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Bacillus virus phi29

January 20, 2023

Bacillus virus Φ29 (bacteriophage Φ29) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophage with a prolate icosahedral head and a short tail that belongs to the genus Salasvirus, order Caudovirales, and family Salasmaviridae.[2][3] They are in the same order as phages PZA, Φ15, BS32, B103, M2Y (M2), Nf, and GA-1.[4][5] First discovered in 1965, the Φ29 phage is the smallest Bacillus phage isolated to date and is among the smallest known dsDNA phages.[2][3]

Bacillus virus Φ29
An illustration of Φ29's head based on electron microscopy data EMDB-2162
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Uroviricota
Class: Caudoviricetes
Order: Caudovirales
Family: Salasmaviridae
Genus: Salasvirus
Species:
Bacillus virus Φ29
Bacteriophage Φ29 structural model at atomic resolution[1]

Φ29 has a unique DNA packaging motor structure that employs prohead packaging RNA (pRNA) to guide the translocation of the phage genome during replication. This novel structure system has inspired ongoing research in nanotechnology, drug delivery, and therapeutics.[6][7][8][9]

In nature, the Φ29 phage infects Bacillus subtilis, a species of gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria that is found in soil, as well as the gastrointestinal tracts of various marine and terrestrial organisms, including human beings.[10]

History

In 1965, American microbiologist Dr. Bernard Reilly discovered the Φ29 phage in Dr. John Spizizen’s lab at the University of Minnesota.[11][12] Due to its small size and complex morphology, it has become an ideal model for the study of many processes in molecular biology, such as morphogenesis, viral DNA packaging, viral replication, and transcription.[12][13]

Structure

 
Schematic drawing of a Φ29 phage virion (cross section and side view).

The structure of Φ29 is composed of seven main proteins: the terminal protein (p3), the head or capsid protein (p8), the head or capsid fiber protein (p8.5), the distal tail knob (p9), the portal or connector protein (p10), the tail tube or lower collar proteins (p11), and the tail fibers or appendage proteins (p12*).[6]

The main difference between Φ29's structure and that of other phages is its use of pRNA in its DNA packaging motor.[6]

DNA packaging motor

The Φ29 DNA packaging motor packages the phage genome into the procapsid during viral replication.[6] The Φ29 packaging motor is structurally composed of the procapsid and the connector proteins, which interact with the pRNA, the packaging enzyme (gp16), and the packaging substrate (genomic DNA-gp3).[6] Because the process of genome packaging is energy-intensive, it must be facilitated by an ATP-powered motor that converts chemical energy to mechanical energy through ATP hydrolysis.[6][14] The Φ29 packaging motor is able to generate approximately 57 piconewtons (pN) of force, making it one of the most powerful biomotors studied to date.[6]

pRNA

The Φ29 pRNA is a highly versatile molecule that can polymerize into dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, and hexamers.[15] Early studies such as Anderson (1990) and Trottier (1998) hypothesized that pRNA formed intermolecular hexamers, but these studies had a solely genetic basis rather than a microscopy based approach.[16][17][18] In the year 2000, a study by Simpson et al. employed cryo-electron microscopy to determine that, in vivo, only a pentamer or smaller polymer could spatially fit in the virus.[18] Ultimately, single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) crystallography was used to determine that the in vivo structure is a tetramer ring.[19] This discovery aligned with what was known about the structural geometry and necessary flexibility of the packaging motor’s three-way junction.[19] When pRNA is in this tetramer ring form, it works as a part of the DNA packaging motor to transport DNA molecules to their destination location within the prohead capsule.[20] Specifically, the functional domains of pRNA bind to the gp16 packaging enzyme and the structural connector molecule to aid in the translocation of DNA through the prohead channel.[6] After DNA packaging is complete, the pRNA dissociates and is degraded.[21]

Genome and replication

 
The replication mechanism of bacteriophage Φ29

The Φ29 phage has a linear dsDNA genome consisting of 19,285 bases.[2] Both 5’ ends of the genome are capped with a covalently bonded terminal protein (p3) that complexes with DNA polymerase during replication.[2][22]

