271,179 announced additional votes cast by women were counted separately but not considered in the official results[2]
Women voting in the referendum
Women were not officially allowed to vote, but were set up to vote at their own balloting counters and dedicated boxes, at the suggestion of Ministry of Agriculture Hasan Arsanjani. The results gave Iranian women the right to vote.[4]
Despite the apparent benign nature of the proposals in the referendum, there was significant opposition.[5] Opponents included major landowners, ulema and communists.[3]
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for boycotting the referendum as "un-Islamic".[6]
Voters were asked six questions, but had only the option to vote yes or no to the total package.[7]
The ballots for 'Yes' were white, while the negative ones were green.[2]
Similar to the previous referendum, polling places lacked secrecy and there were two separate voting booths: one for the supporters and one for the opponents. "No sane man would enter the opposition booth", according to Mohammad Gholi Majd.[1]
Following the referendum dissension and riots outbroke in almost all major urban areas, most significantly in Tehran and the city of Qom. The Shah gave orders to immediate suppression of the opposition and National Front, Freedom Movement, Tudeh Party and religious activists were imprisoned.[9] The unrest made Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini the regime's principal opponent in the minds of most Iranians.[6]
Referencesedit
^ abMajd, Mohammad Gholi (2000), Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and Ulama in Iran, University Press of Florida, pp. 260–261, ISBN978-0813017310
^ abE. A. Bayne (1965), Four Ways of Politics: State and Nation in Italy, Somalia, Israel, Iran: The Dynamics of Political Participation as Exhibited in Four Countries Caught Up in the Process of Modernization, American Universities Field Staff, p. 260
^ abLloyd Ridgeon (2005). Religion and Politics in Modern Iran: A Reader. I.B.Tauris. p. 173. ISBN978-1-84511-073-4.
^Lois Beck; Guity Nashat, eds. (2004). Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. University of Illinois Press. p. 139. ISBN978-0-252-07189-8.
^ abEdward Willett (2003). Ayatollah Khomeini. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 42. ISBN9780823944651.
^ abNohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). "Iran". Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN978-0-19-924958-9.
^Hiro, Dilip (2013). Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. p. 104. ISBN978-1135043810.
1963, iranian, referendum, referendum, held, iran, january, 1963, decree, mohammad, reza, shah, with, show, popular, support, asking, voters, approve, veto, reforms, white, revolution, white, revolution, referendum26, january, 1963, 1963, white, revolution, sh. A referendum was held in Iran on 26 January 1963 by the decree of Mohammad Reza Shah with an aim to show popular support for him asking voters to approve or veto the reforms of the White Revolution 3 White Revolution referendum26 January 1963 1963 01 26 White Revolution of the Shah and the People 1 Abolition of the landowner tenant system by land reformNationalization of forests and pasturesSale of government factories for the purpose of financing land reformMaking workers shareholders of factories they worked inReform of electoral lawsCreation of the Literacy CorpsResultsChoice Votes Yes 5 589 711 99 93 No 4 115 0 07 Valid votes 5 593 826 100 00 Invalid or blank votes 0 0 00 Total votes 5 593 826 100 00 Registered voters turnout 6 098 277 91 73 271 179 announced additional votes cast by women were counted separately but not considered in the official results 2 Women voting in the referendum Women were not officially allowed to vote but were set up to vote at their own balloting counters and dedicated boxes at the suggestion of Ministry of Agriculture Hasan Arsanjani The results gave Iranian women the right to vote 4 Contents 1 Criticism 2 Party policies 3 Results 4 Aftermath 5 ReferencesCriticism editDespite the apparent benign nature of the proposals in the referendum there was significant opposition 5 Opponents included major landowners ulema and communists 3 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for boycotting the referendum as un Islamic 6 National Front boycotted the referendum criticizing that the measures did not come from the parliament 5 Voters were asked six questions but had only the option to vote yes or no to the total package 7 The ballots for Yes were white while the negative ones were green 2 Similar to the previous referendum polling places lacked secrecy and there were two separate voting booths one for the supporters and one for the opponents No sane man would enter the opposition booth according to Mohammad Gholi Majd 1 Party policies editPosition Organization Ref Yes Nationalists Party People s Party Pan Iranist Party Boycott National Front 5 Freedom Movement 8 Results editChoice Votes For 5 589 711 99 9 Against 4 115 0 1 Abstain 0 0 Total votes 5 593 826 100 Registered voters 6 098 277 Source Nohlen et al 7 and Zonis 9 Aftermath editFurther information June 5 1963 demonstrations in Iran Following the referendum dissension and riots outbroke in almost all major urban areas most significantly in Tehran and the city of Qom The Shah gave orders to immediate suppression of the opposition and National Front Freedom Movement Tudeh Party and religious activists were imprisoned 9 The unrest made Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini the regime s principal opponent in the minds of most Iranians 6 References edit a b Majd Mohammad Gholi 2000 Resistance to the Shah Landowners and Ulama in Iran University Press of Florida pp 260 261 ISBN 978 0813017310 a b E A Bayne 1965 Four Ways of Politics State and Nation in Italy Somalia Israel Iran The Dynamics of Political Participation as Exhibited in Four Countries Caught Up in the Process of Modernization American Universities Field Staff p 260 a b Lloyd Ridgeon 2005 Religion and Politics in Modern Iran A Reader I B Tauris p 173 ISBN 978 1 84511 073 4 Lois Beck Guity Nashat eds 2004 Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic University of Illinois Press p 139 ISBN 978 0 252 07189 8 a b c Elton L Daniel 2012 The History of Iran ABC CLIO p 157 ISBN 978 0313375095 a b Edward Willett 2003 Ayatollah Khomeini The Rosen Publishing Group p 42 ISBN 9780823944651 a b Nohlen Dieter Grotz Florian Hartmann Christof 2001 Iran Elections in Asia A Data Handbook Vol I Oxford University Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 19 924958 9 Hiro Dilip 2013 Iran Under the Ayatollahs Routledge Revivals Routledge p 104 ISBN 978 1135043810 a b Marvin Zonis 2015 Political Elite of Iran Princeton University Press pp 75 77 ISBN 9781400868803 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1963 Iranian referendum amp oldid 1134835692, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
