21 May 2019	7.5%	7.9%	5.2%	17.0%	5.8%	15.0%	5.9%	11.0%	4.1%	4.9%	1.2%	13.1%	–	1.4%	2.0%
Peil.nl	19 May 2019	7.5%	12.5%	4.0%	15.0%	4.0%	13.0%	8.0%	8.0%	4.5%	3.0%	2.0%	15.0%	2.0%	1.5%	Tie
I&O Research^[permanent dead link]	9–14 May 2019	7.1%	9.6%	8.5%	15.5%	4.7%	11.8%	6.6%	12.1%	3.5%	3.3%	–	12.9%	–	1.8%	2.6%
Ipsos 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine	12–13 May 2019	8.9%	11.2%	6.2%	16.8%	4.4%	11.1%	5.6%	9.7%	3.7%	3.3%	1.0%	15.5%	–	2.7%	1.3%
Ipsos 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine	26–29 Apr 2019	6.5%	9.3%	9.0%	18.1%	5.7%	7.8%	7.1%	9.6%	4.2%	3.5%	1.2%	16.9%	–	–	1.2%
I&O Research 2019-05-21 at the Wayback Machine	19–24 Apr 2019	10.0%	7.8%	5.9%	17.2%	7.7%	9.0%	7.4%	12.7%	2.9%	2.9%	–	14.7%	–	1.7%	2.5%
2014 election	22 May 2014	15.5%	15.2%	13.3%	12.0%	9.6%	9.4%	7.7%	7.0%	4.2%	3.7%	–	–	–	2.4%	0.3%

Results

Further information: Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)

 

Candidate list

Voter turnout was 41.93%, higher than in 2014 (37.32%), and higher than any European Parliament election in the past twenty years.^[5][6][7]

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				Seats	+/–	Post-Brexit	+/–
	Labour Party	1,045,274	19.01	6	+3	6	0
	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	805,100	14.64	4	+1	5	+1
	Christian Democratic Appeal	669,555	12.18	4	–1	4	0
	Forum for Democracy	602,507	10.96	3	New	4	+1
	GroenLinks	599,283	10.90	3	+1	3	0
	Democrats 66	389,692	7.09	2	–2	2	0
	Christian Union – Reformed Political Party	375,660	6.83	2	0	2	0
	Party for the Animals	220,938	4.02	1	0	1	0
	50PLUS	215,199	3.91	1	+1	1	0
	Party for Freedom	194,178	3.53	0	–4	1	+1
	Socialist Party	185,224	3.37	0	–2	0	0
	Volt Netherlands	106,004	1.93	0	New	0	0
	DENK	60,669	1.10	0	New	0	0
	Of the Region & Pirate Party	10,692	0.19	0	0	0	0
	The Greens	9,546	0.17	0	0	0	0
	Jesus Lives	8,292	0.15	0	0	0	0
Total		5,497,813	100.00	26	0	29	+3
Valid votes		5,497,813	99.60
Invalid/blank votes		21,963	0.40
Total votes		5,519,776	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		13,164,688	41.93
Source: Kiesraad

Seat assignment

Electoral quota

The electoral quota is the number of votes needed for one seat. It is the total valid number of votes divided by the number of seats. For this election it was 5,497,813 valid votes, divided by 26 seats. The electoral quota was established as 211,454.

Assigning full seats

Full seats are assigned by number of votes divided by the electoral quota. Electoral alliances are marked as a letter, instead of a number. Any seats left over are not yet assigned to a specific party.

