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1934 Muroto typhoon

January 01, 1970

In September 1934, a violent typhoon caused tremendous devastation in Japan, leaving more than 3,000 people dead in its wake. Dubbed the Muroto typhoon (室戸台風, Muroto Taifū),[1] the system was first identified on September 13 over the western Federated States of Micronesia. Moving generally northwest, it eventually brushed the Ryukyu Islands on September 20. Turning northeast, the typhoon accelerated and struck Shikoku and southern Honshu the following morning. It made landfalls in Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island, and Kobe. A pressure of 911.9 hPa (26.93 inHg) was observed in Muroto, making the typhoon the strongest ever recorded to impact Japan at the time. This value was also the lowest land-based pressure reading in the world on record at the time; however, it was surpassed the following year during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. After clearing Japan, the now extratropical storm traveled east and weakened. Turning north by September 24, the system deepened and impacted the Aleutian Islands; it was last noted the following day over western Alaska.

1934 Muroto typhoon
Surface weather analysis of the typhoon near Japan on September 21
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 13, 1934
ExtratropicalSeptember 21, 1934
DissipatedSeptember 25, 1934
Typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds150 km/h (90 mph)
Highest gusts235 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure911.9 hPa (mbar); 26.93 inHg
(Record lowest for landfalling storm in mainland Japan)
Overall effects
Fatalities3,066 total
Damage≥$300 million (1934 USD)
Areas affectedJapan, Alaska
IBTrACS
Part of the 1934 Pacific typhoon season

Regarded at the time as the "second-greatest catastrophe of modern Japan" after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the storm left parts of Osaka in ruins. Tens of thousands of structures were damaged or destroyed, leaving approximately 200,000 people homeless. Among the 3,066 people killed were 421 children and teachers who perished when their flimsy schools were destroyed. This ranked it, at the time, as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history. In addition to the fatalities, 13,184 people were injured. Total damage exceeded $300 million (1934 USD).

Meteorological history edit

 
Track of the Muroto typhoon

On September 13, 1934, a tropical cyclone developed over the western Caroline Islands. The storm traveled generally northwest, executing a brief cyclonic loop on September 14–15. After a brief stint traveling nearly due north on September 17, the cyclone began recurving to the northeast. It brushed the Ryukyu Islands to the southeast on September 20 as it accelerated northeast. On the morning of September 21, the typhoon struck Shikoku and southern Honshu.[2] According to the Central Meteorological Observatory (now called the Japan Meteorological Agency), maximum sustained winds reached 150 km/h (90 mph),[3] with gusts exceeding 215 km/h (130 mph).[4]

The typhoon first made landfall over Muroto, Kōchi Prefecture, resulting in it later being dubbed the "Muroto typhoon".[4] A then-world record low barometric pressure for a land station of 911.9 hPa (26.93 inHg) was observed in Muroto.[5][6][7] Though surpassed less than a year later during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane in the Florida Keys,[8] it remains the lowest value ever observed in mainland Japan and the third-lowest throughout the country.[5][6] It briefly emerged over the Kii Channel before striking the Kaifu District in Tokushima Prefecture. The system then crossed the Kii Channel again and traversed Awaji Island. After another brief stint over water, the storm made its next landfall directly over Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, just 30 km (19 mi) west of Osaka City. A barometric pressure of 954.3 hPa (28.18 inHg) was observed in Osaka.[4] Crossing mainland Japan, the storm briefly emerged over the Sea of Japan before traversing northern Honshu.[2]

Pronounced frontal features, a characteristic of extratropical cyclones, developed late on September 21, with a cold front extending south toward the Philippines.[9] The system continued on an easterly course and was last noted in the International Best Track Archive on September 22 moving away from Hokkaido.[2] Surface weather analyses depict the system continuing east, crossing the International Date Line (180°) by September 23. During this time, its central pressure rose to roughly 985–990 mbar (hPa; 29.09–29.34 inHg).[10][11] On September 24, the storm turned north toward the Aleutian Islands of the then Territory of Alaska and deepened.[12] Winds up to Force 10—89 to 102 km/h (55 to 63 mph)—on the Beaufort scale affected parts of the Aleutians and a pressure of 964 mbar (hPa; 28.47 inHg) was observed near 48°00′N 160°30′W / 48°N 160.5°W / 48; -160.5.[13] Traversing the Bering Sea, the system was last identifiable on September 25 over western Alaska.[14]

