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Labor rights

Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers. These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law. In general, these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment. One of the most prominent is the right to freedom of association, otherwise known as the right to organize. Workers organized in trade unions exercise the right to collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

Labor background Edit

Throughout history, workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests. During the Middle Ages, the Peasants' Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. One of the leaders of the revolt, John Ball, famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. For instance, English peasants fought against the enclosure movement, which took traditionally communal lands and made them private.

The British Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833 which stated that children under the age of 9 could not work, children aged 9–13 could only work 8 hours a day, and children aged 14–18 could only work for 12 hours a day.[1]

Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights. The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of labor unions following the industrialization processes. Karl Marx stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers' rights. His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of socialism, a society that would be ruled by the workers. Many of the social movements for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and communists. More moderate democratic socialists and social democrats supported workers' interests as well. More recent workers' rights advocacy has focused on the particular role, exploitation, and needs of women workers, and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual, service, or guest workers.

Core labor standards Edit

Identified by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work,[2] core labor standards are "widely recognized to be of particular importance".[3] They are universally applicable, regardless of whether the relevant conventions have been ratified, the level of development of a country or cultural values.[4] These standards are composed of qualitative, not quantitative, standards and don't establish a particular level of working conditions, wages or health and safety standards.[2] They are not intended to undermine the comparative advantage that developing countries may hold. Core labor standards are important human rights and are recognized in widely ratified international human rights instruments including the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC), the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 193 parties, and the ICCPR with 160 parties.[5] They have been incorporated into different provisions that are related to labor in soft law instruments such as the UN's Global Compact, the OECD Guidelines, and the ILO MNE Declaration.[6]

The core labor standards are:

  • Freedom of association:[7] workers are able to join trade unions that are independent of government and employer influence.
  • The right to collective bargaining:[8] workers may negotiate with employers collectively, as opposed to individually.
  • The prohibition of all forms of forced labor:[9] includes security from prison labor and slavery and prevents workers from being forced to work under duress.[10]
  • Elimination of the worst forms of child labor:[11] implementing a minimum working age and certain working condition requirements for children.
  • Non-discrimination in employment: equal pay for equal work.

Very few ILO member countries have ratified all of these conventions due to domestic constraints yet as these rights are also recognized in the UDHR, and form a part of customary international law they are committed to respecting these rights. For a discussion on the incorporation of these core labor rights into the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization, see Labour standards in the World Trade Organization. There are many other issues outside of this core, in the UK employee rights include the right to employment particulars, an itemized pay statement, a disciplinary process at which they have the right to be accompanied, daily breaks, rest breaks, paid holidays, and more.[12]

Labor rights issues Edit

Aside from the right to organize, labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights. The labor movement began to improve the working conditions of the workers. Dating back to 1768 the first strike of the New York journeyman tailors protested a wage reduction. This marked the beginning of the movement. Approaching the 19th century, labor unions were formed to improve the working conditions for all of workers. They fought for better wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits, and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired. The following are explained more in the following sections.[13]

Hour limits Edit

Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the workplace. 19th century labor movements campaigned for an eight-hour day. Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours, making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries. A 35-hour workweek was established in France in 2000, although this standard has been considerably weakened since then. Workers may agree with employers to work for longer, but the extra hours are payable overtime. In the European Union the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime (see also Working Time Directive 2003).

Child labor Edit

 
11Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 years old. Working 3 summers. Minds baby and carries berries, two pecks at a time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J. This is the fourth week of school and the people here expect to remain two weeks more. Witness E. F. Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey / .

Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat child labor. They see child labor as exploitative, and often economically damaging. Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education. In 1948 and then again in 1989, the United Nations declared that children have a right to social protection.[14]

It is hard for children to fight for their basic rights, especially in the workplace. They are often under-treated. Employers take advantage of child labor because they lack the ability to bargain collectively and compromise to work at an unpleasant workplace. Almost 95% of child labor occurs in developing countries. An example of an industry in which instances of child labor lead to severe injury or death[15] that have been noted are cobalt mining in the DRC as well as copper mining in Zambia, where children were reported to be participating in all forms of mining at the expense of their education.[16][17] There is a growing concern that the rising demand for resources that involve child labor for industries such as the production of electric vehicle batteries, will only increase labor rights violations.[18] In India and Pakistan, children work long hours in various industries because of the debt their parents incurred.[19] Poor families sometimes rely on their kids' income to pay bills. In Egypt, about 1.5 million kids under 14 years old are working even though there are child-protective labor laws.[20]

Child labor in the United States Edit

In the United States, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) restricts the employment of children. The FLSA defines the minimum age for employment to 14 years for non-agricultural jobs with restrictions on hours, restricts the hours for youth under the age of 16, and prohibits the employment of children under the age of 18 in occupations deemed hazardous by the Secretary of Labor.[21]

In 2007, Massachusetts updated its child labor laws that required all minors to have work permits.[22]

Workplace conditions Edit

Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions that meet established standards. During the Progressive Era, the United States began workplace reforms, which received publicity boosts from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and events such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as sweatshops and occupational health hazards and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers' rights throughout the world.