Φ29 is one of many phages with a DNA polymerase that has a different structure and function compared to standard DNA polymerases in other organisms.[22] Φ29 forms a replication complex involving the p3 terminal protein, the dAMP nucleotide, and its own DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction. This replication process also employs a sliding-back mechanism towards the 3’ end of the genome that uses a repeating TTT motif to move the replication complex backward without altering the template sequence.[22][23] This allows the initiation of DNA replication to be more accurate by having the polymerase complex check a specific sequence before beginning the elongation process.[23][24]

Applications

 
Targeting of TNBC molecules by bacteriophage Φ29 pRNA

Nanoparticle assembly

Versatility in RNA structure and function provides the ability to assemble nanoparticles for nanomedicinal therapeutics.[7] The pRNA in bacteriophage Φ29 can use its three-way junction in order to self-assemble into nanoparticles.[7]

One major challenge of using pRNA-derived nanoparticles is large-scale production, as most industries are currently unequipped to handle industrial pRNA synthesis.[8] This is primarily because RNA nanotechnology is still an emerging field that lacks industrial application and manufacturing optimization of small RNAs.[25]

Drug delivery

Φ29’s DNA packaging system, using pRNA, incorporates a motor for the delivery of therapeutic molecules like ribozymes and aptamers.[8] The small size of pRNA-derived nanoparticles also helps to deliver drugs in tight spaces like blood vessels.[8]

The main difficulty in using aptamer-based drug delivery is sourcing unique aptamers and other multimers for specific treatments for diseases that potentially degrade therapeutic multimers and nanoparticles in vivo.[8] Nanoparticles need to be stabilized as delivery mechanisms in order to adapt to microenvironments that may result in loss of therapeutic cargo.[26]

Triple-negative breast cancer treatment

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that accounts for ten to fifteen percent of all breast cancer cases.[27] Chemotherapy is the only viable current treatment for TNBC because the loss of target receptors inherent to the disease causes cancer cells to resist therapeutic pharmaceuticals.[9]

