13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet

The 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (Chinese: 酌定西藏善後章程十三條) defined the political system of Tibet approved by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty in 1751, the last imperial dynasty of China. ^[1]

In 1793, the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet was also published to define specific responsibilities of government officials including the Dalai Lama.^[2][3]

The political position of the Qing imperial residents (ambans) were further strengthened in both ordinances.^[4]

See also

• Tibet under Qing rule
• List of Qing imperial residents in Tibet

References

1. Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima; 尼玛坚赞 (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
2. Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0608-1.
3. Jiawei Wang; Gyaincain Nyima (1997). The Historical Status of China's Tibet. China International Communication Center. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-7-80113-304-5.
4. Duindam, Jeroen (2014). The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces. Brill. p. 116. ISBN 9789004272095.