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*Péh₂usōn

May 03, 2024

*Péh₂usōn ("Protector") was a proposed Proto-Indo-European pastoral god guarding roads and herds.[1][2][3]

*Péh₂usōn
Equivalents
Greek equivalentHermes (most aspects), Pan (some aspects) see § Pan and Hermes for more info
Roman equivalentMercury (most aspects), Faunus (some aspects) see § Pan and Hermes for more info
Hinduism equivalentPūshān

He may have had a bushy beard and keen sight.[4][3] He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion).[3][5]

History edit

The deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god Pan and the Vedic god Pūshān first identified in 1924 by German linguist Hermann Collitz.[6][7]

The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan's original attributes were transferred over to his father Hermes,[8][5] the two of which were likely originally the same deity.[9][10]

According to West, the reflex may be at least of Graeco-Aryan origin: "Pūshān and Pan agree well enough in name and nature—especially when Hermes is seen as a hypostasis of Pan—to make it a reasonable conclusion that they are parallel reflexes of a prototypical god of ways and byways, a guide on the journey, a protector of flocks, a watcher of who and what goes where, one who can scamper up any slope with the ease of a goat."[11]

Pan and Hermes edit

The cult of Hermes was established in Greece in remote regions, likely making him originally a god of nature, farmers, and shepherds. It is also possible that since the beginning he has been a deity with shamanic attributes linked to divination, reconciliation, magic, sacrifices, and initiation and contact with other planes of existence, a role of mediator between the worlds of the visible and invisible.[12] According to a theory that has received considerable scholarly acceptance, Hermes originated as a form of the god Pan, who has been identified as a reflex of the Proto-Indo-European pastoral god *Péh₂usōn,[7][9][original research?] in his aspect as the god of boundary markers. Later, the epithet supplanted the original name itself and Hermes took over the roles as god of messengers, travelers, and boundaries, which had originally belonged to Pan, while Pan himself continued to be venerated by his original name in his more rustic aspect as the god of the wild in the relatively isolated mountainous region of Arcadia. In later myths, after the cult of Pan was reintroduced to Attica, Pan was said to be Hermes' son.[9][10]

References edit

  1. ^ Puhvel 1987, p. 63.
  2. ^ Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 415.
  3. ^ a b c West 2007, p. 282.
  4. ^ Jackson 2002, p. 84.
  5. ^ a b Jackson 2002, p. 85.
  6. ^ Beekes 2009, p. 1149.
  7. ^ a b Collitz 1924.
  8. ^ Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411 and 434.
  9. ^ a b c Mallory & Adams 2006, pp. 411, 435.
  10. ^ a b West 2007.
  11. ^ West 2007, p. 302–303.
  12. ^ Danubian Historical Studies 1988.

Bibliography edit

  • Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400831104.
  • Anthony, David W.; Brown, Dorcas R. (2019). "Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia". In Olsen, Birgit A.; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78925-273-6.
  • Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02860-7.
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1.
  • Beekes, R.S.P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 461–2. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027211859.
  • Benveniste, Emile (1973). Indo-European Language and Society. Translated by Palmer, Elizabeth. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0-87024-250-2.
  • Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-36281-0.
  • Collitz, H. (1924). "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan". Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924. pp. 574–587.
  • Danubian Historical Studies. 2. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó: 32. 1988 https://books.google.com/books?id=lukTAQAAMAAJ. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (in French). Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Derksen, Rick (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 9789004155046.
  • Dumézil, Georges (1966). Archaic Roman Religion: With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans (1996 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5482-8.
  • Dumézil, Georges (1986). Mythe et épopée: L'idéologie des trois fonctions dans les épopées des peuples indo-européens (in French). Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-026961-7.
  • Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
  • Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (1995). Winter, Werner (ed.). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 80. Berlin: M. De Gruyter.
  • Gulizio, Joann (2013). (PDF) (Thesis). University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2011.[dead link]
  • Haudry, Jean (1987). La religion cosmique des Indo-Européens (in French). Archè. ISBN 978-2-251-35352-4.
  • Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. JSTOR 3270472.
  • Jakobson, Roman (1985). "Linguistic Evidence in Comparative Mythology". In Stephen Rudy (ed.). Roman Jakobson: Selected Writings. Vol. VII: Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and Philology, 1972–1982. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110855463.
  • Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). "History of Armenia: Chapter XXXIV". Penelope. University of Chicago. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  • Leeming, David A. (2009). Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598841749.
  • Littleton, C. Scott (1982). "From swords in the earth to the sword in the stone: A possible reflection of an Alano-Sarmatian rite of passage in the Arthurian tradition". In Polomé, Edgar C. (ed.). Homage to Georges Dumézil. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Institute for the Study of Man. pp. 53–68. ISBN 9780941694285.
  • Lincoln, Bruce (November 1975). "The Indo-European Myth of Creation". History of Religions. 15 (2): 121–145. doi:10.1086/462739. S2CID 162101898.
  • Lincoln, Bruce (August 1976). "The Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myth". History of Religions. 16 (1): 42–65. doi:10.1086/462755. JSTOR 1062296. S2CID 162286120.
  • Lincoln, Bruce (1991). Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226482002.
  • Mallory, James P. (1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
  • Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  • Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 411 and 434. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.
  • Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
  • Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190226923.
  • Polomé, Edgar C. (1986). "The Background of Germanic Cosmogonic Myths". In Brogyanyi, Bela; Krömmelbein, Thomas (eds.). Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-7946-0.
  • Puhvel, Jaan (1987). Comparative Mythology. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3938-2.
  • Renfrew, Colin (1987). Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-521-35432-5.
  • Telegrin, D. Ya.; Mallory, James P. (1994). The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine: The Early Iconography of the Indo-Europeans. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Vol. 11. Washington D.C., United States: Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0941694452.
  • Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. ISBN 99927-938-9-9.
  • Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie". In Henrik Barić (ed.). Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33.
  • Watkins, Calvert (1995). How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514413-0.
  • West, Martin Litchfield (2007). (PDF). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 281–283. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  • Winter, Werner (2003). Language in Time and Space. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017648-3.
  • Witzel, Michael (2012). The Origins of the World's Mythologies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-981285-1.
  • York, Michael (1988). "Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 16 (1–2): 153–172. ISSN 0092-2323.

