Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 2 May 1977. They were the third legislative elections since independence, and the second under the New Order regime. There were three participants; the two political parties and functional group Golkar.
In 1971, the New Order regime of Indonesia held the first legislative elections since 1955 in an effort to establish a system of government with President Suharto and the Indonesian military in control and to give this system legitimacy. Thanks to government manipulation of the nine contesting parties and intervention by the government and the military, the government-sponsored Golkar organization won 63 percent of the vote, giving it 227 of the 251 directly elected seats in the DPR as well as all nine indirectly elected seats in Western New Guinea. Golkar was also awarded the remaining 100 seats according to the provisions of the 1969 Election Law, giving it 336, almost three quarters of the total.[1][2][3]
President Suharto had long wanted the political parties to be "simplified", and in 1972, he said that this simplification would be complete if there were only three ballot symbols in the next election, a sentiment echoed by Suharto's personal assistant and head of the Special Operations (Opsus) unit Ali Murtopo, who said the 1976 election (as it was then scheduled) would only be contested by three "flags", namely those of the two parties and one functional group. In January 1973, this was realized in the forced fusion of the nine existing political parties into two: the four Islamic parties were combined into the United Development Party (PPP) and the nationalist and Christian parties formed the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI).[4][5]
In its 1973 session, the People's Consultative Assembly reelected Suharto president for a five-year term and passed a resolution stating that the election would be held at the latest by the end of 1977 and that there would be three participants, the two political parties and the 'functional group' Golkar. The election was finally scheduled for 1977, the extra year being necessary for the New Order to have enough time to make the necessary changes to laws to ensure its victory.[5][6][7]
The government began preparing for the election in 1975 when it sent the necessary legislation for approval to the DPR. There were two bills, one on the party system and one on the organization of the election. They were designed to make it easier for Golkar to defeat the two parties by banning civil servants from joining political parties (i.e. not including Golkar), obliging parties to adopt the state philosophy Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as their sole ideology and not allowing parties to organize below the level of the district. There was strong opposition to these proposals from both the parties, and this resulted in a compromise on all three, in particular with the PPP being allowed to be based on Islam.[8]
As in 1971, the government screened all election candidates and disqualified 19% from the PPP, 16% from the PDI and 5% from Golkar.[9]
Campaign
The campaign lasted from 24 February to 24 April. The week before the 2 May vote was a "quiet week".[10] During the campaign, there were a total of 203 recorded violations, 103 by the United Development Party, 38 by the Indonesian Democratic Party, 22 by Golkar, 15 by officers and 25 anonymously.[11]
Results
The 100 unelected seats were filled by appointed Golkar representatives, including 75 from ABRI and four from the new province of East Timor, which was "not yet able to hold elections".[12]
Liddle, R. William (1978a), "Indonesia 1977: The New Order's Second Parliamentary Election", Asian Survey, University of California Press, 18 (2): 175–185, doi:10.2307/2643311, JSTOR 2643311
Liddle, R. William (1978b), "The 1977 Election and New Order Legitimacy", Southeast Asian Affairs (1978), ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 122–138, doi:10.1355/SEAA78K
Nainggolan, Poltak Partogi (2001). "Parlemen dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959-1998" [Parliaments in the Context of History 1959-1998]. In Yayasan API (ed.). Panduan Parlemen Indonesia [Directory of the Indonesian Parliament] (in Indonesian). Yayasan API. pp. 299–324. ISBN979-96532-1-5.
Nishihara, Masashi (1972), Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971, Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University, ISBN978-0877630043
Sekretariat Jenderal DPR-RI (1983). Dewan Perwkilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Periode 1977-1982 [Republic of Indonesia People's Representative Council 1977-1982] (PDF) (in Indonesian).
Schwarz, Adam (1999), A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (2nd ed.), Allen & Unwin, ISBN9781760636913
Sudibjo, M., ed. (1995). Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi [The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN979-8026-26-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
Subekti, Valina Singka (2014). Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia: Konstelasi Politik hingga Konflik Kekuasaan Elite [Indonesian Islamic Union Party: Political Constellation to Conflict among the Political Elite] (in Indonesian). Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN978-979-461-859-2.
