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1931 British Honduras hurricane

November 19, 2023

The 1931 British Honduras hurricane was the deadliest hurricane in the history of British Honduras (known as Belize since 1973), killing an estimated 2,500 people. The hurricane was first detected as a tropical wave off the west coast of Africa on 29 August. Moving westward, the disturbance remained relatively weak until 6 September, when it was first classified as a tropical cyclone just west of the Windward Islands. The depression gradually intensified, reaching tropical storm intensity within the first six hours following tropical cyclogenesis. The cyclone intensified further to hurricane intensity by 8 September. Strengthening and organisation remained gradual until the storm reached the Gulf of Honduras, by which time it began to rapidly intensify, reaching Category 4 hurricane intensity on 10 September. The hurricane subsequently made landfall in Belize City with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Moving across the Yucatán Peninsula, the tropical cyclone weakened, and continued to do so when it moved across the Bay of Campeche. This track brought it to a second landfall north of Tampico, Mexico, as a tropical storm on 13 September. Once inland, the storm quickly weakened and dissipated later that day.

1931 British Honduras hurricane
Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on 10 September
Meteorological history
Formed6 September 1931 (6 September 1931)
Dissipated13 September 1931 (13 September 1931)
Category 4 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds130 mph (215 km/h)
Lowest pressure952 mbar (hPa); 28.11 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities2,500
Damage$7.5 million (1931 USD)
Areas affected
IBTrACS
Part of the 1931 Atlantic hurricane season

Possibly due to celebrations of the anniversary of the defeat of Spanish conquerors by the British in 1798, there was little warning of the storm in British Honduras. At St. George's Caye, many structures were washed away by abnormally high tides and storm surge. Belize City was devastated, with the entire city being inundated with at least 5 ft (1.5 m) of water. Property on six streets was completely swept away, while overall 70% of the city was destroyed. Among the buildings severely damaged or demolished included many buildings and resident halls at St. John's College and the U.S. Embassy building; the Consul suffered fatal injuries during the collapse of the building. Further inland, severe damage to agriculture occurred. Overall, the storm left $7.5 million (1931 USD) in damage.

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The hurricane began as a tropical wave—a westbound low-pressure area—first observed southeast of Cape Verde on 29 August.[1] Traversing the tropical Atlantic, the wave retained a minimum barometric pressure of about 1010 mbar (hPa; 29.83 inHg) and strengthened briefly the following day.[2][3] By 1 September, however, the wave had become rather weak and indiscernible; it would remain as such for much of its early existence until 6 September, by which time it had moved past the Windward Islands. In this region the system became sufficiently organised to be classified as a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC that same day near Grenada.[4][5] Some six hours after its inception the depression strengthened to a tropical storm over the eastern Caribbean Sea. Owing to a lack of ship observations, data on the storm were scarce in that region. The first ship to identify the storm clearly was the tanker Geo H. Jones, which recorded strong winds in conjunction with rapidly decreasing barometric pressures late on 7 September.[4] As the storm remained west-northwest bound across the Caribbean,[5] more ships were able to record data on the cyclone.[2]

It is estimated that at 18:00 UTC on 8 September, the tropical storm attained hurricane intensity. Intensification remained gradual until the hurricane moved into the Gulf of Honduras by 10 September, when the hurricane began to rapidly intensify. At 00:00 UTC on 10 September, the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. The storm strengthened further before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) at 1800 UTC.[5] The strong hurricane made landfall on Belize City at the same intensity two hours later. A barometer in the city recorded a minimum pressure of 952 mbar (hPa; 28.12 mbar); this was the lowest barometric pressure measured in association with the storm.[2] The hurricane substantially weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and had weakened to tropical storm strength by the time it had entered the Bay of Campeche. Despite moving back over water, the tropical cyclone continued to weaken in the bay,[5] and made its final landfall roughly 60–70 mi (95–110 km) north of Tampico, Mexico, with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) at around 00:00 UTC on 13 September.[2] Over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, the storm quickly weakened, and dissipated later on 13 September.[5]