List	List name (English translation)	Number of votes	Electoral quota	Seats
1	Democrats 66	389,692	211,454	1
2	CDA - European People's Party	669,555	211,454	3
3	PVV (Party for Freedom)	194,178	211,454	0
4	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	805,100	211,454	3
5	SP (Netherlands)	185,224	211,454	0
6	P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats	1,045,274	211,454	4
7	Christian Union-SGP	375,660	211,454	1
8	GreenLeft	599,283	211,454	2
9	Party for the Animals	220,938	211,454	1
10	50PLUS	215,199	211,454	1
11	Jesus Lives	8.292	211,454	0
12	THINK	60,669	211,454	0
13	The Greens	9,546	211,454	0
14	Forum for Democracy	602,507	211,454	2
15	Of the Region & Pirate Party	10,692	211,454	0
16	Volt Netherlands	106,004	211,454	0
Total		5,497,813		18
Total seats				26
Remaining seats				8

Remainder seats

The remaining, or left over, seats are awarded sequentially to the lists with the highest average number of votes per seat. Only lists that reached the electoral quota are eligible.

List	Remainder seat 1	Remainder seat 2	Remainder seat 3	Remainder seat 4	Remainder seat 5	Remainder seat 6	Remainder seat 7	Remainder seat 8	Total
1	194,846	194,846	194,846	194,846	194,846	129,897	129,897	129,897	1
2	167,388	167,388	167,388	167,388	167,388	167,388	167,388	167,388	1
4	201,275	201,275	161,020	161,020	161,020	161,020	161,020	161,020	1
6	209,054	174,212	174,212	174,212	174,212	174,212	174,212	149,324	2
7	187,830	187,830	187,830	187,830	187,830	187,830	125,220	125,220	1
8	199,761	199,761	199,761	199,761	149,820	149,820	149,820	149,820	1
9	110,469	110,469	110,469	110,469	110,469	110,469	110,469	110,469	0
10	107,599	107,599	107,599	107,599	107,599	107,599	107,599	107,599	0
14	200,835	200,835	200,835	150,626	150,626	150,626	150,626	150,626	1
Assigned to	6	4	14	8	1	7	6	2

• P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats is awarded 2 seats
• VVD is awarded 1 seat
• Forum for Democracy is awarded 1 seat
• GreenLeft is awarded 1 seat
• Democrats 66 (D66) - ALDE is awarded 1 seat
• Christian Union-SGP is awarded 1 seat
• CDA - European People's Party is awarded 1 seat

European groups

Summary of the 23 May 2019 European Parliament elections in the Netherlands

← 2014 2019 2024 →
European group			Seats 2014	Seats 2019	Change	Seats (after Brexit)	Change (after Brexit
	Renew Europe	RE	7	6	1	7	1
	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats	S&D	3	6	3	6	0
	European People's Party	EPP	5	6	1	6	0
	European Conservatives and Reformists	ECR	2	4	2	5	1
	The Greens–European Free Alliance	Greens-EFA	2	3	1	3	0
	European United Left–Nordic Green Left	EUL-NGL	3	1	2	1	0
	Identity and Democracy	ID	4	0	4	1	1
			26	26	0	29	3

Elected members

To be elected by preference votes, 10% of the electoral quota is needed. The electoral quota was 211,454. 10% of 211,454 = 21,145 votes.^[8]

36 members were directly elected by preference votes. Not all candidates could be appointed because either the party did not get enough seats, or it got no seats.

Below are all the elected members of European parliament for the Netherlands. The following 26 MEPs were officially announced by the Central Electoral Commission. Members elected by preference votes are in bold.

P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats

1. Frans Timmermans, by 839,240 votes
2. Agnes Jongerius, by 109,987 votes
3. Kati Piri, by 29,475 votes
4. Paul Tang, by 8,497 votes
5. Vera Tax, by 12,760 votes
6. Mohammed Chahim, by 2,825 votes

VVD

1. Malik Azmani, by 365,155 votes
2. Caroline Nagtegaal-van Doorn, by 163,279 votes
3. Jan Huitema, by 115,738 votes
4. Liesje Schreinemacher, by 37,519 votes

CDA – European People's Party

1. Esther de Lange, by 402,975 votes
2. Annie Schreijer-Pierik, by 113,914 votes
3. Jeroen Lenaers, by 50,121 votes
4. Tom Berendsen, by 28,579 votes