The three-way junction in the Φ29 DNA packaging motor can help sensitize TNBC cells to chemotherapy using a siRNA drug delivery mechanism to inhibit TNBC growth and volume.[9] This treatment can also be combined with anti-cancer drugs like Doxorubicin to enhance therapeutic effects.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Padilla-Sanchez, Victor (2021-07-17), Bacteriophage Φ29 structural model at atomic resolution, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5111609, retrieved 2021-07-17
  2. ^ a b c d Meijer, Wilfried J. J.; Horcajadas, José A.; Salas, Margarita (2001). "φ29 Family of Phages". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 65 (2): 261–287. doi:10.1128/MMBR.65.2.261-287.2001. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 99027. PMID 11381102.
  3. ^ a b Ackermann, Hans-W. (1998). "Tailed Bacteriophages: The Order Caudovirales". Advances in Virus Research. 51: 135–201. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60785-X. ISBN 9780120398515. ISSN 0065-3527. PMC 7173057. PMID 9891587.
  4. ^ Bacteriophage : genetics and molecular biology. Stephen Mc Grath, Douwe van Sinderen. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1. OCLC 86168751.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Camacho, Ana; Jimenez, Fernando; Torre, Javier; Carrascosa, Jose L.; Mellado, Rafael P.; Vinuela, Eladio; Salas, Margarita; Vasquez, Cesar (February 1977). "Assembly of Bacillus subtilis Phage Phi29. 1. Mutants in the Cistrons Coding for the Structural Proteins". European Journal of Biochemistry. 73 (1): 39–55. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11290.x. ISSN 0014-2956.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lee, Tae Jin; Schwartz, Chad; Guo, Peixuan (2009-10-01). "Construction of Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor and its Applications in Nanotechnology and Therapy". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 37 (10): 2064–2081. doi:10.1007/s10439-009-9723-0. ISSN 1573-9686. PMC 2855900. PMID 19495981.
  7. ^ a b c Shu, Yi; Wang, Hongzhi; Seremi, Bahar; Guo, Peixuan (2022), "Fabrication Methods for RNA Nanoparticle Assembly Based on Bacteriophage Phi29 pRNA Structural Features", RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, pp. 141–157, doi:10.1201/9781003001560-21, ISBN 9781003001560, retrieved 2022-11-01
  8. ^ a b c d e Ye, Xin; Hemida, Maged; Zhang, Huifang M.; Hanson, Paul; Ye, Qiu; Yang, Decheng (2012). "Current advances in Phi29 pRNA biology and its application in drug delivery: Current advances in Phi29 pRNA biology and its application". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA. 3 (4): 469–481. doi:10.1002/wrna.1111. S2CID 12631001.
  9. ^ a b c d Zhang, Long; Mu, Chaofeng; Zhang, Tinghong; Yang, Dejun; Wang, Chenou; Chen, Qiong; Tang, Lin; Fan, Luhui; Liu, Cong; Shen, Jianliang; Li, Huaqiong (2021-01-07). "Development of targeted therapy therapeutics to sensitize triple-negative breast cancer chemosensitivity utilizing bacteriophage phi29 derived packaging RNA". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 19 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12951-020-00758-4. ISSN 1477-3155. PMC 7792131. PMID 33413427.
  10. ^ Errington, Jeffery; van der Aart, Lizah T (2020-05-11). "Microbe Profile: Bacillus subtilis: model organism for cellular development, and industrial workhorse". Microbiology. 166 (5): 425–427. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000922. ISSN 1350-0872. PMC 7376258. PMID 32391747.
  11. ^ Reilly, Bernard E.; Spizizen, John (1965). "Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleate Infection of Competent Bacillus subtilis1". Journal of Bacteriology. 89 (3): 782–790. doi:10.1128/jb.89.3.782-790.1965. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 277537. PMID 14273661.
  12. ^ a b Salas, Margarita (2007-10-01). "40 Years with Bacteriophage ø29". Annual Review of Microbiology. 61 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093415. ISSN 0066-4227.
  13. ^ . University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  14. ^ Rao, Venigalla B.; Feiss, Michael (2008). "The bacteriophage DNA packaging motor". Annual Review of Genetics. 42: 647–681. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091545. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 18687036.