Impact edit

 
The damaged Shitennō-ji temple in Osaka after the storm

Contemporaneously called the "second-greatest catastrophe of modern Japan",[15] and the "worst typhoon in a generation",[3] the storm wrought tremendous damage in Shikoku and southern Honshu, with areas in and around Osaka suffering the brunt of its impact.[3] The effects, at the time, were second only to the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[15] Throughout Japan, 3,066 people were killed,[16] of which at least 1,665 deaths were in Osaka Prefecture, and 13,184 others were injured.[17] This ranked it as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history, until Typhoon Vera in 1959 which killed approximately 5,000 people.[18][19] A total of 34,262 buildings were destroyed, another 40,274 were severely damaged,[17] and 401,157 were flooded or affected.[20] Total damage far exceeded $300 million (1934 USD).[15] Approximately 200,000 people were rendered homeless in Osaka,[17] and at least 250,000 required assistance.[21]

In Kōchi Prefecture, where the storm first made landfall, powerful wind gusts—measured up to 234 km/h (145 mph)—caused tremendous damage. Torrential rain accompanied the storm. Throughout Kōchi, 1,815 homes were destroyed and 6,064 were damaged or flooded; 81 people died and 399 more sustained injuries.[22] Sixty-three people died in Muroto when the typhoon's storm surge swept away 550 homes.[23]

The greatest damage, however, took place across eastern Osaka Bay. A maximum tide of 3.1 to 4.2 m (10 to 14 ft) was observed there, the highest ever for the region.[4][6] Areas up to 8 km (5.0 mi) inland were inundated by the typhoon's storm surge,[20] total of 49.31 km2 (19.04 mi2) of the city was flooded.[4] The city of Osaka was crippled by the typhoon, electricity was completely lost, the water supply network sustained significant damage, and communications were disrupted. Powerful winds devastated the city's poorly built schools,[3] destroying 128 buildings.[24] Within them, at least 421 children and teachers were killed, while 1,100 others sustained injury.[3] One teacher, Masuji Ashida, was hailed as a hero for sacrificing himself to save his students by propping up the exit of his collapsing classroom with his own body; his students escaped before he was crushed under the weight of the building.[21] An insane asylum along the city's outskirts was swept away with 60 patients missing.[3] A five-story pagoda (built in 1812) at the Shitennō-ji temple collapsed, killing 3 people and trapping 20 others.[20] The Sotojima hospital for leprosy was destroyed; 260 patients are believed to have drowned after the building collapsed amid rising water and gale-force winds.[15] Near Ōtsu, a passenger train derailed, killing 10 people and injuring 165.[3]

The city's industrial sector sustained severe losses, exceeding US$90 million.[25] More than 3,000 factories were destroyed and thousands more were damaged.[15] The Japanese Army's munitions program was significantly setback due to destroyed ammunition factories.[25] At least 100 people drowned in the city's harbor where more than 1,600 seagoing craft were grounded, sunk, or otherwise damaged.[15]

Thirty of the nation's then forty-six prefectures were impacted by the typhoon.[25] Significant damage took place in Aichi, Gifu, Kyoto, Nagano, Nagasaki, Tokushima, Tottori, Wakayama, and Yamanashi prefectures.[21][24] In Kyoto, at least 209 people were killed and 858 were injured.[21][24]

Aftermath edit

 
The storm's aftermath in Nishijin, Kyoto

Immediately following the typhoon's tremendous impact, the Japanese military was deployed to Osaka before nightfall on September 21 and water was being trucked in.[24] Officials in Osaka Prefecture released an immediate ¥10 million in relief funds.[21] Baron Kischizaemon Sumitomo donated ¥1 million (US$300,000) to relief funds, the largest such private donation in the nation's history at the time.[25] The Cabinet of Japan held a special meeting to discuss emergency operations.[21] Three destroyers from the Kure Naval District, loaded with medical equipment and other essentials, were deployed to assist in relief work.[25] Outbreaks of typhoid fever, dysentery, and scarlet fever plagued survivors in the storm's aftermath.[26]