Preparations, impact, and aftermath edit

 
Convent in Belize City after the hurricane

The day of the hurricane, 10 September, is also a national holiday for British Honduras, on which many locals gather in the streets to celebrate the Battle Of St. George's Caye.[6] It is widely believed that the hurricane struck without any warning, although some recent historians have disputed this. In his column for The Belize Times on 5 September 2004, Emory King claimed that Belizean authorities withheld continuous warnings from U.S. ships in the region of a possible hurricane strike on British Honduras so the festivities would not be interrupted.[7] King cited as evidence a letter dated 24 September 1931, from a local radio operator to the Colonial Secretary in which the warnings were discussed, adding that "perhaps none of [the authorities] had ever been in a hurricane and didn't know exactly how bad it was going to be."[8] Additionally, there was also belief among residents of Belize City that the reefs would provide a barrier against large tidal waves.[9]

 
The remains of St. John's College

Storm surge, abnormally high tides, and strong winds resulted in severe damage and many deaths in Belize City. The entire city was inundated with 5 ft (1.5 m) of water. Numerous boats were swept far inland, including a 200-ton dredge. Properties on six streets were completely swept away,[10] while 70% of the city overall was destroyed.[11] The U.S. Embassy building was severely damaged, after water reached the second floor. Giles Russell Taggart, the Consul, suffered injuries after the building collapsed that were ultimately fatal.[12] At St. John's College, several buildings and resident halls were extensively damaged or destroyed.[13] Government radio facilities in Belize City were cut out during the storm.[14] Several American priests in the city were killed during the storm.[15] Within of 25 mi (40 km) radius of Belize City and about 40 mi (64 km) upstream the Belize River, all agricultural plantations were obliterated.[16] Offshore at St. George's Caye, structures were completely destroyed, while 24 deaths occurred there.[17] Overall, damage in the country reached approximately $7.5 million.[2] The storm left approximately 2,500 deaths, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Belize.[18]

The British government requested for the United States to send vessels to assist those affected by the storm.[14] A number of residents of Belize City were left without food and water supplies.[13] The USS Swan (AM-34), stationed at nearby Trujillo, Honduras, was dispatched to send aid to British Honduras. United States President Herbert Hoover ordered the United States Navy and American Red Cross to cooperate in relief efforts. Both agencies and organisations ordered a United States Marine Corps plane from Managua, Nicaragua, to send $2,500 worth of medical supplies to affected areas of British Honduras.[14] Throughout the city, relief kitchens were set up. The Government of British Honduras eventually began burning areas with debris and bodies, to prevent spread of disease.[17] Monrad Metzgen, a lieutenant of the British Honduras Defense Force, became responsible for the rescue of persons trapped, feeding those without shelter, and the burial of the deceased. For his efforts, Metzgen received an Order of the British Empire award from King George V of the United Kingdom.[19]

Authorities of Belize City considered abandoning the community and moving it to higher ground.[17] Additionally, there was a proposal to relocate the capital further south or inland to the pine ridge, with either resulting in a higher elevation of the capital.[20] However, the process of moving the capital did not begin until 1961, after Belize City was devastated by Hurricane Hattie. Belmopan became the capital city of British Honduras in 1970.[21][22]