May 03, 2024
péh, usōn, protector, proposed, proto, indo, european, pastoral, guarding, roads, herds, equivalentsgreek, equivalenthermes, most, aspects, some, aspects, hermes, more, inforoman, equivalentmercury, most, aspects, faunus, some, aspects, hermes, more, infohindu. Peh usōn Protector was a proposed Proto Indo European pastoral god guarding roads and herds 1 2 3 Peh usōnEquivalentsGreek equivalentHermes most aspects Pan some aspects see Pan and Hermes for more infoRoman equivalentMercury most aspects Faunus some aspects see Pan and Hermes for more infoHinduism equivalentPushan He may have had a bushy beard and keen sight 4 3 He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks Pan has goat s legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pushan the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion 3 5 Contents 1 History 2 Pan and Hermes 3 References 3 1 BibliographyHistory editThe deity was first proposed due to association between the Greek god Pan and the Vedic god Pushan first identified in 1924 by German linguist Hermann Collitz 6 7 The minor discrepancies between the two deities could be explained by the possibility that many of Pan s original attributes were transferred over to his father Hermes 8 5 the two of which were likely originally the same deity 9 10 According to West the reflex may be at least of Graeco Aryan origin Pushan and Pan agree well enough in name and nature especially when Hermes is seen as a hypostasis of Pan to make it a reasonable conclusion that they are parallel reflexes of a prototypical god of ways and byways a guide on the journey a protector of flocks a watcher of who and what goes where one who can scamper up any slope with the ease of a goat 11 Pan and Hermes editThe cult of Hermes was established in Greece in remote regions likely making him originally a god of nature farmers and shepherds It is also possible that since the beginning he has been a deity with shamanic attributes linked to divination reconciliation magic sacrifices and initiation and contact with other planes of existence a role of mediator between the worlds of the visible and invisible 12 According to a theory that has received considerable scholarly acceptance Hermes originated as a form of the god Pan who has been identified as a reflex of the Proto Indo European pastoral god Peh usōn 7 9 original research in his aspect as the god of boundary markers Later the epithet supplanted the original name itself and Hermes took over the roles as god of messengers travelers and boundaries which had originally belonged to Pan while Pan himself continued to be venerated by his original name in his more rustic aspect as the god of the wild in the relatively isolated mountainous region of Arcadia In later myths after the cult of Pan was reintroduced to Attica Pan was said to be Hermes son 9 10 References edit Puhvel 1987 p 63 Mallory amp Adams 2006 pp 415 a b c West 2007 p 282 Jackson 2002 p 84 a b Jackson 2002 p 85 Beekes 2009 p 1149 a b Collitz 1924 Mallory amp Adams 2006 pp 411 and 434 a b c Mallory amp Adams 2006 pp 411 435 a b West 2007 West 2007 p 302 303 Danubian Historical Studies 1988 Bibliography edit Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1400831104 Anthony David W Brown Dorcas R 2019 Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe Russia In Olsen Birgit A Olander Thomas Kristiansen Kristian eds Tracing the Indo Europeans New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics Oxbow Books ISBN 978 1 78925 273 6 Arvidsson Stefan 2006 Aryan Idols Indo European Mythology as Ideology and Science University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 02860 7 Beekes Robert S P 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Greek Brill ISBN 978 90 04 32186 1 Beekes R S P 2010 Etymological Dictionary of Greek With the assistance of Lucien van Beek Leiden Boston Brill pp 461 2 ISBN 978 90 04 17418 4 Beekes Robert S P 2011 Comparative Indo European Linguistics An Introduction John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 9789027211859 Benveniste Emile 1973 Indo European Language and Society Translated by Palmer Elizabeth Coral Gables Florida University of Miami Press ISBN 978 0 87024 250 2 Burkert Walter 1985 Greek Religion Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 36281 0 Collitz H 1924 Wodan Hermes und Pushan Festskrift tillagnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924 pp 574 587 Danubian Historical Studies 2 Budapest Akademiai Kiado 32 1988 https books google com books id lukTAQAAMAAJ a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help Delamarre Xavier 2003 Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise Une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental in French Errance ISBN 9782877723695 Derksen Rick 2008 Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon Brill ISBN 9789004155046 Dumezil Georges 