Safety and social sustainability Edit

Recent initiatives in the field of sustainability have included a focus on social sustainability, which includes promoting workers' rights and safe working conditions, prevention of human trafficking, and elimination of illegal child labor from the sustainably sourced products and services.[23] Organizations such as the U.S. Department of Labor and Department of State have released studies on products that have been identified as using child labor and industries using or funded by human trafficking. Labor rights are defined internationally by sources such as the Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (DIFI)[24] and the International Finance Corporation performance standards.[23]

Living wage Edit

The labor movement pushes for guaranteed minimum wage laws, and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage. However, opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry-level workers.

The benefits and costs of foreign direct investments on labor rights are often argued. Payton and Woo's study shows that even though "workers may not see drastic increases in minimum wages but they will benefit marginally from better enforcement of existing minimum wage laws or other protections granted in law, gradually improving overall working conditions, as more FDI flows in."[25]

Pregnant employees Edit

The Employment Protection Consolidation Act (EPCA) has established four fundamental regulations for women's employment rights. Firstly, there is the provision of Statutory Maternity Pay, which ensures that a minimum payment is made during the leave period. Secondly, there is the right to maternity leave, which guarantees that women can take time off work and return to their job afterward. Additionally, women have the right to be reinstated to their original position. Finally, the EPCA has reinforced unfair dismissal rights.[26]

Migrant workers Edit

Legal migrant workers are sometimes abused. For instance, migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses in the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai). Human Rights Watch lists several problems including "nonpayment of wages, extended working hours without overtime compensation, unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury, squalid living conditions in labor camps, and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers.[27] Despite laws against the practice, employers confiscate migrant workers' passports. Without their passports, workers cannot switch jobs or return home.[28] These workers have little recourse for labor abuses, but conditions have been improving.[29] Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country.[27]

The United Arab Emirates was condemned in a report issued in April 2021 by the Democracy Centre for Transparency calling out the nation for its abuse and discrimination of foreigners and expatriates against Emirati citizens. According to DCT, foreigners and expatriates in the UAE are often subjected to gender and wage discrimination, racialization, trafficking, and forced labor. As per the research conducted by the DCT, these issues remain unreported due to the threat and intimidation from their employers in the form of job loss or fabricated criminal charges. The discrimination and abuse have reportedly continued despite the easing of the Kafala system in the Emirate. The DCT concluded its report urging the UAE to address the issues and put an end to the racial hierarchy and discrimination against non-citizens.[30][31]

Koelnmesse, the company responsible for managing the pavilion representing Germany at the Expo 2020 reportedly signed an agreement with the Emirati Transguard Group for laundry, cleaning, and security services. Rights groups claim that during the signing of a framework agreement between the two firms, evidence assuring human rights due diligence was overlooked. It is said that the firm withheld the passports and wages of the workers earning relatively lesser than the minimum wage and terminated them from the service without notice.[32][33]

In neighboring countries such as Qatar, there is a similar problem. Qatar has received a lot of criticism over the way it treats its workers, including those that have worked on FIFA World Cup projects. [34]

Undocumented workers Edit

The right to equal treatment, regardless of gender, origin and appearance, religion, sexual orientation, is also seen by many as a worker's right. Discrimination in the workplace is illegal in many countries, but some see the wage gap between genders and other groups as a persistent problem.

Many migrant workers are not getting basic labor rights mainly because they don't speak the local language, regardless of legal status.[35] Some have noticed that they are not getting the correct amount of money on their paycheck while others are underpaid.

Undocumented workers in the United States Edit

The National Labor Relations Act recognizes undocumented laborers as employees. However, the supreme court case Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB established that backpay could not be awarded to unlawfully fired undocumented employees due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.[36] In this court decision, it was also stated that the U.S. would support FLSA and MSPA, without regard to whether or not someone is documented.[37] Undocumented workers also still have legal protection against discrimination based on national origin. The decision of the Hoffman supreme court case has primarily affected undocumented laborers by preventing them from getting backpay and/or reinstatement.[37]

While no undocumented individual is technically able to work in the United States legally, undocumented workers make up 5% of the workforce.[37] In the U.S., people who were born outside of the country tend to work in riskier jobs and have a higher chance of encountering death on the job. The low-wage sectors, which many undocumented people work in, have the highest rates of wage and hour violation.[37] Estimates claim that 31% of undocumented people work in service jobs. Restaurant work in particular has a 12% rate of undocumented workers.

Undocumented people can and have joined labor unions, and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for "reinvigorating" the labor movement.[37] Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers, it protects their right to organize. However, the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural, domestic, independent contractors, governmental, or related to their employers.[38] The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act, which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation.[38][39]

However, labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers. Within unions, there have been internal struggles, such as when Los Angeles immigrant janitors reorganized service workers. Being a part of the union does not necessarily address all the needs of immigrant workers, and thus winning power within the union is the first step for immigrant workers to address their needs.[40]

Immigrant workers often mobilize beyond unions, by campaigning in their communities on intersectional issues of immigration, discrimination, and police misconduct.[40]

Globalization Edit

In March 2004, the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization issued a report called "A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All".[41] The report acknowledges how potential globalization can affect labor rights. Reforming globalization will require cooperation not only within the country but also at the global level.[42] It suggests political authorities to "renew their attention to global solidarity".[43]

Workers' rights advocates have been concerned with how globalization can impact labor rights in different countries. Some international agencies and global corporations see strong enforcement will limit a country's economic growth.[44] As companies outsource their work to workers from lower-wage countries, governments will relax their regulations to attract businesses.[44] As a result, poor countries implement a lower labor rights standard to compete with other countries. Layna Mosley's study shows that collective labor rights have declined since the recent global expansion started.[45] By having multiple countries sign agreements and treaties, labor rights are able to be protected across the globe. However, some countries sign it even though they are not planning to follow the rules. Therefore, there might be room for labor rights practices to suffer.[46]