  15. ^ Hoeprich, Stephen; Guo, Peixuan (2002-06-07). "Computer Modeling of Three-dimensional Structure of DNA-packaging RNA (pRNA) Monomer, Dimer, and Hexamer of Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor*". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (23): 20794–20803. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112061200. ISSN 0021-9258.
  16. ^ Grimes, Shelley; Anderson, Dwight (1990-10-20). "RNA dependence of the bacteriophage φ29 DNA packaging ATPase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 215 (4): 559–566. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80168-8. ISSN 0022-2836.
  17. ^ Guo, Peixuan; Zhang, Chunlin; Chen, Chaoping; Garver, Kyle; Trottier, Mark (1998-07-01). "Inter-RNA Interaction of Phage φ29 pRNA to Form a Hexameric Complex for Viral DNA Transportation". Molecular Cell. 2 (1): 149–155. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80124-0. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 9702202.
  18. ^ a b Simpson, Alan A.; Tao, Yizhi; Leiman, Petr G.; Badasso, Mohammed O.; He, Yongning; Jardine, Paul J.; Olson, Norman H.; Morais, Marc C.; Grimes, Shelley; Anderson, Dwight L.; Baker, Timothy S.; Rossmann, Michael G. (2000). "Structure of the bacteriophage φ29 DNA packaging motor". Nature. 408 (6813): 745–750. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..745S. doi:10.1038/35047129. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4151180.
  19. ^ a b Ding, Fang; Lu, Changrui; Zhao, Wei; Rajashankar, Kanagalaghatta R.; Anderson, Dwight L.; Jardine, Paul J.; Grimes, Shelley; Ke, Ailong (2011-05-03). "Structure and assembly of the essential RNA ring component of a viral DNA packaging motor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (18): 7357–7362. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.7357D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016690108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3088594. PMID 21471452.
  20. ^ Guo, Peixuan; Zhang, Chunlin; Chen, Chaoping; Garver, Kyle; Trottier, Mark (1998-07-01). "Inter-RNA Interaction of Phage φ29 pRNA to Form a Hexameric Complex for Viral DNA Transportation". Molecular Cell. 2 (1): 149–155. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80124-0. ISSN 1097-2765.
  21. ^ Rao, Venigalla B.; Feiss, Michael (2015-11-09). "Mechanisms of DNA Packaging by Large Double-Stranded DNA Viruses". Annual Review of Virology. 2 (1): 351–378. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055212. ISSN 2327-056X. PMC 4785836.
  22. ^ a b c Morcinek-Orłowska, Joanna; Zdrojewska, Karolina; Węgrzyn, Alicja (2022). "Bacteriophage-Encoded DNA Polymerases—Beyond the Traditional View of Polymerase Activities". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (2): 635. doi:10.3390/ijms23020635. ISSN 1422-0067.
  23. ^ a b De Vega, Miguel; Salas, Margarita (2011-09-26). "Chapter 9: Protein-Primed Replication of Bacteriophage Φ29 DNA". In Kusic-Tisma, Jelena (ed.). DNA Replication and Related Cellular Processes. IntechOpen. pp. 179–206. ISBN 978-9533077758.
  24. ^ Grimes, Shelley; Jardine, Paul J.; Anderson, Dwight (2002-01-01), Bacteriophage φ29 DNA packaging, Advances in Virus Research, vol. 58, Academic Press, pp. 255–294, doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(02)58007-6, ISBN 9780120398584, retrieved 2022-10-24
  25. ^ Jasinski, Daniel; Haque, Farzin; Binzel, Daniel W; Guo, Peixuan (2017-02-07). "Advancement of the Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology". ACS Nano. 11 (2): 1142–1164. doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b05737. ISSN 1936-0851. PMC 5333189.
  26. ^ Shu, Yi; Pi, Fengmei; Sharma, Ashwani; Rajabi, Mehdi; Haque, Farzin; Shu, Dan; Leggas, Markos; Evers, B. Mark; Guo, Peixuan (2014). "Stable RNA nanoparticles as potential new generation drugs for cancer therapy". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 66: 74–89. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.006. ISSN 0169-409X. PMC 3955949. PMID 24270010.
  27. ^ "Triple-negative Breast Cancer | Details, Diagnosis, and Signs". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2022-11-01.