During an October 5 cabinet meeting, Minister of Education Genji Matsuda recommended schools to be built with steel in light of the large number of children killed.[27] Reconstruction of the affected areas required an estimated 100,000 tons of steel.[28] The National Diet held a special meeting in November to address issues regarding the typhoon's aftermath.[29]

Following the disaster, a marked increase in actions and countermeasures to storm surge events and typhoons were enacted. Throughout Osaka, construction of breakwaters and embankments alleviated flood risks in coastal communities, reducing the risk of life[note 1] from roughly 10−3 to 10−7 by the time of Typhoon Nancy in 1961. Before the onset of World War II, total anti-flood construction in Osaka spanned 36.68 km (22.79 mi); this included 16.52 km (10.27 mi) along rivers and canals, 11.08 km (6.88 mi) of levees, and 11.08 km (6.88 mi) of breakwaters. These protected the city from surges of 3.5 m (11 ft) above Osaka Port. Several other projects to expand and rebuild the anti-flood system took place in the decades following World War II.[4]

According to a 2010 report by the Central Disaster Prevention Council, if a storm identical to the 1934 Muroto typhoon were to strike in the modern day, it would kill approximately 7,600 people.[30]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The 1986 study of storm surge events in Osaka defined risk of life as "the ratio of the number of dead to the population at that time".[4]

References edit

  1. ^ Hatsuo Ishizaki (October 15, 1965). "The Distributions of Damaged Houses and Strong Winds by Typhoons" (PDF). Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute. 15 (86). Kyoto University. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Knapp, Kenneth R.; Kruk, Michael C.; Levinson, David H.; Diamond, Howard J.; Neumann, Charles J. (2010). . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Typhoon Kills 867 in Japan". Warren Times Mirror. Vol. 35. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 21, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Yoshito Tsuchiya; Yoshiaki Kawata (June 9, 1986). "Historical Study of Changes in Storm Surge Disasters in the Osaka Area" (PDF). National Disaster Science. 8 (2). Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science: 1–18. ISSN 0388-4090.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ a b Kevin Boyle; Gary Padgett (February 4, 2004). "September 2003 Tropical Weather Summary" (.TXT). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Hiroji Otao (2011). "A Brief Outline of the Ise-Wan Typhoon" (PDF). Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 1 (7): 931–941. doi:10.9753/icce.v7.54. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  7. ^ "Record Barometric Low Set by Typhoon". The Kane Republican. Vol. 41, no. 8. Tokyo, Japan. United Press. September 25, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  8. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2024.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "September 21, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis" (PDF). United States Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1934. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  10. ^ "September 22, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis" (PDF). United States Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1934. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  11. ^ "September 23, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis" (PDF). United States Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1934. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  12. ^ "September 24, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis" (PDF). United States Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1934. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  13. ^ Willis E. Hurd (September 1934). "North Pacific Ocean, September 1934" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 62 (9). American Meteorological Society: 352. Bibcode:1934MWRv...62..352H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1934)62<352:NPOS>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  14. ^ "September 25, 1934, Surface Weather Analysis" (PDF). United States Weather Bureau. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1934. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Glenn Babb (September 22, 1934). "Second Greatest Catastrophe for Japan in Typhoon". Corsicana Semi-Weekly Light. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  16. ^ Pingping Luo; Yousuke Yamashiki; Kaoru Takara; Daniel Nover; Bin He (2010). "Assessment of Japanese and Chinese Flood Control Policies" (PDF). Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute (53 B). Kyoto University: 61–70. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c Bernard F. Doucette (September 1934). "Typhoons in the Far East During September 1934" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 62 (9). American Meteorological Society: 353–354. Bibcode:1934MWRv...62..353D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1934)62<353:TITFED>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 18, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  18. ^ James Cary (September 30, 1959). "Typhoon Vera Officially Japan's Worst Storm". The Florence Times. Vol. 100, no. 183. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  19. ^ Tilden, Charles E. (1959). 1959 Annual Typhoon Report (PDF) (Report). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. San Francisco, California: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "室戸台風襲来！". tanken.com (in Japanese). October 4, 2004. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Ray G. Marshall (September 22, 1934). "Japan Counts Dead, Injured in Typhoon". Vol. 8. United Press. p. 2. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  22. ^ "昭和9年の室戸台風: 高知県" (in Japanese). 四国災害アーカイブス. 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  23. ^ "昭和9年の室戸台風: 室戸市" (in Japanese). 四国災害アーカイブス. 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d Glenn Babb (September 21, 1934). "Typhoon Takes Over 1,346 Lives On Japan Coast". The Sedalia Democrat. Vol. 66, no. 255. Associated Press. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  25. ^ a b c d e "Japan Acts to Aid Area of Typhoon". The Salt Lake Tribune. Tokyo, Japan. Associated Press. September 22, 1934. p. 2. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  26. ^ "Disease Stalks Typhoon-Hit Area". Roseburg News-Review. Vol. 37, no. 37. Osaka, Japan. Associated Press. September 25, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  27. ^ "Storm-Proof School Plan Urged in Japan". Oakland Tribune. Vol. 121, no. 97. Tokyo, Japan. United Press. October 5, 1934. p. 20. Retrieved February 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  28. ^ "Expect Autos to Boost Steel". The Evening News. No. 5, 478. Cleveland, Ohio. October 15, 1934. p. 8. Retrieved February 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  29. ^ "Veiled Talk of War". The Age. No. 24, 797. Tokyo, Japan. October 2, 1934. p. 9. Retrieved February 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.  
  30. ^ "Japan's coast menaced by storm surges". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. November 23, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2016.