However, some argued that globalization can improve labor rights enforcement by responding to other country's demands. Governments will act in their national interests, so when an important trading country urges for strong labor rights enforcement, they will act accordingly.[47]

Labor movement discrimination Edit

Labor unions formed throughout the industries. Labor unions in the crafts discovered difficulty in forming labor unions at different skill levels. These skill groups often got divided into racial and sexist ways. In 1895, the white-only International Association of Machinists affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which was founded in 1881. Entering the 20th century African Americans moved from the South into the North only to find that there was discrimination in economic opportunities. Racial stereotypes were used to divide the working class and create segregation. This eventually led to the creation of black codes and Jim Crow laws to limit the ability of African Americans to create a living for themselves. The Jim Crow laws passed in the 1800s were laws that forbade African Americans from living in white neighborhoods, along with segregation in public places. these were enforced for public pools, phone booths, hospitals, asylums, jails and residential homes for the elderly and handicapped and more.[48]

Measurement of Labor Rights Edit

There are several indices that measure labor rights produced by various organizations. Some focus on collective bargaining and freedom of association including in datasets produced by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and Penn State.[49][50][51] Others, such as data produced by the V-Dem Institute and UCLA's World Policy Analysis Center focus on other components such as employment discrimination, child labor, and forced labor.[52][53][54]

The ITUC produces the Global Rights Index on an annual basis which rates "countries depending on their compliance with collective labor rights and document violations by governments and employers of internationally recognized rights."[49][55] The ILO produces the data for Sustainable Development Goal 8.8.2, which measures the "Level of national compliance with labor rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status.[50] In the past, Penn State's Center for Global Workers’ Rights has produced a set of labor rights indicators which use a similar methodology to the ILO, but have wider country coverage.[51][56]

The V-Dem Institute produces a wide range of data on civil rights and democracy.[52] This includes data on the prevalence of forced labor and data on civil society organizations, including trade unions.[52][53] UCLA's World Policy Analysis Center maintains a database on a range of global legal standards including women's rights, disability rights, child labor, and employment discrimination.[54][53]