Due to the weak intensity of the storm and a rural landfall location in Mexico, there were few observations of weather related to the storm in the country. In Tampico, located south of where the storm made landfall, winds reached only 20 mph (32 km/h).[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Weather map of tropical system 193106 on August 29, 1931 (JPG) (Weather map). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 29 August 1931. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Christopher W. Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  3. ^ Weather map of tropical system 193106 on September 1, 1931 (JPG) (Weather map). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1 September 1931. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  4. ^ a b W.F. McDonalds (October 1931). "Tropical Storms Of September, 1931, In North American Waters" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 59 (9): 364–367. Bibcode:1931MWRv...59..364M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1931)59<364b:TSOSIN>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ "September 10th: Belize Celebrates Battle of St. George's Caye". The San Pedro Sun. San Pedro, Belize. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  7. ^ "(Author name withheld) From the publisher [Letter to the editor]" (PDF). Amandala. Belize City, Belize. 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  8. ^ Ann-Marie Williams (31 October 2000). "1931 Hurricane myth disputed". Channel 5 Belize. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  9. ^ Byron Foster (1987). The Bayman's Legacy: A Portrait of Belize City. Belize City, Belize: Cubola Production. p. 59. ISBN 9789686233001. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  10. ^ "Belize Swept by Hurricane and Tidal Wave". The Northern Times. Washington, D.C. 17 September 1931. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  11. ^ "400 Believed Dead in Hurricane". The Register-Guard. Mexico City, Mexico. Associated Press. 11 September 1931. p. 1. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  12. ^ . Arlington County, Virginia: United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Funeral Pyres Blaze as Ruined City Burns Dead". Chicago Tribune. Belize, British Honduras. Associated Press. 14 September 1931. p. 4. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  14. ^ a b c "200 Lives Lost In Tropic Hurricanes". The Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. 11 September 1931. p. 1. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Americans Lose Lives In Tornado". The Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. 11 September 1931. p. 1. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  16. ^ "British Honduras. Toll of the Hurricane". The Sydney Morning Herald. London, United Kingdom. 12 October 1931. p. 5. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  17. ^ a b c "Thousand Killed In Caribbean Hurricanes". South Australian Register. New York City, New York. 14 September 1931. p. 9. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  18. ^ Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas (22 April 1997). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ Deaths. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  19. ^ . Belize National Library Service and Information System. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  20. ^ A Town Planning Scheme for Belize. Government Printer. 1946. p. 1. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  21. ^ Theodore A. Ediger (5 November 1961). "Battered School Shelters 200 Refugees in Belize". The Evening Independent. Vol. 3, no. 29. Belize City, British Honduras. Associated Press. p. 3A. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  22. ^ "Hurricane 'Edith' Deepens Rapidly". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Vol. 46, no. 342. Associated Press. 7 September 1971. pp. 1A, 4A. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

Further reading edit

  • Usher, Kareem M. (2007). "Natural Hazard Mitigation Strategies in the Continental Caribbean: The Case of Belize". Études caribéennes. 2007 (7). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.324.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1931 Belize hurricane.