January 20, 2023
bacillus, virus, phi29, bacillus, virus, Φ29, bacteriophage, Φ29, double, stranded, dsdna, bacteriophage, with, prolate, icosahedral, head, short, tail, that, belongs, genus, salasvirus, order, caudovirales, family, salasmaviridae, they, same, order, phages, Φ. Bacillus virus F29 bacteriophage F29 is a double stranded DNA dsDNA bacteriophage with a prolate icosahedral head and a short tail that belongs to the genus Salasvirus order Caudovirales and family Salasmaviridae 2 3 They are in the same order as phages PZA F15 BS32 B103 M2Y M2 Nf and GA 1 4 5 First discovered in 1965 the F29 phage is the smallest Bacillus phage isolated to date and is among the smallest known dsDNA phages 2 3 Bacillus virus F29An illustration of F29 s head based on electron microscopy data EMDB 2162Virus classification unranked VirusRealm DuplodnaviriaKingdom HeunggongviraePhylum UroviricotaClass CaudoviricetesOrder CaudoviralesFamily SalasmaviridaeGenus SalasvirusSpecies Bacillus virus F29Bacteriophage F29 structural model at atomic resolution 1 F29 has a unique DNA packaging motor structure that employs prohead packaging RNA pRNA to guide the translocation of the phage genome during replication This novel structure system has inspired ongoing research in nanotechnology drug delivery and therapeutics 6 7 8 9 In nature the F29 phage infects Bacillus subtilis a species of gram positive endospore forming bacteria that is found in soil as well as the gastrointestinal tracts of various marine and terrestrial organisms including human beings 10 Contents 1 History 2 Structure 2 1 DNA packaging motor 2 2 pRNA 3 Genome and replication 4 Applications 4 1 Nanoparticle assembly 4 2 Drug delivery 4 3 Triple negative breast cancer treatment 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory EditIn 1965 American microbiologist Dr Bernard Reilly discovered the F29 phage in Dr John Spizizen s lab at the University of Minnesota 11 12 Due to its small size and complex morphology it has become an ideal model for the study of many processes in molecular biology such as morphogenesis viral DNA packaging viral replication and transcription 12 13 Structure Edit Schematic drawing of a F29 phage virion cross section and side view The structure of F29 is composed of seven main proteins the terminal protein p3 the head or capsid protein p8 the head or capsid fiber protein p8 5 the distal tail knob p9 the portal or connector protein p10 the tail tube or lower collar proteins p11 and the tail fibers or appendage proteins p12 6 The main difference between F29 s structure and that of other phages is its use of pRNA in its DNA packaging motor 6 DNA packaging motor Edit The F29 DNA packaging motor packages the phage genome into the procapsid during viral replication 6 The F29 packaging motor is structurally composed of the procapsid and the connector proteins which interact with the pRNA the packaging enzyme gp16 and the packaging substrate genomic DNA gp3 6 Because the process of genome packaging is energy intensive it must be facilitated by an ATP powered motor that converts chemical energy to mechanical energy through ATP hydrolysis 6 14 The F29 packaging motor is able to generate approximately 57 piconewtons pN of force making it one of the most powerful biomotors studied to date 6 pRNA Edit The F29 pRNA is a highly versatile molecule that can polymerize into dimers trimers tetramers pentamers and hexamers 15 Early studies such as Anderson 1990 and Trottier 1998 hypothesized that pRNA formed intermolecular hexamers but these studies had a solely genetic basis rather than a microscopy based approach 16 17 18 In the year 2000 a study by Simpson et al employed cryo electron microscopy to determine that in vivo only a pentamer or smaller polymer could spatially fit in the virus 18 Ultimately single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering SIRAS crystallography was used to determine that the in vivo structure is a tetramer ring 19 This discovery aligned with what was known about the structural geometry and necessary flexibility of the packaging motor s three way junction 19 When pRNA is in this tetramer ring form it works as a part of the DNA packaging motor to transport DNA molecules to their destination location within the prohead capsule 20 Specifically the functional domains of pRNA bind to the gp16 packaging enzyme and the structural connector molecule to aid in the translocation of DNA through the prohead channel 6 After DNA packaging is complete the pRNA dissociates and is degraded 21 Genome and replication Edit The replication mechanism of bacteriophage F29 The F29 phage has a linear dsDNA genome consisting of 19 285 bases 2 Both 5 ends of the genome are capped with a covalently bonded terminal protein p3 that complexes with DNA polymerase during replication 2 22 F29 