See also Edit

References Edit

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  2. ^ a b Core Labor Standards Handbook. Manila: Asian Development Bank. October 2006.
  3. ^ Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 1996 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade'
  4. ^ . United Nations Global Compact. Archived from the original on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  5. ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ratification and Reservations: . Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2009-06-14. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ratification and Reservations: . Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  6. ^ Alston, Philip (June 2004). "'Core Labour Standards' and the Transformation of the International Labour Rights Regime". European Journal of International Law. 15 (3): 457–521. doi:10.1093/ejil/15.3.457.
  7. ^ ICCPR Art.22, ILO Convention 87
  8. ^ ICCPR Art.22, ILO Convention 98
  9. ^ ICCPR Art. 8, ILO Conventions 29 and 105
  10. ^ Greenfield, Gerald (June 2001). "Core Labor Standards in the WTO: Reducing labor to a global commodity". Working USA. 5 (1): 9. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2001.00009.x.
  11. ^ CROC Art. 32 ILO Convention 138
  12. ^ . citation.co.uk. Citation Plc. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  13. ^ "Labor Movement". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  14. ^ Prior, Katherine (1997). Workers' Rights. New York: Franklin Watts.
  15. ^ Kelly, Annie (16 December 2019). "Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  16. ^ Spohr, Maximilian; Wolfrum, Rudiger; Borssen, Ana; Danz, Johannes; Renner, Sven (January 2016). Human Rights Risks in Mining - A Baseline Study. Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  17. ^ Haile, Hanna. "The Human Rights Implications of Business Activities: The Case of Copper Mining in the Zambian Copperbelt". Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism. McGill Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  18. ^ Peyton, Nellie (2 November 2018). "Electric car demand fueling rise in child labor in DR Congo: campaigners". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  19. ^ See Tucker, supra note 7, at 573; Weissman, supra note 7, at 11 ; Human Rights Watch, supra note 15, at 2; Cox, supra note 16, at 115.
  20. ^ Arat, Zehra F. (2002). "Analyzing Child Labor as a Human Rights Issue: Its Causes, Aggravating Policies, and Alternative Proposals". Human Rights Quarterly. 24 (1): 177–204. doi:10.1353/hrq.2002.0003. JSTOR 20069593. S2CID 145456507.
  21. ^ "Workers Under 18". dol.gov. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  22. ^ Watkins, Heidi (2011). Teens and Employment. Detroit: Greenhaven.
  23. ^ a b . sftool.gov. GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  24. ^ . anskaffelser.no. Agency for Public Management and eGovernment. 15 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-10-07.
  25. ^ Payton, Autumn Lockwood; Byungwon, Woo (September 2014). "Attracting Investment: Governments' Strategic Role in Labor Rights Protection". International Studies Quarterly. 58 (3): 462–474. doi:10.1111/isqu.12138. JSTOR 24014604.
  26. ^ Williams, Audrey (1993-01-01). "THE PREGNANT EMPLOYEE'S RIGHTS – A GUIDE TO YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS". Women in Management Review. 8 (1). doi:10.1108/09649429310024214. ISSN 0964-9425.
  27. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
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  29. ^ (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-19.
  30. ^ "Discrimination against foreigners and expatriates living in the UAE versus Emirati citizens". Democracy Centre for Transparency. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Discrimination against foreigners and expatriates living in the UAE versus Emirati citizens" (PDF). Democracy Centre for Transparency. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  32. ^ "The German pavilion at the Dubai Expo is working with a company from the United Arab Emirates accused of this". Social Post. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  33. ^ "Germany's Dubai Expo Pavilion engages security and cleaning company linked to serious migrant worker abuse allegations". Business and Human Rights Resource Centre.
  34. ^ "Workers at Qatar's World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor". the Guardian. 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  35. ^ Gleeson, Shannon (2010). "Labor Rights for All? The Role of Undocumented Immigrant Status for Worker Claims Making". Law & Social Inquiry. 35 (3): 561–602. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2010.01196.x. hdl:1813/75787. JSTOR 40783684. S2CID 142932467.
  36. ^ Labor Law - Undocumented Immigrants - Second Circuit Holds Undocumented Workers Are Categorically Barred from Backpay under the National Labor Relations Act - Palma v. NLRB 723 F.3d 176 (2d Cir. 2013). pp. Recent Cases 1236.
  37. ^ a b c d e Gleeson, Shannon Marie (2008). The Intersection of Legal Status and Stratification: The Paradox of Immigration Law and Labor Protections in the United States (PhD). University of California, Berkeley.
  38. ^ a b . National Immigration Law Center. March 2013. Archived from the original on 2019-11-15. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  39. ^ "How can undocumented immigrants legally form a union?". The Hand That Feeds. 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  40. ^ a b Bacon, David (2007). "Rising from Below: Immigrant Workers Open New Organizing Fronts". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 14 (1): 21–27. JSTOR 41555130.
  41. ^ "A Fair Globalization, Making it Happen". ilo.org. International Labour Organization. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  42. ^ DCOMM (1 March 2004). "World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization: Globalization can and must change". World of Work Magazine. No. 50. International Labour Organization. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  43. ^ Smith, Jackie (February 2014). "Economic Globalization and Labor Rights:Towards Global Solidarity". Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. 20 (2): 876.
  44. ^ a b Seidman, Gay W. (2012). "Regulation at Work: Globalization, Labor Rights, and Development". Social Research. 79 (4): 1023–1044. doi:10.1353/sor.2012.0019. JSTOR 24385638. S2CID 201753706.
  45. ^ Anner, Mark (June 2012). Mosley, Layna (ed.). "Globalization and Labor Rights: Assessing the Impact". International Studies Review. 14 (2): 343–345. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01117.x. JSTOR 23280004.
  46. ^ Blanton, Robert; Blanton, Shannon Lindsey (March 2016). "Globalization and Collective Labor Rights". Sociological Forum. 31 (1): 181–202. doi:10.1111/socf.12239. JSTOR 24878765.
  47. ^ Gantz, David A.; Reetz, C. Ryan; Aguilar-Alvarez, Guillermo; Paulsson, Jan (2011). "Labor Rights and Environmental Protection under NAFTA and Other U.S. Free Trade Agreements [with Comments]". The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 42 (2): 297–366. JSTOR 41307719.
  48. ^ "A Brief History of Labor, Race and Solidarity". Labor Commission on Racial and Economic Justice. 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  49. ^ a b "2022 ITUC Global Rights Index" (PDF). International Trade Union Confederation.
  50. ^ a b "Proposed Methodology for SDG Indicator 8.8.2" (PDF). International Labour Organization.
  51. ^ a b David Kucera and Dora Sari. 2019. New labour rights indicators: Method and trends for 2000–15. International Labour Review, 2019, vol. 158, issue 3, 419-446.[1]
  52. ^ a b c Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2022. "V-Dem Codebook v12" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.[2]
  53. ^ a b c Fletcher, Terry (2022-10-13). "MCC's New Scorecard Indicator: Employment Opportunity". Millennium Challenge Corporation.
  54. ^ a b "Labor". World Policy Analysis Center.
  55. ^ "Home". ITUC GRI. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  56. ^ Sari, D., & Kucera, D. (2011). Measuring progress towards the application of freedom of association and collective bargaining rights: A tabular presentation of the findings of the ILO supervisory system.[3]

External links Edit

  • Dataset on collective labor rights across all sovereign states, 1985–2002
  • International Labor Rights Forum
  • Human Rights Watch
  • International Labor Organization
  • International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
  • ITUC Global Rights Index 2020