November 19, 2023
1931, british, honduras, hurricane, deadliest, hurricane, history, british, honduras, known, belize, since, 1973, killing, estimated, people, hurricane, first, detected, tropical, wave, west, coast, africa, august, moving, westward, disturbance, remained, rela. The 1931 British Honduras hurricane was the deadliest hurricane in the history of British Honduras known as Belize since 1973 killing an estimated 2 500 people The hurricane was first detected as a tropical wave off the west coast of Africa on 29 August Moving westward the disturbance remained relatively weak until 6 September when it was first classified as a tropical cyclone just west of the Windward Islands The depression gradually intensified reaching tropical storm intensity within the first six hours following tropical cyclogenesis The cyclone intensified further to hurricane intensity by 8 September Strengthening and organisation remained gradual until the storm reached the Gulf of Honduras by which time it began to rapidly intensify reaching Category 4 hurricane intensity on 10 September The hurricane subsequently made landfall in Belize City with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph 215 km h Moving across the Yucatan Peninsula the tropical cyclone weakened and continued to do so when it moved across the Bay of Campeche This track brought it to a second landfall north of Tampico Mexico as a tropical storm on 13 September Once inland the storm quickly weakened and dissipated later that day 1931 British Honduras hurricane Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on 10 SeptemberMeteorological historyFormed6 September 1931 6 September 1931 Dissipated13 September 1931 13 September 1931 Category 4 hurricane1 minute sustained SSHWS NWS Highest winds130 mph 215 km h Lowest pressure952 mbar hPa 28 11 inHgOverall effectsFatalities2 500Damage 7 5 million 1931 USD Areas affectedBritish Honduras MexicoIBTrACSPart of the 1931 Atlantic hurricane seasonPossibly due to celebrations of the anniversary of the defeat of Spanish conquerors by the British in 1798 there was little warning of the storm in British Honduras At St George s Caye many structures were washed away by abnormally high tides and storm surge Belize City was devastated with the entire city being inundated with at least 5 ft 1 5 m of water Property on six streets was completely swept away while overall 70 of the city was destroyed Among the buildings severely damaged or demolished included many buildings and resident halls at St John s College and the U S Embassy building the Consul suffered fatal injuries during the collapse of the building Further inland severe damage to agriculture occurred Overall the storm left 7 5 million 1931 USD in damage Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations impact and aftermath 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depressionThe hurricane began as a tropical wave a westbound low pressure area first observed southeast of Cape Verde on 29 August 1 Traversing the tropical Atlantic the wave retained a minimum barometric pressure of about 1010 mbar hPa 29 83 inHg and strengthened briefly the following day 2 3 By 1 September however the wave had become rather weak and indiscernible it would remain as such for much of its early existence until 6 September by which time it had moved past the Windward Islands In this region the system became sufficiently organised to be classified as a tropical depression at 18 00 UTC that same day near Grenada 4 5 Some six hours after its inception the depression strengthened to a tropical storm over the eastern Caribbean Sea Owing to a lack of ship observations data on the storm were scarce in that region The first ship to identify the storm clearly was the tanker Geo H Jones which recorded strong winds in conjunction with rapidly decreasing barometric pressures late on 7 September 4 As the storm remained west northwest bound across the Caribbean 5 more ships were able to record data on the cyclone 2 It is estimated that at 18 00 UTC on 8 September the tropical storm attained hurricane intensity Intensification remained gradual until the hurricane moved into the Gulf of Honduras by 10 September when the hurricane began to rapidly intensify At 00 00 UTC on 10 September the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane The storm strengthened further before reaching its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph 215 km h at 1800 UTC 5 The strong hurricane made landfall on Belize City at the same intensity two hours later A barometer in the city recorded a minimum pressure of 952 mbar hPa 28 12 mbar this was the lowest barometric pressure measured in association with the storm 2 The hurricane substantially weakened over the Yucatan Peninsula and had weakened to tropical storm strength by the time it had entered the Bay of Campeche Despite moving back over water the tropical cyclone continued to weaken in the bay 5 and made its final landfall roughly 60 70 mi 95 110 km north of Tampico Mexico with winds of 40 mph 65 km h at around 00 00 UTC on 13 September 2 Over the mountainous terrain of Mexico the storm quickly weakened and dissipated later on 13 September 5 Preparations impact and aftermath edit nbsp Convent in Belize City after the hurricaneThe day of the hurricane 10 September is also a national holiday for British Honduras on which many locals gather in the streets to celebrate the Battle Of St George s Caye 6 It is widely believed that the hurricane struck without any warning although some recent historians have disputed this In his column for The Belize Times on 5 September 2004 Emory King claimed that Belizean authorities withheld continuous warnings from U S ships in the region of a possible hurricane strike on British Honduras so the festivities would not be interrupted 7 King cited as evidence a letter dated 24 September 1931 from a local radio operator to the Colonial Secretary in which the warnings were discussed adding that perhaps none of the authorities had ever been in a hurricane and didn t know exactly how bad it was going to be 8 Additionally there was also belief among residents of Belize City that the reefs would provide a barrier against large tidal waves 9 nbsp The remains of St John s CollegeStorm surge abnormally high tides and strong winds resulted in severe damage and many deaths in Belize City The entire city was inundated with 5 ft 1 5 m of water Numerous boats were swept far inland including a 200 ton dredge Properties on six streets were completely swept away 10 while 70 of the city overall was destroyed 11 The U S Embassy building was severely damaged after water reached the second floor Giles Russell Taggart