1966 Archaic Roman Religion With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans 1996 ed Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 5482 8 Dumezil Georges 1986 Mythe et epopee L ideologie des trois fonctions dans les epopees des peuples indo europeens in French Gallimard ISBN 978 2 07 026961 7 Fortson Benjamin W 2004 Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell Publishing ISBN 1 4051 0316 7 Gamkrelidze Thomas V Ivanov Vjaceslav V 1995 Winter Werner ed Indo European and the Indo Europeans A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto Language and a Proto Culture Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 80 Berlin M De Gruyter Gulizio Joann 2013 Hermes and e m a2 PDF Thesis University of Texas Archived from the original PDF on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2011 dead link Haudry Jean 1987 La religion cosmique des Indo Europeens in French Arche ISBN 978 2 251 35352 4 Jackson Peter 2002 Light from Distant Asterisks Towards a Description of the Indo European Religious Heritage Numen 49 1 61 102 doi 10 1163 15685270252772777 JSTOR 3270472 Jakobson Roman 1985 Linguistic Evidence in Comparative Mythology In Stephen Rudy ed Roman Jakobson Selected Writings Vol VII Contributions to Comparative Mythology Studies in Linguistics and Philology 1972 1982 Walter de Gruyter ISBN 9783110855463 Kurkjian Vahan M 1958 History of Armenia Chapter XXXIV Penelope University of Chicago Retrieved 6 April 2017 Leeming David A 2009 Creation Myths of the World An Encyclopedia Vol 1 ABC CLIO ISBN 9781598841749 Littleton C Scott 1982 From swords in the earth to the sword in the stone A possible reflection of an Alano Sarmatian rite of passage in the Arthurian tradition In Polome Edgar C ed Homage to Georges Dumezil Journal of Indo European Studies Institute for the Study of Man pp 53 68 ISBN 9780941694285 Lincoln Bruce November 1975 The Indo European Myth of Creation History of Religions 15 2 121 145 doi 10 1086 462739 S2CID 162101898 Lincoln Bruce August 1976 The Indo European Cattle Raiding Myth History of Religions 16 1 42 65 doi 10 1086 462755 JSTOR 1062296 S2CID 162286120 Lincoln Bruce 1991 Death War and Sacrifice Studies in Ideology and Practice Chicago Illinois University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226482002 Mallory James P 1991 In Search of the Indo Europeans London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 27616 7 Mallory James P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Routledge ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Adams D Q 2006 The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World Oxford England Oxford University Press pp 411 and 434 ISBN 978 0 19 929668 2 Matasovic Ranko 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Celtic Brill ISBN 9789004173361 Parpola Asko 2015 The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190226923 Polome Edgar C 1986 The Background of Germanic Cosmogonic Myths In Brogyanyi Bela Krommelbein Thomas eds Germanic Dialects Linguistic and Philological Investigations John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 978 90 272 7946 0 Puhvel Jaan 1987 Comparative Mythology Baltimore Maryland Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 3938 2 Renfrew Colin 1987 Archaeology amp Language The Puzzle of the Indo European Origins London Jonathan Cape ISBN 978 0 521 35432 5 Telegrin D Ya Mallory James P 1994 The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine The Early Iconography of the Indo Europeans Journal of Indo European Studies Monograph Series Vol 11 Washington D C United States Institute for the Study of Man ISBN 978 0941694452 Tirta Mark 2004 Petrit Bezhani ed Mitologjia nder shqiptare in Albanian Tirana Mesonjetorja ISBN 99927 938 9 9 Treimer Karl 1971 Zur Ruckerschliessung der illyrischen Gotterwelt und ihre Bedeutung fur die sudslawische Philologie In Henrik Baric ed Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu jezik i etnologiju Vol I R Trofenik pp 27 33 Watkins Calvert 1995 How to Kill a Dragon Aspects of Indo European Poetics London Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 514413 0 West Martin Litchfield 2007 Indo European Poetry and Myth PDF Oxford England Oxford University Press pp 281 283 ISBN 978 0 19 928075 9 Archived from the original PDF on 17 April 2018 Retrieved 23 April 2017 Winter Werner 2003 Language in Time and Space Berlin Germany Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 017648 3 Witzel Michael 2012 The Origins of the World s Mythologies Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 981285 1 York Michael 1988 Romulus and Remus Mars and Quirinus Journal of Indo European Studies 16 1 2 153 172 ISSN 0092 2323 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peh usōn amp oldid 1220031894, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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