The 1674 Ambon earthquake occurred on February 17 between 19:30 and 20:00 local time in the Maluku Islands. The resulting tsunami reached heights of up to 100 metres (330 ft) on Ambon Island killing over 2,000 individuals. It was the first detailed documentation of a tsunami in Indonesia and the largest ever recorded in the country.[1] The exact fault which produced the earthquake has never been determined, but geologists postulate either a local fault, or a larger thrust fault offshore. The extreme tsunami was likely the result of a submarine landslide.
The tectonics of the North Maluku Islands is dominated by complex collision, subduction, and strike-slip elements. Intermediate to deep focus earthquakes with a focal depth of 60 km or greater are immediately ruled out as the source because no known historical events of the same kind have generated a large tsunami. The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake, an intermediate depth magnitude 8.5 event only caused a minor tsunami.[1]
The Seram Trough is a zone of complex convergence between the Pacific, Australian, Sunda, and numerous micro tectonic plates. This megathrust fault is located north of Seram Island. While it has generated large tsunamigenic earthquakes in the past such as that in 1899 and 1629, the fault is situated too far from Ambon to have caused huge tsunami run-ups.[1]
Since the tsunami from the earthquake had an extreme run-up height of at least 100 metres (330 ft) observed locally on the northern shore of Ambon, researchers have dismissed the possibility of faulting as a source of the tsunami. Instead, an earthquake-generated landslide appears to be the likely source of the tsunami. However, the source of the earthquake has never been confirmed, but two faults, the South Seram Thrust and an unnamed fault on the island were the likely culprit.[1] No magnitude has been assigned to the event in published research journals, but the BMKG and NGDC databases list the magnitude at 6.8 at a depth of 40 kilometres (25 mi).[2]
Documentationedit
In an account by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, a German botanist, the earthquake occurred on a Saturday evening, at 7:30 pm local time, when locals on the islands were celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year. The bells of the nearby Victoria Castle on Ambon Island began to clang by themselves. The earthquake was so strong as to knock people off their balance. Seventy-five stone buildings reportedly collapsed, killing 79 Chinese and five Europeans and injuring 35 others. Most of the injuries were fractured arms and legs.[3][4] Among the casualties in the collapses were European settlers. Water began sprouting up from wells and the ground, some spurted upwards to a height of 20 feet (6.1 m). Blue clay and sand also erupted from the ground. Many homes and roads on other parts of the island were cracked and severely damaged.[5] Both Rumphius's wife and two daughters were killed during the earthquake after they were crushed by a falling wall.[6] They were among the 31 Europeans who died in the earthquake and tsunami.[7][8]
Right after the earthquake, a large tsunami reportedly swept through the coast of the island. On the Hitu peninsula, the waves were thought to be as high as 100 metres (330 ft), nearly topping the coastal hills. Entire forests and plantations were uprooted and washed away. The tsunami was accompanied by a deafening noise. When it slammed into the coast, eyewitnesses described the flow as very dirty and foul smelling.[4][9]
^ abcdPranantyo, I.R.; Cummins, P.R. (2020). "The 1674 Ambon Tsunami: Extreme Run-Up Caused by an Earthquake-Triggered Landslide" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 177 (3): 1639–1657. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02390-2. hdl:1885/219284. S2CID 212731869. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^"Katalog Tsunami Indonesia tahun 416-2018" (PDF). BMKG. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^"Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. INDONESIA: AMBON ISLAND, SERAM ISLAND: NCEI. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^ abNational Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
^Rumphius, Georg Everhard (September 2020). "True History of the terrible earthquake". UNESCO. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^Valauskas, Edward J. (2013). "Georgius Everhardus Rumphius". Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^Iswara N Raditya (28 September 2019). "Sejarah Gempa Ambon Tahun 1674 yang Tewaskan Ribuan Orang Baca selengkapnya di artikel "Sejarah Gempa Ambon Tahun 1674 yang Tewaskan Ribuan Orang". tirto.id. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^Veldkamp, J.F. (2011). "Georgius Everhardus Rumphius (1627–1702), the blind seer of Ambon" (PDF). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 63 (1 & 2): 1–15. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, Search Tsunami Events (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7
January 01, 1970