the Consul suffered injuries after the building collapsed that were ultimately fatal 12 At St John s College several buildings and resident halls were extensively damaged or destroyed 13 Government radio facilities in Belize City were cut out during the storm 14 Several American priests in the city were killed during the storm 15 Within of 25 mi 40 km radius of Belize City and about 40 mi 64 km upstream the Belize River all agricultural plantations were obliterated 16 Offshore at St George s Caye structures were completely destroyed while 24 deaths occurred there 17 Overall damage in the country reached approximately 7 5 million 2 The storm left approximately 2 500 deaths making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Belize 18 The British government requested for the United States to send vessels to assist those affected by the storm 14 A number of residents of Belize City were left without food and water supplies 13 The USS Swan AM 34 stationed at nearby Trujillo Honduras was dispatched to send aid to British Honduras United States President Herbert Hoover ordered the United States Navy and American Red Cross to cooperate in relief efforts Both agencies and organisations ordered a United States Marine Corps plane from Managua Nicaragua to send 2 500 worth of medical supplies to affected areas of British Honduras 14 Throughout the city relief kitchens were set up The Government of British Honduras eventually began burning areas with debris and bodies to prevent spread of disease 17 Monrad Metzgen a lieutenant of the British Honduras Defense Force became responsible for the rescue of persons trapped feeding those without shelter and the burial of the deceased For his efforts Metzgen received an Order of the British Empire award from King George V of the United Kingdom 19 Authorities of Belize City considered abandoning the community and moving it to higher ground 17 Additionally there was a proposal to relocate the capital further south or inland to the pine ridge with either resulting in a higher elevation of the capital 20 However the process of moving the capital did not begin until 1961 after Belize City was devastated by Hurricane Hattie Belmopan became the capital city of British Honduras in 1970 21 22 Due to the weak intensity of the storm and a rural landfall location in Mexico there were few observations of weather related to the storm in the country In Tampico located south of where the storm made landfall winds reached only 20 mph 32 km h 2 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalList of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricane Hattie 1961 Hurricane Greta Olivia 1978 Hurricane Keith 2000 Hurricane Iris 2001 References edit Weather map of tropical system 193106 on August 29 1931 JPG Weather map United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 29 August 1931 Retrieved 1 May 2013 a b c d e f Christopher W Landsea et al Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Report Miami Florida National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 15 September 2016 Weather map of tropical system 193106 on September 1 1931 JPG Weather map United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1 September 1931 Retrieved 21 May 2013 a b W F McDonalds October 1931 Tropical Storms Of September 1931 In North American Waters PDF Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 59 9 364 367 Bibcode 1931MWRv 59 364M doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1931 59 lt 364b TSOSIN gt 2 0 CO 2 Retrieved 21 May 2013 a b c d e Atlantic hurricane best track HURDAT version 2 Database United States National Hurricane Center 5 April 2023 Retrieved 8 November 2023 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain September 10th Belize Celebrates Battle of St George s Caye The San Pedro Sun San Pedro Belize 10 September 2011 Retrieved 24 May 2013 Author name withheld From the publisher Letter to the editor PDF Amandala Belize City Belize 2004 Retrieved 24 May 2013 Ann Marie Williams 31 October 2000 1931 Hurricane myth disputed Channel 5 Belize Retrieved 24 May 2013 Byron Foster 1987 The Bayman s Legacy A Portrait of Belize City Belize City Belize Cubola Production p 59 ISBN 9789686233001 Retrieved 6 September 2016 Belize Swept by Hurricane and Tidal Wave The Northern Times Washington D C 17 September 1931 p 3 Retrieved 4 July 2016 400 Believed Dead in Hurricane The Register Guard Mexico City Mexico Associated Press 11 September 1931 p 1 Retrieved 6 July 2016 U S Embassy Chancery Building 1981 2006 Belize City Arlington County Virginia United States Department of Defense Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 Retrieved 4 July 2016 a b Funeral Pyres Blaze as Ruined City Burns Dead Chicago Tribune Belize British Honduras Associated Press 14 September 1931 p 4 Retrieved 4 July 2016 a b c 200 Lives Lost In Tropic Hurricanes The Free Lance Star Fredericksburg Virginia Associated Press 11 September 1931 p 1 Retrieved 25 May 2013 Americans Lose Lives In Tornado The Free Lance Star Fredericksburg Virginia Associated Press 11 September 1931 p 1 Retrieved 25 May 2013 British Honduras Toll of the Hurricane The Sydney Morning Herald London United Kingdom 12 October 1931 p 5 Retrieved 6 July 2016 a b c Thousand Killed In Caribbean Hurricanes South Australian Register New York City New York 14 September 1931 p 9 Retrieved 6 September 2016 Edward N Rappaport and Jose Fernandez Partagas 22 April 1997 The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1492 1996 Cyclones with 25 Deaths National Hurricane Center Report Miami Florida National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 15 September 2016 Belizean National Heroes Belize National Library Service and Information System Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 18 February 2021 A Town Planning Scheme for Belize Government Printer 1946 p 1 Retrieved 6 September 2016 Theodore A Ediger 5 November 1961 Battered School Shelters 200 Refugees in Belize The Evening Independent Vol 3 no 29 Belize City British Honduras Associated Press p 3A Retrieved 10 January 2013 Hurricane Edith Deepens Rapidly Sarasota Herald Tribune Vol 46 no 342 Associated Press 7 September 1971 pp 1A 4A Retrieved 10 January 2013 Further reading editUsher Kareem M 2007 Natural Hazard Mitigation Strategies in the Continental Caribbean The Case of Belize Etudes caribeennes 2007 7 doi 10 4000 etudescaribeennes 324 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1931 Belize hurricane Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1931 British Honduras hurricane amp oldid 1170502342, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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