labor, rights, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, september, 2017, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, . This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Labor rights or workers rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law In general these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment One of the most prominent is the right to freedom of association otherwise known as the right to organize Workers organized in trade unions exercise the right to collective bargaining to improve working conditions Contents 1 Labor background 2 Core labor standards 3 Labor rights issues 3 1 Hour limits 3 2 Child labor 3 2 1 Child labor in the United States 3 3 Workplace conditions 3 4 Safety and social sustainability 3 5 Living wage 3 6 Pregnant employees 3 7 Migrant workers 3 8 Undocumented workers 3 8 1 Undocumented workers in the United States 3 9 Globalization 3 10 Labor movement discrimination 4 Measurement of Labor Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksLabor background EditThroughout history workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests During the Middle Ages the Peasants Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions One of the leaders of the revolt John Ball famously argued that people were born equal saying When Adam delved and Eve span who was then the gentleman Laborers often appealed to traditional rights For instance English peasants fought against the enclosure movement which took traditionally communal lands and made them private The British Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833 which stated that children under the age of 9 could not work children aged 9 13 could only work 8 hours a day and children aged 14 18 could only work for 12 hours a day 1 Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of labor unions following the industrialization processes Karl Marx stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers rights His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of socialism a society that would be ruled by the workers Many of the social movements for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and communists More moderate democratic socialists and social democrats supported workers interests as well More recent workers rights advocacy has focused on the particular role exploitation and needs of women workers and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual service or guest workers Core labor standards EditIdentified by the International Labour Organization ILO in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 2 core labor standards are widely recognized to be of particular importance 3 They are universally applicable regardless of whether the relevant conventions have been ratified the level of development of a country or cultural values 4 These standards are composed of qualitative not quantitative standards and don t establish a particular level of working conditions wages or health and safety standards 2 They are not intended to undermine the comparative advantage that developing countries may hold Core labor standards are important human rights and are recognized in widely ratified international human rights instruments including the Convention on the Rights of the Child CROC the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 193 parties and the ICCPR with 160 parties 5 They have been incorporated into different provisions that are related to labor in soft law instruments such as the UN s Global Compact the OECD Guidelines and the ILO MNE Declaration 6 The core labor standards are Freedom of association 7 workers are able to join trade unions that are independent of government and employer influence The right to collective bargaining 8 workers may negotiate with employers collectively as opposed to individually The prohibition of all forms of forced labor 9 includes security from prison labor and slavery and prevents workers from being forced to work under duress 10 Elimination of the worst forms of child labor 11 implementing a minimum working age and certain working condition requirements for children Non discrimination in employment equal pay for equal work Very few ILO member countries have ratified all of these conventions due to domestic constraints yet as these rights are also recognized in the UDHR and form a part of customary international law they are committed to respecting these rights For a discussion on the incorporation of these core labor rights into the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization see Labour standards in the World Trade Organization There are many other issues outside of this core in the UK employee rights include the right to employment particulars an itemized pay statement a disciplinary process at which they have the right to be accompanied daily breaks rest breaks paid holidays and more 12 Labor rights issues EditAside from the right to organize labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights The labor movement began to improve the working conditions of the workers Dating back to 1768 the first strike of the New York journeyman tailors protested a wage reduction This marked the beginning of the movement Approaching the 19th century labor unions were formed to improve the working conditions for all of workers They fought for better wages reasonable hours and safer working conditions The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired The following are explained more in the following sections 13 Hour limits Edit Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the workplace 19th century labor movements campaigned for an eight hour day Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries A 35 hour workweek was established in France in 2000 although this standard has been considerably weakened since then Workers may agree with employers to work for longer but the extra hours are payable overtime In the European Union the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime see also Working Time Directive 2003 Child labor Edit nbsp 11Rose Biodo 1216 Annan St Philadelphia 10 years old Working 3 summers Minds baby and carries berries two pecks at a time Whites Bog Brown Mills N J This is the fourth week of school and the people here expect to remain two weeks more Witness E F Brown Location Browns Mills New Jersey Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat child labor They see child labor as exploitative and often economically damaging Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education In 1948 and then again in 1989 the United Nations declared that children have a right to social protection 14 It is hard for children to fight for their basic rights especially in the workplace They are often under treated Employers take advantage of child labor because they lack the ability to bargain collectively and compromise to work at an unpleasant workplace Almost 95 of child labor occurs in developing countries An example of an industry in which instances of child labor lead to severe injury or death 15 that have been noted are cobalt mining in the DRC as well as copper mining in Zambia where children were reported to be participating in all forms of mining at the expense of their education 16 17 There is a growing concern that the rising demand for resources that involve child labor for industries such as the production of