1912 Fez riots
The Fes Riots, also known as the Fes Uprising or Mutiny (from Arabic: انتفاضة فاس, Intifadat Fes), the Tritl (Hebrew: התריתל, among the Jewish community) and the Bloody Days of Fes (from French: Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès) were riots which started April 17, 1912 in Fes, the then-capital of Morocco, when French officers announced the measures of the Treaty of Fes, which created the French protectorate in Morocco.[1]
| 1912 Fez riots | |
|---|---|
| Part of French conquest of Morocco | |
Damage to the Mellah after French artillery fire in the Intifada of Fes | |
| Date | 17 April 1912 |
| Location | 34°2′36″N 5°0′12″W / 34.04333°N 5.00333°W |
| Caused by | Treaty of Fes |
| Methods | Mutiny, Riot |
| Resulted in | French suppression |
| Casualties | |
| Death(s) | 600 Moroccan Muslims, 66 Europeans, 42 Moroccan Jews |
1912 Fez riots Location within Morocco | |
The riots broke out shortly after the population of Fes learnt about the treaty, which they generally viewed as a betrayal by Sultan Abd al-Hafid, who had left Fes for Rabat to ensure his safety. After the riots he was forced to abdicate in favour of his brother Yusuf.[2]
Despite warnings of an uprising, most French troops left Fes, leaving behind 1,500 French troops and 5,000 Moroccan askars (local colonial infantrymen) commanded by French officers. On the morning of 17 April, the French officers announced the new measures to their askars. Many units immediately mutinied, causing a total loss of control.
According to the report on the front page of Le Matin on April 19, 1912, the riots broke out in Fes at about 11:00 am Wednesday morning, April 17, 1912.[3] The rebels killed three wireless telegraphy workers and injured a fourth to cut connections with the outside world.[3] The sultan, Abdulhafid, was besieged by rebels at his palace.[3]
The soldiers attacked their French commanders, then left their barracks and attacked the European and Jewish quarters of the city. According to the Moroccan historian Mohammed Kenbib, "the French commander, General Brulard, thinking that the Jews were supporting the insurgents, ordered his artillery to shell the mallāḥ, causing great devastation, and wounding and killing many people, both Jews and Muslims."[4] The rebels surrendered after two days. The death toll included approximately 600 Moroccan Muslims, 66 Europeans, and 42 Moroccan Jews.[5]
The first account of the riot was written by Hubert Jacques, a journalist at Le Matin, and a personal friend of Hubert Lyautey. The report was strongly critical of Eugène Regnault.[6] The same newspaper listed both Regnault and Lyautey among four candidates likely to be considered for the position of France's resident-general in Morocco.[7]
Bibliography edit
- Jacques, Hubert (1913), Les journées sanglantes de Fez, 17-18-19 avril 1912: les massacres; récits militaires; responsabilités, Libraririe Chapelot
- Burke III, Edmund (15 February 2009), "The Fez Mutiny and the Revolt of El Hiba", Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Pre-Colonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912, University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 9780226080840
- Gershovich, Moshe (2000). "Pre-Colonial Morocco: Demise of the Old Mazhkan". French Military Rule in Morocco: colonialism and its consequences. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4949-X.
References edit
- ^ Mohammed Kenbib. "Fez Riots (1912)." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2014
- ^ Gershovich 2000, p. 56.
- ^ a b c "Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit". Gallica. 1912-04-19. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ^ "Fez Riots (1912)". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0007730. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Gershovich 2000, p. 57: "The result was a total loss of control by the French instructors over some units which turned into an anarchic, violent mob. The mutineers attacked their French commanders and then spread to the streets of Fez in search of any European they could find. The Jewish quarter (mellah) was leveled before order was restored on 19 April when French artillery shelled the centers of resistance and forced the rebels to surrender. The toll of casualties included 66 Europeans, 42 Jews and some 600 Moroccans killed."
- ^ French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and its Consequences, Moshe Gershovich, p.62
- ^ "Le Matin : derniers télégrammes de la nuit". Gallica. 1912-04-18. Retrieved 2022-03-30.