External links edit

  Media related to 1934 Muroto typhoon at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
1934, muroto, typhoon, september, 1934, violent, typhoon, caused, tremendous, devastation, japan, leaving, more, than, people, dead, wake, dubbed, muroto, typhoon, 室戸台風, muroto, taifū, system, first, identified, september, over, western, federated, states, mic. In September 1934 a violent typhoon caused tremendous devastation in Japan leaving more than 3 000 people dead in its wake Dubbed the Muroto typhoon 室戸台風 Muroto Taifu 1 the system was first identified on September 13 over the western Federated States of Micronesia Moving generally northwest it eventually brushed the Ryukyu Islands on September 20 Turning northeast the typhoon accelerated and struck Shikoku and southern Honshu the following morning It made landfalls in Muroto Kaifu Awaji Island and Kobe A pressure of 911 9 hPa 26 93 inHg was observed in Muroto making the typhoon the strongest ever recorded to impact Japan at the time This value was also the lowest land based pressure reading in the world on record at the time however it was surpassed the following year during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane After clearing Japan the now extratropical storm traveled east and weakened Turning north by September 24 the system deepened and impacted the Aleutian Islands it was last noted the following day over western Alaska 1934 Muroto typhoon Surface weather analysis of the typhoon near Japan on September 21Meteorological historyFormedSeptember 13 1934ExtratropicalSeptember 21 1934DissipatedSeptember 25 1934Typhoon10 minute sustained JMA Highest winds150 km h 90 mph Highest gusts235 km h 145 mph Lowest pressure911 9 hPa mbar 26 93 inHg Record lowest for landfalling storm in mainland Japan Overall effectsFatalities3 066 totalDamage 300 million 1934 USD Areas affectedJapan AlaskaIBTrACSPart of the 1934 Pacific typhoon season Regarded at the time as the second greatest catastrophe of modern Japan after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake the storm left parts of Osaka in ruins Tens of thousands of structures were damaged or destroyed leaving approximately 200 000 people homeless Among the 3 066 people killed were 421 children and teachers who perished when their flimsy schools were destroyed This ranked it at the time as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history In addition to the fatalities 13 184 people were injured Total damage exceeded 300 million 1934 USD Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksMeteorological history edit nbsp Track of the Muroto typhoon On September 13 1934 a tropical cyclone developed over the western Caroline Islands The storm traveled generally northwest executing a brief cyclonic loop on September 14 15 After a brief stint traveling nearly due north on September 17 the cyclone began recurving to the northeast It brushed the Ryukyu Islands to the southeast on September 20 as it accelerated northeast On the morning of September 21 the typhoon struck Shikoku and southern Honshu 2 According to the Central Meteorological Observatory now called the Japan Meteorological Agency maximum sustained winds reached 150 km h 90 mph 3 with gusts exceeding 215 km h 130 mph 4 The typhoon first made landfall over Muroto Kōchi Prefecture resulting in it later being dubbed the Muroto typhoon 4 A then world record low barometric pressure for a land station of 911 9 hPa 26 93 inHg was observed in Muroto 5 6 7 Though surpassed less than a year later during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane in the Florida Keys 8 it remains the lowest value ever observed in mainland Japan and the third lowest throughout the country 5 6 It briefly emerged over the Kii Channel before striking the Kaifu District in Tokushima Prefecture The system then crossed the Kii Channel again and traversed Awaji Island After another brief stint over water the storm made its next landfall directly over Kobe Hyōgo Prefecture just 30 km 19 mi west of Osaka City A barometric pressure of 954 3 hPa 28 18 inHg was observed in