January 31, 2023
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Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 2 May 1977 They were the third legislative elections since independence and the second under the New Order regime There were three participants the two political parties and functional group Golkar 1977 Indonesian legislative election 1971 2 May 1977 1982 360 of the 460 seats in the People s Representative Council181 seats needed for a majority First party Second party Third party Leader Amir Murtono Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja Sanusi HardjadinataParty Golkar PPP PDILast election 62 82 236 seats 27 12 94 seats b 10 06 30 seats a Seats won 232 99 29Seat change 4 5 1Popular vote 39 750 096 18 743 491 5 504 757Percentage 62 11 29 29 8 60 Swing 0 71pp 2 17pp 1 46ppResults of the local elections showing the party with the largest share of votes Contents 1 Background 2 Campaign 3 Results 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 6 ReferencesBackground EditIn 1971 the New Order regime of Indonesia held the first legislative elections since 1955 in an effort to establish a system of government with President Suharto and the Indonesian military in control and to give this system legitimacy Thanks to government manipulation of the nine contesting parties and intervention by the government and the military the government sponsored Golkar organization won 63 percent of the vote giving it 227 of the 251 directly elected seats in the DPR as well as all nine indirectly elected seats in Western New Guinea Golkar was also awarded the remaining 100 seats according to the provisions of the 1969 Election Law giving it 336 almost three quarters of the total 1 2 3 President Suharto had long wanted the political parties to be simplified and in 1972 he said that this simplification would be complete if there were only three ballot symbols in the next election a sentiment echoed by Suharto s personal assistant and head of the Special Operations Opsus unit Ali Murtopo who said the 1976 election as it was then scheduled would only be contested by three flags namely those of the two parties and one functional group In January 1973 this was realized in the forced fusion of the nine existing political parties into two the four Islamic parties were combined into the United Development Party PPP and the nationalist and Christian parties formed the Indonesian Democratic Party PDI 4 5 In its 1973 session the People s Consultative Assembly reelected Suharto president for a five year term and passed a resolution stating that the election would be held at the latest by the end of 1977 and that there would be three participants the two political parties and the functional group Golkar The election was finally scheduled for 1977 the extra year being necessary for the New Order to have enough time to make the necessary changes to laws to ensure its victory 5 6 7 The government began preparing for the election in 1975 when it sent the necessary legislation for approval to the DPR There were two bills one on the party system and one on the organization of the election They were designed to make it easier for Golkar to defeat the two parties by banning civil servants from joining political parties i e not including Golkar obliging parties to adopt the state philosophy Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as their sole ideology and not allowing parties to organize below the level of the district There was strong opposition to these proposals from both the parties and this resulted in a compromise on all three in particular with the PPP being allowed to be based on Islam 8 As in 1971 the government screened all election candidates and disqualified 19 from the PPP 16 from the PDI and 5 from Golkar 9 Campaign EditThe campaign lasted from 24 February to 24 April The week before the 2 May vote was a quiet week 10 During the campaign there were a total of 203 recorded violations 103 by the United Development Party 38 by the Indonesian Democratic Party 22 by Golkar 15 by officers and 25 anonymously 11 Results EditThe 100 unelected seats were filled by appointed Golkar representatives including 75 from ABRI and four from the new province of East Timor which was not yet able to hold elections 12 PartyVotes SeatsElectedAppointedTotalGolkar39 750 09662 11232100332United Development Party18 743 49129 2999099Indonesian Democratic Party5 504 7578 6029029Total63 998 344100 00360100460Registered voters turnout70 378 750 Source KPU Sudibjo 13 Aftermath EditThe newly elected members of the DPR were sworn in on 1 October 1977 12 Notes Edit Combined votes and seats of PNI Parkindo Catholic Party Murba and IPKI Combined votes and seats of NU Parmusi PSII and Perti References EditNotes Liddle 1978a p 178 Schwarz 1999 p 70 Nishihara 1972 pp 1 2 Subekti 2014 p 79 81 a b Liddle 1978b p 126 Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI 1983 p 1 Nainggolan 2001 p 309 Liddle 1978b pp 126 127 Liddle 1978b p 127 Liddle 1978a p 179 Presiden berikan peringatan2 ttg penyelesaian akhir Pemilu Pelita Jakarta 3 May 1977 a b Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI 1983 p 7 Sudibjo p156 SourcesLiddle R William 1978a Indonesia 1977 The New Order s Second Parliamentary Election Asian Survey University of California Press 18 2 175 185 doi 10 2307 2643311 JSTOR 2643311 Liddle R William 1978b The 1977 Election and New Order Legitimacy Southeast Asian Affairs 1978 ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute 122 138 doi 10 1355 SEAA78K Nainggolan Poltak Partogi 2001 Parlemen dalam Konteks Sejarah 1959 1998 Parliaments in the Context of History 1959 1998 In Yayasan API ed Panduan Parlemen Indonesia Directory of the Indonesian Parliament in Indonesian Yayasan API pp 299 324 ISBN 979 96532 1 5 Nishihara Masashi 1972 Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971 Modern Indonesia Project Cornell University ISBN 978 0877630043 Ricklefs M C 2008 1981 A History of Modern Indonesia Since c 1200 4th ed Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 978 0 230 54686 8 Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI 1983 Dewan Perwkilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Periode 1977 1982 Republic of Indonesia People s Representative Council 1977 1982 PDF in Indonesian Schwarz Adam 1999 A Nation in Waiting Indonesia in the 1990s 2nd ed Allen amp Unwin ISBN 9781760636913 Sudibjo M ed 1995 Pemilihan Umum 1992 Suatu Evaluasi The 1992 General Election An Evaluation in Indonesian Jakarta Center for Strategic and International Studies ISBN 979 8026 26 X a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint ignored ISBN errors link Subekti Valina Singka 2014 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia Konstelasi Politik hingga Konflik Kekuasaan Elite Indonesian Islamic Union Party Political Constellation to Conflict among the Political Elite in Indonesian Center for Strategic and International Studies ISBN 978 979 461 859 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1977 Indonesian legislative election amp oldid 1124874251, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