is one of many phages with a DNA polymerase that has a different structure and function compared to standard DNA polymerases in other organisms 22 F29 forms a replication complex involving the p3 terminal protein the dAMP nucleotide and its own DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA in a 5 to 3 direction This replication process also employs a sliding back mechanism towards the 3 end of the genome that uses a repeating TTT motif to move the replication complex backward without altering the template sequence 22 23 This allows the initiation of DNA replication to be more accurate by having the polymerase complex check a specific sequence before beginning the elongation process 23 24 Applications Edit Targeting of TNBC molecules by bacteriophage F29 pRNA Nanoparticle assembly Edit Versatility in RNA structure and function provides the ability to assemble nanoparticles for nanomedicinal therapeutics 7 The pRNA in bacteriophage F29 can use its three way junction in order to self assemble into nanoparticles 7 One major challenge of using pRNA derived nanoparticles is large scale production as most industries are currently unequipped to handle industrial pRNA synthesis 8 This is primarily because RNA nanotechnology is still an emerging field that lacks industrial application and manufacturing optimization of small RNAs 25 Drug delivery Edit F29 s DNA packaging system using pRNA incorporates a motor for the delivery of therapeutic molecules like ribozymes and aptamers 8 The small size of pRNA derived nanoparticles also helps to deliver drugs in tight spaces like blood vessels 8 The main difficulty in using aptamer based drug delivery is sourcing unique aptamers and other multimers for specific treatments for diseases that potentially degrade therapeutic multimers and nanoparticles in vivo 8 Nanoparticles need to be stabilized as delivery mechanisms in order to adapt to microenvironments that may result in loss of therapeutic cargo 26 Triple negative breast cancer treatment Edit Triple negative breast cancer TNBC is an aggressive form of breast cancer that accounts for ten to fifteen percent of all breast cancer cases 27 Chemotherapy is the only viable current treatment for TNBC because the loss of target receptors inherent to the disease causes cancer cells to resist therapeutic pharmaceuticals 9 The three way junction in the F29 DNA packaging motor can help sensitize TNBC cells to chemotherapy using a siRNA drug delivery mechanism to inhibit TNBC growth and volume 9 This treatment can also be combined with anti cancer drugs like Doxorubicin to enhance therapeutic effects 9 See also EditBacteriophage Bacteriophage pRNA F29 DNA polymeraseReferences Edit Padilla Sanchez Victor 2021 07 17 Bacteriophage F29 structural model at atomic resolution doi 10 5281 zenodo 5111609 retrieved 2021 07 17 a b c d Meijer Wilfried J J Horcajadas Jose A Salas Margarita 2001 f29 Family of Phages Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65 2 261 287 doi 10 1128 MMBR 65 2 261 287 2001 ISSN 1092 2172 PMC 99027 PMID 11381102 a b Ackermann Hans W 1998 Tailed Bacteriophages The Order Caudovirales Advances in Virus Research 51 135 201 doi 10 1016 S0065 3527 08 60785 X ISBN 9780120398515 ISSN 0065 3527 PMC 7173057 PMID 9891587 Bacteriophage genetics and molecular biology Stephen Mc Grath Douwe van Sinderen Norfolk UK Caister Academic Press 2007 ISBN 978 1 904455 14 1 OCLC 86168751 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Camacho Ana Jimenez Fernando Torre Javier Carrascosa Jose L Mellado Rafael P Vinuela Eladio Salas Margarita Vasquez Cesar February 1977 Assembly of Bacillus subtilis Phage Phi29 1 Mutants in the Cistrons Coding for the Structural Proteins European Journal of Biochemistry 73 1 39 55 doi 10 1111 j 1432 1033 1977 tb11290 x ISSN 0014 2956 a b c d e f g h Lee Tae Jin Schwartz Chad Guo Peixuan 2009 10 01 Construction of Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor and its Applications in Nanotechnology and Therapy Annals of Biomedical Engineering 37 10 2064 2081 doi 10 1007 s10439 009 9723 0 ISSN 1573 9686 PMC 2855900 PMID 19495981 a b c Shu Yi Wang Hongzhi Seremi Bahar Guo Peixuan 2022 Fabrication Methods for RNA Nanoparticle Assembly Based on Bacteriophage Phi29 pRNA Structural Features RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics pp 141 157 doi 10 1201 9781003001560 21 ISBN 9781003001560 retrieved 2022 11 01 a b c d e Ye Xin Hemida Maged Zhang Huifang M Hanson Paul Ye Qiu Yang Decheng 2012 Current advances in Phi29 pRNA biology and its application in drug delivery Current advances in Phi29 pRNA biology and its application Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews RNA 3 4 469 481 doi 10 1002 wrna 1111 S2CID 12631001 a b c d Zhang Long Mu Chaofeng Zhang Tinghong Yang Dejun Wang Chenou Chen Qiong Tang Lin