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1975–78 French nuclear tests
The 1975–1978 nuclear test series[1] was a group of 29 nuclear tests conducted by France in 1975–1978. These tests followed the 1971–1974 French nuclear tests series and preceded the 1979–1980 French nuclear tests series.
| 1975–1978 | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Country | France |
| Test site | Area 1 (southern rim), Fangataufa Atoll; Dindon zone, Moruroa Atoll; Muroroa Atoll, Pacific Test Area (CEP); Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll; Zoe and Yvonne Il., Areas 3–4, Moruroa Atoll |
| Period | 1975–1978 |
| Number of tests | 29 |
| Test type | dry surface, underground shaft |
| Max. yield | 64 kilotonnes of TNT (270 TJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
| Name [note 1] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone[note 2][2] | Location[note 3] | Elevation + height [note 4] | Delivery, [note 5] Purpose [note 6] | Device[note 7] | Yield[note 8] | Fallout[note 9] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achille | 5 June 1975 18:15:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Area 1 (southern rim), Fangataufa Atoll: Terme Sud 22°16′45″S 138°45′35″W / 22.279064°S 138.759830°W | 0 – 623 m (2,044 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Hector | 26 November 1975 00:48:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Area 1 (southern rim), Fangataufa Atoll: Echo 22°15′39″S 138°42′35″W / 22.260794°S 138.709748°W | 0 – 585 m (1,919 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Patrocle | 3 April 1976 17:07:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Francoise1 21°47′17″S 138°51′52″W / 21.787999°S 138.864542°W | 5 m (16 ft) – 600 m (2,000 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Ménélas | 11 July 1976 00:30:00.5 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Viviane1 21°51′58″S 138°54′26″W / 21.8662°S 138.90735°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 12 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Calypso | 22 July 1976 19:00:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dora1 21°46′49″S 138°53′04″W / 21.78035°S 138.8844°W | 5 m (16 ft) – 280 m (920 ft) | underground shaft, safety experiment | no yield | [3][4][5][6] | |||
| Ulysse A | 30 October 1976 22:59:59 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dahlia1 21°52′28″S 138°51′53″W / 21.87442°S 138.86477°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5] | |||
| Astyanax | 5 December 1976 23:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Edith1 21°47′02″S 138°52′12″W / 21.783896°S 138.86997°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5] | |||
| Ulysse B | 19 February 1977 23:30:00.4 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dahlia1 21°52′28″S 138°51′53″W / 21.87442°S 138.86477°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Nestor | 19 March 1977 23:00:59.9 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Zoe and Yvonne Il., Areas 3–4, Moruroa Atoll: Zoe1 21°52′48″S 138°56′28″W / 21.88009°S 138.94102°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 47 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Oedipe | 2 April 1977 23:30:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Edith2 21°47′03″S 138°52′08″W / 21.78424°S 138.86878°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5] | |||
| Andromaque | 28 June 1977 18:15:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dora3 21°46′51″S 138°52′51″W / 21.78093°S 138.88097°W | 5 m (16 ft) – 280 m (920 ft) | underground shaft, safety experiment | no yield | [3][4][5] | |||
| Ajax | 6 July 1977 22:59:58.52 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Francoise2 21°47′24″S 138°51′38″W / 21.79001°S 138.86049°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 20 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Clytemnestre | 12 July 1977 23:00:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dora2 21°46′50″S 138°52′57″W / 21.78068°S 138.88239°W | 5 m (16 ft) – 280 m (920 ft) | underground shaft, safety experiment | no yield | [3][4][5] | |||
| Oreste | 12 November 1977 01:30:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Francoise2 21°47′25″S 138°51′36″W / 21.79041°S 138.85999°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Enee | 24 November 1977 16:59:59.9 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Zoe and Yvonne Il., Areas 3–4, Moruroa Atoll: Zoe2 21°52′46″S 138°56′21″W / 21.87942°S 138.93915°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 50 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Laocoon | 17 December 1977 22:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Francois4 21°47′30″S 138°51′31″W / 21.79177°S 138.85851°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Polyphème | 27 February 1978 23:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dahlia2 21°52′31″S 138°51′47″W / 21.87528°S 138.86306°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Didon | 8 March 1978 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Dindon zone, Moruroa Atoll: Cuve Meknes 21°46′48″S 138°53′33″W / 21.780010°S 138.892539°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | dry surface, safety experiment | no yield | [7] | Safety Test? Not on most references. Location coincident with Denise Blockhouse. | ||
| Pylade | 22 March 1978 17:30:00.5 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Carnelia 21°48′00″S 138°50′56″W / 21.80006°S 138.84901°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Hécube | 25 March 1978 17:30:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Edith3 21°47′05″S 138°52′04″W / 21.78484°S 138.8679°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5] | |||
| Xanthos | 1 July 1978 17:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Simone1 21°52′07″S 138°50′01″W / 21.8687°S 138.8337°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 1 kt | [1][3][4][5] | |||
| Arès | 19 July 1978 18:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Coucou1 21°53′02″S 138°59′45″W / 21.88399°S 138.99582°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Idoménée | 26 July 1978 23:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Francoise5 21°47′33″S 138°51′27″W / 21.79237°S 138.85747°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 4 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Schédios | 2 November 1978 18:00:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Queen1 21°51′29″S 138°49′08″W / 21.85804°S 138.81897°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 3 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Aphrodite | 14 November 1978 18:00:?? | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Dora4 21°46′54″S 138°52′39″W / 21.78156°S 138.87758°W | 5 m (16 ft) – 280 m (920 ft) | underground shaft, safety experiment | no yield | [3][4][5] | |||
| Priam | 30 November 1978 17:31:58.48 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Zoe and Yvonne Il., Areas 3–4, Moruroa Atoll: Coucou 21°53′02″S 138°59′31″W / 21.88384°S 138.99195°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 64 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Dolon | 7 December 1978 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Muroroa Atoll, Pacific Test Area (CEP): Cuve Meknes 21°46′48″S 138°53′33″W / 21.780010°S 138.892539°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | dry surface, safety experiment | no yield | [7] | Safety Test? Not on most references. Location coincident with Denise Blockhouse. | ||
| Étéocle | 17 December 1978 18:04:00 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Camelia2 21°48′04″S 138°50′51″W / 21.80107°S 138.84749°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Eumée | 19 December 1978 16:57:01.5 | TAHT (–10 hrs) | Rim zone, Areas 1–2, Moruroa Atoll: Viviane2 21°51′59″S 138°54′15″W / 21.86642°S 138.90406°W | 5 m (16 ft) + | underground shaft, weapons development | 12 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] |
- ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
- ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
- ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
- ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
- ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
- ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
- ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
- ^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Capcom Espace (2005). "Les essais nucleaire Francaispublisher=Capcom Espace". Retrieved December 20, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa (PDF) (Technical report). Ministry of Defense. March 1, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-09. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa, Main Report" (PDF). Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1998. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Norris, Robert S.; Burrows, Andrew S.; Fieldhouse, Richard W. (1994). Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol. 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- ^ a b Le CEP in Polynesie Francaise - Archives sur le Centre d'Experimentation du Pacifique a Muroroa, Hao et Fangataufa: Chronologie des essais nucléaires en Polynésie Française effectués de 1966 à 1996 (Technical report). Retrieved January 24, 2014.