Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)

Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
Part of the Kosovo War
Albanian Type 59 tanks at the border a few weeks after the incident.
Date 13 April 1999^[1] Location Krumë, Kukës, Tropojë and surrounding villages Result Albanian–KLA victory Yugoslav forces retreat to Yugoslavia Albania breaks diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia^[2]
Belligerents
Yugoslavia	Albania Kosovo Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders
Dragan Živanović [sr]	Kudusi Lama [sq]^[3]
Units involved
Yugoslav Army	Albanian army Kosovo Liberation Army
Strength
50 soldiers^[1] of 63rd Paratroop Battalion^[4]	Kukës division Unknown^[3]
Casualties and losses
Unknown	1 wounded 8 killed

An incident took place on the Albania–Yugoslav border in April 1999 when the Yugoslav Army shelled several Albanian border towns around Krumë, Tropojë. In these villages, refugees were being housed after fleeing the ongoing war in Kosovo by crossing into Albania.^[5] On 13 April 1999, Yugoslav infantry entered Albanian territory to close off an area that was used by the Kosovo Liberation Army to stage attacks against Yugoslav targets.^[1][6]

Background

 

Ruins near Morinë in the White Drin valley, at the Albanian border

In 1992–1993, ethnic Albanians created the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)^[7] which started attacking Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) police forces and secret-service officials who abused Albanian civilians in 1995.^[8] Starting in 1998, the KLA was involved in frontal battle, with increasing numbers of Yugoslav security forces. Escalating tensions led to the Kosovo War in February 1998.^[9][10][11]

As tensions increased, it became increasingly difficult for the Albanian Army to monitor the country's 140-kilometre (87 mi) border with the FRY and cope with the steady influx of Kosovar Albanian refugees into the country.^[12] Yugoslav army units controlled the border in a few areas, but generally relied on the remote mountainous terrain to do their work for them. Many Yugoslav border units suffered from lack of manpower, with the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia having seriously damaged their resources. The morale of soldiers was low, with food often poor, and spare parts for army and police equipment and supplies were difficult to obtain.^[13]

Albanian authorities were concerned with attempts by Serbia to implicate Albania as a supporter of terrorism.^[12] The Albanian Army had an estimated 4,000–6,000 soldiers, and Yugoslavia was said to have "little regard" for the country's military.^[14]

The Kosovo War caused thousands of Kosovar Albanians to join the KLA ranks. More than 500,000 ethnic Albanian refugees fled their homes in fear of Yugoslav Army reprisals between 1998 and 1999. Meanwhile, the KLA began to recruit in the refugee camps. There had been fighting along the border between the KLA and Yugoslav forces where KLA troops had infiltrated into Kosovo. The subsequent incursion by the FRY could have been in response to KLA actions in the area, according to Albanian police.^[6]

Relations between the FRY and Albania had been strained as 300,000 ethnic Albanians had fled into Albania itself. The Yugoslavs had been angered over Albania's support of NATO airstrikes and its sheltering of KLA militants. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) had reported previous Yugoslav Army incursions into Albanian territory. The border was lightly defended by the Albanian Army which was ordered not to fire back after a Yugoslav Army attack. A KLA commander reported that rebel forces had crossed over into Kosovo near Tropojë, a KLA stronghold, in the days before the attack, this incursion was confirmed by an OSCE monitor.^[6]

Incident

From their positions on the Yugoslavian side of the border, soldiers of the Yugoslav Army fired at least 10 shells on the town of Krumë just before midnight, where refugees from Kosovo had taken shelter.^[5] Albanian Foreign Ministry spokesman Sokol Gjoka stated that the incident did not result in casualties on either side, and that three houses had been destroyed in the fighting. The same source claim the Yugoslav troops withdrew when Albanian forces from Tropojë reached the area.^[15]

Reactions

•   Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: OSCE monitors reported that Yugoslav paratroopers had crossed the border.^[1]
•   Albania: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared that "The infantry troops of the Serb forces have penetrated up to two kilometers (1.2 miles) inside Albania after two hours of bomb shelling on our side"^[16] On 18 April, Albania and Yugoslavia broke off all diplomatic relations.^[2]
•   Yugoslavia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia denied that Yugoslav troops had entered Albania.^[16]
•   Turkey: Prime minister Bülent Ecevit stated that he would allow that "If necessary, Turkey would defend along with Albania sovereignty and independence of the befriended and brother people of Albania".^[4]

References

1. Daly, Emma (14 April 1999). "War in the Balkans: Serbs enter Albania and burn village". The Independent. from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
2. Elsie 2010, p. 246.
3. Katamaj, Halil (2002), Kudusi Lama, gjenerali i luftes : Divizioni i Kukësit gjatë Luftës së Kosovës, Tiranë: Mokra, ISBN 99927-781-0-5^{[page needed]}
4. . Telegrafi. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
5. Fisher, Ian (7 June 1999). "Surge of Fighting on Kosovo-Albania Border crossings of Albania / Refugees on the run again for safety". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
6. Daniszewski, John (14 April 1999). "Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross into Albania". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
7. Eriksson, Mikael; Kostić, Roland (15 February 2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace from the Ashes of War?. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-136-18916-6.
8. Perret 2008, p. 63
9. Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). The Kosovo Report (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0199243099. (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
10. Quackenbush, Stephen L. (2015). International Conflict: Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 202. ISBN 9781452240985. from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
11. "Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). June 1999. (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
12. Pettifer & Vickers 2007, p. 127.
13. Pettifer & Vickers 2007, p. 106.
14. "Albanian Says No Talks Till Yugoslav Forces Leave Kosovo". The New York Times. 18 June 1998.
15. Lulzim Cota (13 April 1999). "Albanian report: Troops crossed border". United Press International. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
16. . CNN. 13 April 1999. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2011.

Sources

• Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
• Pettifer, James; Vickers, Miranda (2007). The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-974-5.