Fan Luhui Liu Cong Shen Jianliang Li Huaqiong 2021 01 07 Development of targeted therapy therapeutics to sensitize triple negative breast cancer chemosensitivity utilizing bacteriophage phi29 derived packaging RNA Journal of Nanobiotechnology 19 1 13 doi 10 1186 s12951 020 00758 4 ISSN 1477 3155 PMC 7792131 PMID 33413427 Errington Jeffery van der Aart Lizah T 2020 05 11 Microbe Profile Bacillus subtilis model organism for cellular development and industrial workhorse Microbiology 166 5 425 427 doi 10 1099 mic 0 000922 ISSN 1350 0872 PMC 7376258 PMID 32391747 Reilly Bernard E Spizizen John 1965 Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleate Infection of Competent Bacillus subtilis1 Journal of Bacteriology 89 3 782 790 doi 10 1128 jb 89 3 782 790 1965 ISSN 0021 9193 PMC 277537 PMID 14273661 a b Salas Margarita 2007 10 01 40 Years with Bacteriophage o29 Annual Review of Microbiology 61 1 1 22 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 61 080706 093415 ISSN 0066 4227 About Virology University of Minnesota Archived from the original on 2022 10 31 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Rao Venigalla B Feiss Michael 2008 The bacteriophage DNA packaging motor Annual Review of Genetics 42 647 681 doi 10 1146 annurev genet 42 110807 091545 ISSN 0066 4197 PMID 18687036 Hoeprich Stephen Guo Peixuan 2002 06 07 Computer Modeling of Three dimensional Structure of DNA packaging RNA pRNA Monomer Dimer and Hexamer of Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 23 20794 20803 doi 10 1074 jbc M112061200 ISSN 0021 9258 Grimes Shelley Anderson Dwight 1990 10 20 RNA dependence of the bacteriophage f29 DNA packaging ATPase Journal of Molecular Biology 215 4 559 566 doi 10 1016 S0022 2836 05 80168 8 ISSN 0022 2836 Guo Peixuan Zhang Chunlin Chen Chaoping Garver Kyle Trottier Mark 1998 07 01 Inter RNA Interaction of Phage f29 pRNA to Form a Hexameric Complex for Viral DNA Transportation Molecular Cell 2 1 149 155 doi 10 1016 S1097 2765 00 80124 0 ISSN 1097 2765 PMID 9702202 a b Simpson Alan A Tao Yizhi Leiman Petr G Badasso Mohammed O He Yongning Jardine Paul J Olson Norman H Morais Marc C Grimes Shelley Anderson Dwight L Baker Timothy S Rossmann Michael G 2000 Structure of the bacteriophage f29 DNA packaging motor Nature 408 6813 745 750 Bibcode 2000Natur 408 745S doi 10 1038 35047129 ISSN 1476 4687 PMC 4151180 a b Ding Fang Lu Changrui Zhao Wei Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R Anderson Dwight L Jardine Paul J Grimes Shelley Ke Ailong 2011 05 03 Structure and assembly of the essential RNA ring component of a viral DNA packaging motor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 18 7357 7362 Bibcode 2011PNAS 108 7357D doi 10 1073 pnas 1016690108 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3088594 PMID 21471452 Guo Peixuan Zhang Chunlin Chen Chaoping Garver Kyle Trottier Mark 1998 07 01 Inter RNA Interaction of Phage f29 pRNA to Form a Hexameric Complex for Viral DNA Transportation Molecular Cell 2 1 149 155 doi 10 1016 S1097 2765 00 80124 0 ISSN 1097 2765 Rao Venigalla B Feiss Michael 2015 11 09 Mechanisms of DNA Packaging by Large Double Stranded DNA Viruses Annual Review of Virology 2 1 351 378 doi 10 1146 annurev virology 100114 055212 ISSN 2327 056X PMC 4785836 a b c Morcinek Orlowska Joanna Zdrojewska Karolina Wegrzyn Alicja 2022 Bacteriophage Encoded DNA Polymerases Beyond the Traditional View of Polymerase Activities International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 2 635 doi 10 3390 ijms23020635 ISSN 1422 0067 a b De Vega Miguel Salas Margarita 2011 09 26 Chapter 9 Protein Primed Replication of Bacteriophage F29 DNA In Kusic Tisma Jelena ed DNA Replication and Related Cellular Processes IntechOpen pp 179 206 ISBN 978 9533077758 Grimes Shelley Jardine Paul J Anderson Dwight 2002 01 01 Bacteriophage f29 DNA packaging Advances in Virus Research vol 58 Academic Press pp 255 294 doi 10 1016 s0065 3527 02 58007 6 ISBN 9780120398584 retrieved 2022 10 24 Jasinski Daniel Haque Farzin Binzel Daniel W Guo Peixuan 2017 02 07 Advancement of the Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology ACS Nano 11 2 1142 1164 doi 10 1021 acsnano 6b05737 ISSN 1936 0851 PMC 5333189 Shu Yi Pi Fengmei Sharma Ashwani Rajabi Mehdi Haque Farzin Shu Dan Leggas Markos Evers B Mark Guo Peixuan 2014 Stable RNA nanoparticles as potential new generation drugs for cancer therapy Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 66 74 89 doi 10 1016 j addr 2013 11 006 ISSN 0169 409X PMC 3955949 PMID 24270010 Triple negative Breast Cancer Details Diagnosis and Signs www cancer org Retrieved 2022 11 01 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bacillus virus phi29 amp oldid 1120083944, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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