Osaka 4 Crossing mainland Japan the storm briefly emerged over the Sea of Japan before traversing northern Honshu 2 Pronounced frontal features a characteristic of extratropical cyclones developed late on September 21 with a cold front extending south toward the Philippines 9 The system continued on an easterly course and was last noted in the International Best Track Archive on September 22 moving away from Hokkaido 2 Surface weather analyses depict the system continuing east crossing the International Date Line 180 by September 23 During this time its central pressure rose to roughly 985 990 mbar hPa 29 09 29 34 inHg 10 11 On September 24 the storm turned north toward the Aleutian Islands of the then Territory of Alaska and deepened 12 Winds up to Force 10 89 to 102 km h 55 to 63 mph on the Beaufort scale affected parts of the Aleutians and a pressure of 964 mbar hPa 28 47 inHg was observed near 48 00 N 160 30 W 48 N 160 5 W 48 160 5 13 Traversing the Bering Sea the system was last identifiable on September 25 over western Alaska 14 Impact edit nbsp The damaged Shitennō ji temple in Osaka after the storm Contemporaneously called the second greatest catastrophe of modern Japan 15 and the worst typhoon in a generation 3 the storm wrought tremendous damage in Shikoku and southern Honshu with areas in and around Osaka suffering the brunt of its impact 3 The effects at the time were second only to the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake 15 Throughout Japan 3 066 people were killed 16 of which at least 1 665 deaths were in Osaka Prefecture and 13 184 others were injured 17 This ranked it as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history until Typhoon Vera in 1959 which killed approximately 5 000 people 18 19 A total of 34 262 buildings were destroyed another 40 274 were severely damaged 17 and 401 157 were flooded or affected 20 Total damage far exceeded 300 million 1934 USD 15 Approximately 200 000 people were rendered homeless in Osaka 17 and at least 250 000 required assistance 21 In Kōchi Prefecture where the storm first made landfall powerful wind gusts measured up to 234 km h 145 mph caused tremendous damage Torrential rain accompanied the storm Throughout Kōchi 1 815 homes were destroyed and 6 064 were damaged or flooded 81 people died and 399 more sustained injuries 22 Sixty three people died in Muroto when the typhoon s storm surge swept away 550 homes 23 The greatest damage however took place across eastern Osaka Bay A maximum tide of 3 1 to 4 2 m 10 to 14 ft was observed there the highest ever for the region 4 6 Areas up to 8 km 5 0 mi inland were inundated by the typhoon s storm surge 20 total of 49 31 km2 19 04 mi2 of the city was flooded 4 The city of Osaka was crippled by the typhoon electricity was completely lost the water supply network sustained significant damage and communications were disrupted Powerful winds devastated the city s poorly built schools 3 destroying 128 buildings 24 Within them at least 421 children and teachers were killed while 1 100 others sustained injury 3 One teacher Masuji Ashida was hailed as a hero for sacrificing himself to save his students by propping up the exit of his collapsing classroom with his own body his students escaped before he was crushed under the weight of the building 21 An insane asylum along the city s outskirts was swept away with 60 patients missing 3 A five story pagoda built in 1812 at the Shitennō ji temple collapsed killing 3 people and trapping 20 others 20 The Sotojima hospital for leprosy was destroyed 260 patients are believed to have drowned after the building collapsed amid rising water and gale force winds 15 Near Ōtsu a passenger train derailed killing 10 people and injuring 165 3 The city s industrial sector sustained severe losses exceeding US 90 million 25 More than 3 000 factories were destroyed and thousands more were damaged 15 The Japanese Army s munitions program was significantly setback due to destroyed ammunition factories 25 At least 100 people drowned in the city s harbor where more than 1 600 seagoing craft were grounded sunk