electric vehicle batteries will only increase labor rights violations 18 In India and Pakistan children work long hours in various industries because of the debt their parents incurred 19 Poor families sometimes rely on their kids income to pay bills In Egypt about 1 5 million kids under 14 years old are working even though there are child protective labor laws 20 Child labor in the United States Edit See also Child labor laws in the United States In the United States the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 FLSA restricts the employment of children The FLSA defines the minimum age for employment to 14 years for non agricultural jobs with restrictions on hours restricts the hours for youth under the age of 16 and prohibits the employment of children under the age of 18 in occupations deemed hazardous by the Secretary of Labor 21 In 2007 Massachusetts updated its child labor laws that required all minors to have work permits 22 Workplace conditions Edit Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions that meet established standards During the Progressive Era the United States began workplace reforms which received publicity boosts from Upton Sinclair s The Jungle and events such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as sweatshops and occupational health hazards and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers rights throughout the world Safety and social sustainability Edit Recent initiatives in the field of sustainability have included a focus on social sustainability which includes promoting workers rights and safe working conditions prevention of human trafficking and elimination of illegal child labor from the sustainably sourced products and services 23 Organizations such as the U S Department of Labor and Department of State have released studies on products that have been identified as using child labor and industries using or funded by human trafficking Labor rights are defined internationally by sources such as the Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment DIFI 24 and the International Finance Corporation performance standards 23 Living wage Edit The labor movement pushes for guaranteed minimum wage laws and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage However opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry level workers The benefits and costs of foreign direct investments on labor rights are often argued Payton and Woo s study shows that even though workers may not see drastic increases in minimum wages but they will benefit marginally from better enforcement of existing minimum wage laws or other protections granted in law gradually improving overall working conditions as more FDI flows in 25 Pregnant employees Edit The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Employment Protection Consolidation Act EPCA has established four fundamental regulations for women s employment rights Firstly there is the provision of Statutory Maternity Pay which ensures that a minimum payment is made during the leave period Secondly there is the right to maternity leave which guarantees that women can take time off work and return to their job afterward Additionally women have the right to be reinstated to their original position Finally the EPCA has reinforced unfair dismissal rights 26 Migrant workers Edit Legal migrant workers are sometimes abused For instance migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses in the United Arab Emirates including Dubai Human Rights Watch lists several problems including nonpayment of wages extended working hours without overtime compensation unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury squalid living conditions in labor camps and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers 27 Despite laws against the practice employers confiscate migrant workers passports Without their passports workers cannot switch jobs or return home 28 These workers have little recourse for labor abuses but conditions have been improving 29 Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country 27 The United Arab Emirates was condemned in a report issued in April 2021 by the Democracy Centre for Transparency calling out the nation for its abuse and discrimination of foreigners and expatriates against Emirati citizens According to DCT foreigners and expatriates in the UAE are often subjected to gender and wage discrimination racialization trafficking and forced labor As per the research conducted by the DCT these issues remain unreported due to the threat and intimidation from their employers in the form of job loss or fabricated criminal charges The discrimination and abuse have reportedly continued despite the easing of the Kafala system in the Emirate The DCT concluded its report urging the UAE to address the issues and put an end to the racial hierarchy and discrimination against non citizens 30 31 Koelnmesse the company responsible for managing the pavilion representing Germany at the Expo 2020 reportedly signed an agreement with the Emirati Transguard Group for laundry cleaning and security services Rights groups claim that during the signing of a framework agreement between the two firms evidence assuring human rights due diligence was overlooked It is said that the firm withheld the passports and wages of the workers earning relatively lesser than the minimum wage and terminated them from the service without notice 32 33 In neighboring countries such as Qatar there is a similar problem Qatar has received a lot of criticism over the way it treats its workers including those that have worked on FIFA World Cup projects 34 Undocumented workers Edit The right to equal treatment regardless of gender origin and appearance religion sexual orientation is also seen by many as a worker s right Discrimination in the workplace is illegal in many countries but some see the wage gap between genders and other groups as a persistent problem Many migrant workers are not getting basic labor rights mainly because they don t speak the local language regardless of legal status 35 Some have noticed that they are not getting the correct amount of money on their paycheck while others are underpaid Undocumented workers in the United States Edit The National Labor Relations Act recognizes undocumented laborers as employees However the supreme court case Hoffman Plastic Compounds Inc v NLRB established that backpay could not be awarded to unlawfully fired undocumented employees due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 36 In this court decision it was also stated that the U S would support FLSA and MSPA without regard to whether or not someone is documented 37 Undocumented workers also still have legal protection against discrimination based on national origin The decision of the Hoffman supreme court case has primarily affected undocumented laborers by preventing them from getting backpay and or reinstatement 37 While no undocumented individual is technically able to work in the United States legally undocumented workers make up 5 of the workforce 37 In the U S people who were born outside of the country tend to work in riskier jobs and have a higher chance of encountering death on the job The low wage sectors which many undocumented people work in have the highest rates of wage and hour violation 37 Estimates claim that 31 of undocumented people work in service