1674, ambon, earthquake, megatsunami, 1674, ambon, earthquake, occurred, february, between, local, time, maluku, islands, resulting, tsunami, reached, heights, metres, ambon, island, killing, over, individuals, first, detailed, documentation, tsunami, indonesi. The 1674 Ambon earthquake occurred on February 17 between 19 30 and 20 00 local time in the Maluku Islands The resulting tsunami reached heights of up to 100 metres 330 ft on Ambon Island killing over 2 000 individuals It was the first detailed documentation of a tsunami in Indonesia and the largest ever recorded in the country 1 The exact fault which produced the earthquake has never been determined but geologists postulate either a local fault or a larger thrust fault offshore The extreme tsunami was likely the result of a submarine landslide 1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunamiLocal dateFebruary 17 1674 1674 02 17 Local time19 30 to 20 00 EITMagnitudeMs 6 8Depth40 km 25 mi Epicenter3 45 00 S 127 45 00 E 3 750 S 127 750 E 3 750 127 750Areas affectedBanda Sea IndonesiaTsunami100 m 330 ft Casualties2 347 dead Contents 1 Overview 2 Documentation 3 See also 4 ReferencesOverview editThe tectonics of the North Maluku Islands is dominated by complex collision subduction and strike slip elements Intermediate to deep focus earthquakes with a focal depth of 60 km or greater are immediately ruled out as the source because no known historical events of the same kind have generated a large tsunami The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake an intermediate depth magnitude 8 5 event only caused a minor tsunami 1 The Seram Trough is a zone of complex convergence between the Pacific Australian Sunda and numerous micro tectonic plates This megathrust fault is located north of Seram Island While it has generated large tsunamigenic earthquakes in the past such as that in 1899 and 1629 the fault is situated too far from Ambon to have caused huge tsunami run ups 1 Since the tsunami from the earthquake had an extreme run up height of at least 100 metres 330 ft observed locally on the northern shore of Ambon researchers have dismissed the possibility of faulting as a source of the tsunami Instead an earthquake generated landslide appears to be the likely source of the tsunami However the source of the earthquake has never been confirmed but two faults the South Seram Thrust and an unnamed fault on the island were the likely culprit 1 No magnitude has been assigned to the event in published research journals but the BMKG and NGDC databases list the magnitude at 6 8 at a depth of 40 kilometres 25 mi 2 Documentation editIn an account by Georg Eberhard Rumphius a German botanist the earthquake occurred on a Saturday evening at 7 30 pm local time when locals on the islands were celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year The bells of the nearby Victoria Castle on Ambon Island began to clang by themselves The earthquake was so strong as to knock people off their balance Seventy five stone buildings reportedly collapsed killing 79 Chinese and five Europeans and injuring 35 others Most of the injuries were fractured arms and legs 3 4 Among the casualties in the collapses were European settlers Water began sprouting up from wells and the ground some spurted upwards to a height of 20 feet 6 1 m Blue clay and sand also erupted from the ground Many homes and roads on other parts of the island were cracked and severely damaged 5 Both Rumphius s wife and two daughters were killed during the earthquake after they were crushed by a falling wall 6 They were among the 31 Europeans who died in the earthquake and tsunami 7 8 Right after the earthquake a large tsunami reportedly swept through the coast of the island On the Hitu peninsula the waves were thought to be as high as 100 metres 330 ft nearly topping the coastal hills Entire forests and plantations were uprooted and washed away The tsunami was accompanied by a deafening noise When it slammed into the coast eyewitnesses described the flow as very dirty and foul smelling 4 9 See also editList of tsunamis List of earthquakes in Indonesia List of historical earthquakes 1852 Banda Sea earthquakeReferences edit a b c d Pranantyo I R Cummins P R 2020 The 1674 Ambon Tsunami Extreme Run Up Caused by an Earthquake Triggered Landslide PDF Pure and Applied Geophysics 177 3 1639 1657 doi 10 1007 s00024 019 02390 2 hdl 1885 219284 S2CID 212731869 Retrieved 15 May 2021 Katalog Tsunami Indonesia tahun 416 2018 PDF BMKG Retrieved 15 May 2021 Significant Earthquake Information ngdc noaa gov INDONESIA AMBON ISLAND SERAM ISLAND NCEI Retrieved 15 May 2021 a b National Geophysical Data Center World Data Service NGDC WDS 1972 Significant Earthquake Database Data Set National Geophysical Data Center NOAA doi 10 7289 V5TD9V7K Rumphius Georg Everhard September 2020 True History of the terrible earthquake UNESCO Retrieved 15 May 2021 Valauskas Edward J 2013 Georgius Everhardus Rumphius Chicago Botanic Garden Retrieved 15 May 2021 Iswara N Raditya 28 September 2019 Sejarah Gempa Ambon Tahun 1674 yang Tewaskan Ribuan Orang Baca selengkapnya di artikel Sejarah Gempa Ambon Tahun 1674 yang Tewaskan Ribuan Orang tirto id Retrieved 15 May 2021 Veldkamp J F 2011 Georgius Everhardus Rumphius 1627 1702 the blind seer of Ambon PDF Gardens Bulletin Singapore 63 1 amp 2 1 15 Retrieved 15 May 2021 National Geophysical Data Center World Data Service NCEI WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database Search Tsunami Events Data Set National Geophysical Data Center NOAA doi 10 7289 V5PN93H7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami amp oldid 1194724519, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