or otherwise damaged 15 Thirty of the nation s then forty six prefectures were impacted by the typhoon 25 Significant damage took place in Aichi Gifu Kyoto Nagano Nagasaki Tokushima Tottori Wakayama and Yamanashi prefectures 21 24 In Kyoto at least 209 people were killed and 858 were injured 21 24 Aftermath edit nbsp The storm s aftermath in Nishijin Kyoto Immediately following the typhoon s tremendous impact the Japanese military was deployed to Osaka before nightfall on September 21 and water was being trucked in 24 Officials in Osaka Prefecture released an immediate 10 million in relief funds 21 Baron Kischizaemon Sumitomo donated 1 million US 300 000 to relief funds the largest such private donation in the nation s history at the time 25 The Cabinet of Japan held a special meeting to discuss emergency operations 21 Three destroyers from the Kure Naval District loaded with medical equipment and other essentials were deployed to assist in relief work 25 Outbreaks of typhoid fever dysentery and scarlet fever plagued survivors in the storm s aftermath 26 During an October 5 cabinet meeting Minister of Education Genji Matsuda recommended schools to be built with steel in light of the large number of children killed 27 Reconstruction of the affected areas required an estimated 100 000 tons of steel 28 The National Diet held a special meeting in November to address issues regarding the typhoon s aftermath 29 Following the disaster a marked increase in actions and countermeasures to storm surge events and typhoons were enacted Throughout Osaka construction of breakwaters and embankments alleviated flood risks in coastal communities reducing the risk of life note 1 from roughly 10 3 to 10 7 by the time of Typhoon Nancy in 1961 Before the onset of World War II total anti flood construction in Osaka spanned 36 68 km 22 79 mi this included 16 52 km 10 27 mi along rivers and canals 11 08 km 6 88 mi of levees and 11 08 km 6 88 mi of breakwaters These protected the city from surges of 3 5 m 11 ft above Osaka Port Several other projects to expand and rebuild the anti flood system took place in the decades following World War II 4 According to a 2010 report by the Central Disaster Prevention Council if a storm identical to the 1934 Muroto typhoon were to strike in the modern day it would kill approximately 7 600 people 30 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portal Kyoikuto Typhoon Nancy 1961 a powerful storm that caused extensive damage primarily in Osaka dubbed as the second Muroto typhoonNotes edit The 1986 study of storm surge events in Osaka defined risk of life as the ratio of the number of dead to the population at that time 4 References edit Hatsuo Ishizaki October 15 1965 The Distributions of Damaged Houses and Strong Winds by Typhoons PDF Bulletin of the Disaster Prevention Research Institute 15 86 Kyoto University Retrieved January 18 2016 a b c Knapp Kenneth R Kruk Michael C Levinson David H Diamond Howard J Neumann Charles J 2010 1934 Missing 1934256N06142 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship IBTrACS Unifying tropical cyclone best track data Report Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Archived from the original on February 16 2016 Retrieved September 25 2015 a b c d e f g Typhoon Kills 867 in Japan Warren Times Mirror Vol 35 Tokyo Japan Associated Press September 21 1934 p 1 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c d e f g Yoshito Tsuchiya Yoshiaki Kawata June 9 1986 Historical Study of Changes in Storm Surge Disasters in the Osaka Area PDF National Disaster Science 8 2 Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science 1 18 ISSN 0388 4090 permanent dead link a b Kevin Boyle Gary Padgett February 4 2004 September 2003 Tropical Weather Summary TXT Typhoon 2000 Retrieved January 18 2016 a b c Hiroji Otao 2011 A Brief Outline of the Ise Wan Typhoon PDF Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1 7 931 941 doi 10 9753 icce v7 54 Retrieved January 18 2016 Record Barometric Low Set by Typhoon The Kane Republican Vol 41 no 8 Tokyo Japan United Press September 25 1934 p 