jobs Restaurant work in particular has a 12 rate of undocumented workers Undocumented people can and have joined labor unions and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for reinvigorating the labor movement 37 Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers it protects their right to organize However the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural domestic independent contractors governmental or related to their employers 38 The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation 38 39 However labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers Within unions there have been internal struggles such as when Los Angeles immigrant janitors reorganized service workers Being a part of the union does not necessarily address all the needs of immigrant workers and thus winning power within the union is the first step for immigrant workers to address their needs 40 Immigrant workers often mobilize beyond unions by campaigning in their communities on intersectional issues of immigration discrimination and police misconduct 40 Globalization Edit In March 2004 the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization issued a report called A Fair Globalization Creating Opportunities for All 41 The report acknowledges how potential globalization can affect labor rights Reforming globalization will require cooperation not only within the country but also at the global level 42 It suggests political authorities to renew their attention to global solidarity 43 Workers rights advocates have been concerned with how globalization can impact labor rights in different countries Some international agencies and global corporations see strong enforcement will limit a country s economic growth 44 As companies outsource their work to workers from lower wage countries governments will relax their regulations to attract businesses 44 As a result poor countries implement a lower labor rights standard to compete with other countries Layna Mosley s study shows that collective labor rights have declined since the recent global expansion started 45 By having multiple countries sign agreements and treaties labor rights are able to be protected across the globe However some countries sign it even though they are not planning to follow the rules Therefore there might be room for labor rights practices to suffer 46 However some argued that globalization can improve labor rights enforcement by responding to other country s demands Governments will act in their national interests so when an important trading country urges for strong labor rights enforcement they will act accordingly 47 Labor movement discrimination Edit Labor unions formed throughout the industries Labor unions in the crafts discovered difficulty in forming labor unions at different skill levels These skill groups often got divided into racial and sexist ways In 1895 the white only International Association of Machinists affiliated with the American Federation of Labor AFL which was founded in 1881 Entering the 20th century African Americans moved from the South into the North only to find that there was discrimination in economic opportunities Racial stereotypes were used to divide the working class and create segregation This eventually led to the creation of black codes and Jim Crow laws to limit the ability of African Americans to create a living for themselves The Jim Crow laws passed in the 1800s were laws that forbade African Americans from living in white neighborhoods along with segregation in public places these were enforced for public pools phone booths hospitals asylums jails and residential homes for the elderly and handicapped and more 48 Measurement of Labor Rights EditThere are several indices that measure labor rights produced by various organizations Some focus on collective bargaining and freedom of association including in datasets produced by the International Trade Union Confederation ITUC the International Labour Organization ILO and Penn State 49 50 51 Others such as data produced by the V Dem Institute and UCLA s World Policy Analysis Center focus on other components such as employment discrimination child labor and forced labor 52 53 54 The ITUC produces the Global Rights Index on an annual basis which rates countries depending on their compliance with collective labor rights and document violations by governments and employers of internationally recognized rights 49 55 The ILO produces the data for Sustainable Development Goal 8 8 2 which measures the Level of national compliance with labor rights freedom of association and collective bargaining based on International Labour Organization ILO textual sources and national legislation by sex and migrant status 50 In the past Penn State s Center for Global Workers Rights has produced a set of labor rights indicators which use a similar methodology to the ILO but have wider country coverage 51 56 The V Dem Institute produces a wide range of data on civil rights and democracy 52 This includes data on the prevalence of forced labor and data on civil society organizations including trade unions 52 53 UCLA s World Policy Analysis Center maintains a database on a range of global legal standards including women s rights disability rights child labor and employment discrimination 54 53 See also Edit nbsp Organized labor portalDecent work Economic social and cultural rights Industrial democracy Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights International Labour Organization International Labor Rights Forum Journal of Workplace Rights Labor rights in American meatpacking industry Labour Day Labour law Occupational safety and health Right to work Social clause Socialism Strike action Syndicalism Smart contract can be used in employment contracts Union organizer Worker cooperative Workers council Workers right to access the toilet Workplace democracyReferences Edit Hutchins B L Harrison A 1911 A History of Factory Legislation P S King amp Son a b Core Labor Standards Handbook Manila Asian Development Bank October 2006 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 1996 Trade Employment and Labour Standards A Study of Core Workers Rights and International Trade Labour United Nations Global Compact Archived from the original on 2009 03 03 Retrieved 2009 06 14 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Ratification and Reservations Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived from the original on 2007 09 26 Retrieved 2009 06 14 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Ratification and Reservations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Archived from the original on 2007 09 26 Retrieved 2007 05 29 Alston Philip June 2004 Core Labour Standards and the Transformation of the International Labour Rights Regime European Journal of International Law 15 3 457 521 doi 10 1093 ejil 15 3 457 ICCPR Art 22 ILO Convention 87 ICCPR Art 22 ILO Convention 98 ICCPR Art 8 ILO Conventions 29 and 105 Greenfield Gerald June 2001 Core Labor Standards in the WTO Reducing labor to a global commodity Working USA 5 1 9 doi 10 1111 j 1743 4580 2001 00009 x CROC Art 32 ILO Convention 138 Employee Rights citation co uk Citation Plc Archived from the original on 2011 03 06 Retrieved 2012 10 31 Labor Movement HISTORY Retrieved 2020 12 01 Prior Katherine 1997 Workers Rights New York Franklin Watts Kelly Annie 16 December 