Forum for Democracy

1. Derk Jan Eppink, by 339,988 votes
2. Thierry Baudet, by 164,711 votes
3. Rob Roos, by 41,323 votes

GreenLeft

1. Bas Eickhout, by 263,034 votes
2. Tineke Strik, by 149,628 votes
3. Kim van Sparrentak, by 32,505 votes

Democrats 66 (D66) – ALDE

1. Sophie in 't Veld, by 248,383 votes
2. Samira Rafaela, by 32,510 votes

Christian Union-SGP

1. Peter van Dalen, by 240,459 votes
2. Bert-Jan Ruissen, by 44,416 votes

Party for the Animals

1. Anja Hazekamp, by 136,224 votes

50PLUS

1. Toine Manders, by 127,228 votes

Members not elected, but enough preference votes:

• D66 - Raoul Boucke, by 22,500 votes
• VVD - Bart Groothuis, by 21,353 votes
• Christian Union-SGP - Anja Haga, by 37,813 votes
• GreenLeft - Sabine Klok, by 26,949 votes
• GreenLeft - Eline van Nistelrooij, by 26,250 votes
• 50PLUS - Emmy van der Kleij, by 24,723 votes
• PVV - Geert Wilders, by 83,448 votes
• PVV - Marcel de Graaff, by 81,073 votes
• SP - Arnout Hoekstra, by 93,809 votes
• SP - Jannie Visscher, by 35,498 votes
• DENK - Ayhan Tonca, by 25,302 votes
• Volt Netherlands - Reinier van Lanschot, by 51,621 votes
• Volt Netherlands - Nilüfer Vogels, by 21,951 votes

MEPs in 2019–2024

Below is a list of members of the European Parliament for the period 2019–2024 as a result of this election.

These tables are an excerpt from List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 2019–2024.[edit]

Name	National party		EP Group	Begin date	End date	Ref.
Malik Azmani		VVD	Renew	2 July 2019
Tom Berendsen		CDA	EVP	2 July 2019
Mohammed Chahim		PvdA	S&D	2 July 2019
Peter van Dalen		CU	EVP	2 July 2019	3 September 2023	^[9]
Bas Eickhout		GL	Greens/EVA	2 July 2019
Derk Jan Eppink		FVD^[a]	ECH	2 July 2019	30 March 2021	^[10]
		JA21^[b]
Marcel de Graaff		PVV^[c]	ID^[d]	1 February 2020^[e]		^[11]^[12]
		FVD^[f]
			NI^[g]
Bart Groothuis		VVD	Renew	1 February 2020^[e]
Anja Haga		CU	NI	5 September 2023		^[13]
Anja Hazekamp		PvdD	GUE/NGL	2 July 2019
Michiel Hoogeveen		JA21	NI^[h]	15 April 2021		^[14]
			ECH^[i]
Jan Huitema		VVD	Renew	2 July 2019
Agnes Jongerius		PvdA	S&D	2 July 2019	3 November 2022
Esther de Lange		CDA	EVP	2 July 2019
Jeroen Lenaers		CDA	EVP	2 July 2019
Toine Manders		50+^[j]	EVP	2 July 2019		^[15]
		CDA^[k]
Caroline Nagtegaal-van Doorn		VVD	Renew	2 July 2019
Kati Piri		PvdA	S&D	2 July 2019	30 March 2021
Samira Rafaela		D66	Renew	2 July 2019
Thijs Reuten		PvdA	NI^[l]	15 April 2021		^[16]
			S&D^[m]
Catharina Rinzema		VVD	Renew	18 January 2022		^[17]
Rob Rooken		FVD^[n]	ECH	2 July 2019		^[18]
		JA21^[o]
Dorien Rookmaker		GO^[p]	NI^[q]	1 February 2020^[e]		^[19]
		Indep.^[r]
		MDD^[s]
			ECH^[t]
Rob Roos		FVD^[u]	ECH	2 July 2019		^[20]
		JA21^[v]
Bert-Jan Ruissen		SGP	ECH	2 July 2019
Annie Schreijer-Pierik		CDA	EVP	2 July 2019
Liesje Schreinemacher		VVD	Renew	2 July 2019	9 January 2022
Kim van Sparrentak		GL	Greens/EVA	2 July 2019
Tineke Strik		GL	Greens/EVA	2 July 2019
Paul Tang		PvdA	S&D	2 July 2019
Vera Tax		PvdA	S&D	2 July 2019
Sophie in 't Veld		D66^[w]	Renew	2 July 2019		^[21]
		Indep.^[x]
Lara Wolters		PvdA	S&D	9 July 2019		^[22]