1 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Atlantic hurricane best track HURDAT version 2 Database United States National Hurricane Center April 5 2023 Retrieved May 1 2024 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain September 21 1934 Surface Weather Analysis PDF United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 Retrieved February 16 2016 September 22 1934 Surface Weather Analysis PDF United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 Retrieved February 16 2016 September 23 1934 Surface Weather Analysis PDF United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 Retrieved February 16 2016 September 24 1934 Surface Weather Analysis PDF United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 Retrieved February 16 2016 Willis E Hurd September 1934 North Pacific Ocean September 1934 PDF Monthly Weather Review 62 9 American Meteorological Society 352 Bibcode 1934MWRv 62 352H doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1934 62 lt 352 NPOS gt 2 0 CO 2 Retrieved February 16 2016 September 25 1934 Surface Weather Analysis PDF United States Weather Bureau National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1934 Retrieved February 16 2016 a b c d e f Glenn Babb September 22 1934 Second Greatest Catastrophe for Japan in Typhoon Corsicana Semi Weekly Light Tokyo Japan Associated Press p 3 Retrieved January 18 2016 Pingping Luo Yousuke Yamashiki Kaoru Takara Daniel Nover Bin He 2010 Assessment of Japanese and Chinese Flood Control Policies PDF Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute 53 B Kyoto University 61 70 Retrieved February 16 2016 a b c Bernard F Doucette September 1934 Typhoons in the Far East During September 1934 PDF Monthly Weather Review 62 9 American Meteorological Society 353 354 Bibcode 1934MWRv 62 353D doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1934 62 lt 353 TITFED gt 2 0 CO 2 Retrieved January 18 2016 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Unknown parameter agency ignored help James Cary September 30 1959 Typhoon Vera Officially Japan s Worst Storm The Florence Times Vol 100 no 183 Tokyo Japan Associated Press p 4 Retrieved January 18 2016 Tilden Charles E 1959 1959 Annual Typhoon Report PDF Report Annual Tropical Cyclone Report San Francisco California Joint Typhoon Warning Center Retrieved January 18 2016 a b c 室戸台風襲来 tanken com in Japanese October 4 2004 Retrieved March 14 2016 a b c d e f Ray G Marshall September 22 1934 Japan Counts Dead Injured in Typhoon Vol 8 United Press p 2 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp 昭和9年の室戸台風 高知県 in Japanese 四国災害アーカイブス 2016 Retrieved March 16 2016 昭和9年の室戸台風 室戸市 in Japanese 四国災害アーカイブス 2016 Retrieved March 16 2016 a b c d Glenn Babb September 21 1934 Typhoon Takes Over 1 346 Lives On Japan Coast The Sedalia Democrat Vol 66 no 255 Associated Press p 1 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c d e Japan Acts to Aid Area of Typhoon The Salt Lake Tribune Tokyo Japan Associated Press September 22 1934 p 2 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Disease Stalks Typhoon Hit Area Roseburg News Review Vol 37 no 37 Osaka Japan Associated Press September 25 1934 p 1 Retrieved January 18 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Storm Proof School Plan Urged in Japan Oakland Tribune Vol 121 no 97 Tokyo Japan United Press October 5 1934 p 20 Retrieved February 16 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Expect Autos to Boost Steel The Evening News No 5 478 Cleveland Ohio October 15 1934 p 8 Retrieved February 16 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Veiled Talk of War The Age No 24 797 Tokyo Japan October 2 1934 p 9 Retrieved February 16 2016 via Newspapers com nbsp Japan s coast menaced by storm surges The Japan Times Kyodo News November 23 2013 Retrieved January 18 2016 External links edit nbsp Media related to 1934 Muroto typhoon at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1934 Muroto typhoon amp oldid 1179214340, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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