2019 Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths The Guardian Retrieved 3 February 2021 Spohr Maximilian Wolfrum Rudiger Borssen Ana Danz Johannes Renner Sven January 2016 Human Rights Risks in Mining A Baseline Study Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law Retrieved 3 February 2021 Haile Hanna The Human Rights Implications of Business Activities The Case of Copper Mining in the Zambian Copperbelt Centre for Human Rights amp Legal Pluralism McGill Centre for Human Rights amp Legal Pluralism Retrieved 3 February 2021 Peyton Nellie 2 November 2018 Electric car demand fueling rise in child labor in DR Congo campaigners Reuters Reuters Retrieved 3 February 2021 See Tucker supra note 7 at 573 Weissman supra note 7 at 11 Human Rights Watch supra note 15 at 2 Cox supra note 16 at 115 Arat Zehra F 2002 Analyzing Child Labor as a Human Rights Issue Its Causes Aggravating Policies and Alternative Proposals Human Rights Quarterly 24 1 177 204 doi 10 1353 hrq 2002 0003 JSTOR 20069593 S2CID 145456507 Workers Under 18 dol gov United States Department of Labor Retrieved 2019 11 01 Watkins Heidi 2011 Teens and Employment Detroit Greenhaven a b Social Sustainability sftool gov GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool Archived from the original on 2016 11 30 Retrieved 2016 03 11 Information about High Risk Products anskaffelser no Agency for Public Management and eGovernment 15 December 2015 Archived from the original on 2016 10 07 Payton Autumn Lockwood Byungwon Woo September 2014 Attracting Investment Governments Strategic Role in Labor Rights Protection International Studies Quarterly 58 3 462 474 doi 10 1111 isqu 12138 JSTOR 24014604 Williams Audrey 1993 01 01 THE PREGNANT EMPLOYEE S RIGHTS A GUIDE TO YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS Women in Management Review 8 1 doi 10 1108 09649429310024214 ISSN 0964 9425 a b Essential Background Overview of human rights issues in United Arab Emirates UAE Human Rights Watch 31 12 2005 Archived from the original on 14 November 2008 Retrieved 21 October 2019 Raymer Steve 19 July 2005 Dubai s Indian migrant workers are the emirate s foot soldiers of globalization The Daily Star Archived from the original on 2005 08 04 Country Profile United Arab Emirates UAE PDF Federal Research Division Library of Congress December 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 2006 02 19 Discrimination against foreigners and expatriates living in the UAE versus Emirati citizens Democracy Centre for Transparency 26 April 2021 Retrieved 26 April 2021 Discrimination against foreigners and expatriates living in the UAE versus Emirati citizens PDF Democracy Centre for Transparency Retrieved 26 April 2021 The German pavilion at the Dubai Expo is working with a company from the United Arab Emirates accused of this Social Post 8 May 2021 Retrieved 9 May 2021 Germany s Dubai Expo Pavilion engages security and cleaning company linked to serious migrant worker abuse allegations Business and Human Rights Resource Centre Workers at Qatar s World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor the Guardian 2022 09 20 Retrieved 2022 11 18 Gleeson Shannon 2010 Labor Rights for All The Role of Undocumented Immigrant Status for Worker Claims Making Law amp Social Inquiry 35 3 561 602 doi 10 1111 j 1747 4469 2010 01196 x hdl 1813 75787 JSTOR 40783684 S2CID 142932467 Labor Law Undocumented Immigrants Second Circuit Holds Undocumented Workers Are Categorically Barred from Backpay under the National Labor Relations Act Palma v NLRB 723 F 3d 176 2d Cir 2013 pp Recent Cases 1236 a b c d e Gleeson Shannon Marie 2008 The Intersection of Legal Status and Stratification The Paradox of Immigration Law and Labor Protections in the United States PhD University of California Berkeley a b The POWER Act An Essential Component of Immigration Reform National Immigration Law Center March 2013 Archived from the original on 2019 11 15 Retrieved 2018 04 28 How can undocumented immigrants legally form a union The Hand That Feeds 2014 10 16 Retrieved 2018 04 28 a b Bacon David 2007 Rising from Below Immigrant Workers Open New Organizing Fronts Race Poverty amp the Environment 14 1 21 27 JSTOR 41555130 A Fair Globalization Making it Happen ilo org International Labour Organization Retrieved 2020 05 07 DCOMM 1 March 2004 World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization Globalization can and must change World of Work Magazine No 50 International Labour Organization Retrieved 2020 05 19 Smith Jackie February 2014 Economic Globalization and Labor Rights Towards Global Solidarity Notre Dame Journal of Law Ethics amp Public Policy 20 2 876 a b Seidman Gay W 2012 Regulation at Work Globalization Labor Rights and Development Social Research 79 4 1023 1044 doi 10 1353 sor 2012 0019 JSTOR 24385638 S2CID 201753706 Anner Mark June 2012 Mosley Layna ed Globalization and Labor Rights Assessing the Impact International Studies Review 14 2 343 345 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2486 2012 01117 x JSTOR 23280004 Blanton Robert Blanton Shannon Lindsey March 2016 Globalization and Collective Labor Rights Sociological Forum 31 1 181 202 doi 10 1111 socf 12239 JSTOR 24878765 Gantz David A Reetz C Ryan Aguilar Alvarez Guillermo Paulsson Jan 2011 Labor Rights and Environmental Protection under NAFTA and Other U S Free Trade Agreements with Comments The University of Miami Inter American Law Review 42 2 297 366 JSTOR 41307719 A Brief History of Labor Race and Solidarity Labor Commission on Racial and Economic Justice 2017 01 04 Retrieved 2020 12 01 a b 2022 ITUC Global Rights Index PDF International Trade Union Confederation a b Proposed Methodology for SDG Indicator 8 8 2 PDF International Labour Organization a b David Kucera and Dora Sari 2019 New labour rights indicators Method and trends for 2000 15 International Labour Review 2019 vol 158 issue 3 419 446 1 a b c Suggested citation Coppedge Michael John Gerring Carl Henrik Knutsen Staffan I Lindberg Jan Teorell David Altman Michael Bernhard Agnes Cornell M Steven Fish Lisa Gastaldi Haakon Gjerlow Adam Glynn Sandra Grahn Allen Hicken Katrin Kinzelbach Kyle L Marquardt Kelly McMann Valeriya Mechkova Pamela Paxton Daniel Pemstein Johannes von Romer Brigitte Seim Rachel Sigman Svend Erik Skaaning Jeffrey Staton Eitan Tzelgov Luca Uberti Yi ting Wang Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt 2022 V Dem Codebook v12 Varieties of Democracy V Dem Project 2 a b c Fletcher Terry 2022 10 13 MCC s New Scorecard Indicator Employment Opportunity Millennium Challenge Corporation a b Labor World Policy Analysis Center Home ITUC GRI Retrieved 2023 01 20 Sari D amp Kucera D 2011 Measuring progress towards the application of freedom of association and collective bargaining rights A tabular presentation of the findings of the ILO supervisory system 3 External links EditDataset on collective labor rights across all sovereign states 1985 2002 International Labor Rights Forum Human Rights Watch International Labor Organization Workers rights page at the Bureau of International Labor Affairs U S Department of Labor International Network for Economic Social amp Cultural Rights ITUC Global Rights Index 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Labor rights amp oldid 1163319021, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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