Mutations

2019

• 23 May: Election for the European Parliament in the Netherlands.
• 6 June: Forum for Democracy joins the ECR Group.^[23]
• 11 June: The election committee elecs Rob Rooken for the empty seat of Thierry Baudet in the European Parliament, because Thierry Baudet did not accept the seat. He has 28 days to accept or reject.^[24]
• 12 June: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE group) becomes Renew Europe.^[25]
• 12 June: Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF Group) becomes Identity and Democracy.^[26]
• 19 June: The Christen Union leaves the ECR group and wants to join the EPP group.^[27]
• 19 June: 50PLUS joins the EPP group.^[28]
• 2 July: Beginning of the 9th European Parliament session (2019–2024).
• 2 July: Frans Timmermans from the Labour Party did not accept his seat.^[29]
• 8 July: The election committee elecs Lara Wolters for the empty seat of Frans Timmermans in the European Parliament, because Frans Timmermans did not accept the seat. She has 28 days to accept or reject.^[30]
• 9 July: Lara Wolters is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Frans Timmermans of the Labour Party.^[31]

Notes

1. Tot en met 19 December 2020.
2. From 20 December 2020.
3. Until 19 January 2022
4. From 23 October 2022.
5. Started on 12 February, but was appointed retroactively.
6. Since 20 January 2022.
7. From 24 oktober 2022.
8. Until 18 April 2021.
9. From 19 April 2021.
10. Until 1 June 2020.
11. Since 2 June 2020.
12. Until 20 April 2021.
13. Since 21 April 2021.
14. Until 19 December 2020.
15. From 20 December 2020.
16. Until 27 June 2020.
17. Until 7 December 2021.
18. From 28 June 2020 until 24 September 2021.
19. From 25 September 2021.
20. Sinds 8 December 2021.
21. Until 19 December 2020.
22. From 20 December 2020.
23. Until 15 June 2023.
24. Since 16 June 2023

References

1. "Kiesraad: Final candidatelists for the European Elections 2019 in the Netherlands" (PDF) (in Dutch). Kiesraad. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
2. "Waarom stemmen we in Nederland op woensdag?" [Why in the Netherlands do we vote on a Wednesday?]. Kiesraad.nl (in Dutch). 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
3. [Election of dutch Members of the European Parliament]. www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Algemene Zaken (Ministry of General Affairs). 2019-04-15. Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
4. "GeenPeil: voor PVV en SP dreigt een vertrek uit Europees Parlement". NOS. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
5. "Opkomst Europese verkiezingen fors hoger dan in 2014" (in Dutch). ad.nl. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
6. "EU-verkiezingen: opkomst hoogste in 20 jaar" (in Dutch). nos.nl. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
7. "Opkomst Europese verkiezingen fors hoger" (in Dutch). dvhn.nl. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
8. "Kiesraad: Election results by election commission" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
9. "Peter van DALEN". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
10. "Derk Jan EPPINK". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
11. "Drs. M.J.R.L. (Marcel) de Graaff". Parlement.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
12. "Marcel de GRAAFF". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
13. "Anja HAGA". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
14. "Michiel HOOGEVEEN". Retrieved 2023-09-07.
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