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Wikipedia

Veterinary medicine

December 07, 2023

"Animal hospital" redirects here. For the BBC television show, see Animal Hospital.
"Veterinary sciences" redirects here. For the journal, see Veterinary Sciences (journal).

Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with this, it deals with animal rearing, husbandry, breeding, research on nutrition, and product development. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species.

A veterinary technician in Ethiopia shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection.

Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician (also known as a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon, or "vet"), but also by paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary nurses, veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants.[1] This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species-relevant roles such as farriers.

Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease (infectious disease transmitted from nonhuman animals to humans), food safety, and through human applications via medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long-living. Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists and other health or natural scientists, depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare. Veterinarians diagnose, treat, and help keep animals safe and healthy.

History edit

Premodern era edit

Archeological evidence, in the form of a cow skull upon which trepanation had been performed, shows that people were performing veterinary procedures in the Neolithic (3400–3000 BCE).[2]

 
Fragments of the Kahun Papyrus on veterinary medicine, early second millennium BCE

The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun (Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt) is the first extant record of veterinary medicine.[3]

The Shalihotra Samhita, dating from the time of Ashoka, is an early Indian veterinary treatise. The edicts of Asoka read: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) made two kinds of medicine (चिकित्सा) available, medicine for people, and medicine for animals. Where no healing herbs for people and animals were available, he ordered that they be bought and planted."[4]

 
Manuscript page of Hippiatrica (14th century)

Hippiatrica is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics, dated to the fifth or sixth century AD.[5]

The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the more general task of "horse doctoring". The Arabic tradition of Bayṭara, or Shiyāt al-Khayl, originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhī Hizām (fl. late ninth century).

In 1356, the Lord Mayor of London, concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city, requested that all farriers operating within a 7-mile (11-km) radius of the City of London form a "fellowship" to regulate and improve their practices. This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674.[6]

Meanwhile, Carlo Ruini's book Anatomia del Cavallo (Anatomy of the Horse) was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a nonhuman species.[7]

Establishment of profession edit

 
Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary school in Lyon in 1762.

The first veterinary school was founded in Lyon, France, in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat.[8] According to Lupton,[9] after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in founding a veterinary school in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art.[9] The school received immediate international recognition in the 18th century and its pedagogical model drew on the existing fields of human medicine, natural history, and comparative anatomy.[10]

The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry,[11] and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals.[12] A 1785 society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles."

Physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade, and the establishment of veterinary colleges. This was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of Granville Penn, who persuaded Frenchman Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established veterinary college in London.[11] The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern veterinary research.[13]

In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia. In 1879, Iowa Agricultural College became the first land-grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine.[14]

Veterinary workers edit

Veterinary physicians edit

Main article: Veterinarian
 
Surgery on a dog

Veterinary care and management are usually led by a veterinary physician (usually called a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon or "vet" - doctor of veterinary medicine or veterinary medical doctor). This role is the equivalent of a physician or surgeon (medical doctor) in human medicine, and involves postgraduate study and qualification.

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term, meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and/or registration are not able to use the title, and in many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a vet (such as animal treatment or surgery) are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may be performed only by registered vets (with a few designated exceptions, such as paraveterinary workers), calling oneself a vet without being registered or performing any treatment is illegal.

Most vets work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. They may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, laboratory animals, zoo animals, or horses; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as veterinary surgery, dermatology, cardiology, neurology, laboratory animal medicine, internal medicine, and more.

As with healthcare professionals, vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. Current debates within the profession include the veterinary ethics of purely cosmetic procedures on animals, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears, and debarking on dogs.

A wide range of surgeries and operations is performed on various types of animals, but not all of them are carried out by vets. In a case in Iran, for instance, an eye surgeon managed to perform a successful cataract surgery on a rooster for the first time in the world.[15]

Paraveterinary workers edit

 
US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying.
Main article: Paraveterinary workers

Paraveterinary workers, including veterinary nurses, veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants,[1] either assist vets in their work, or may work within their own scope of practice, depending on skills and qualifications, including in some cases, performing minor surgery.

The role of paraveterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet, and qualification levels, and the associated skill mix, vary widely.

Allied professions edit

A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine, but may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses. This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine, such as practitioners dealing with musculoskeletal disorders, including osteopaths, chiropractors, and physiotherapists.

Some roles are specific to animals, but which have parallels in human society, such as animal grooming and animal massage. Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals, such as farriers, who are involved in the shoeing of horses, and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of horses.

Veterinary research edit

 
An eye examination of a kitten is underway prior to the kitten's adoption.

Veterinary research includes prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of animals, and basic biology, welfare, and care of animals. Veterinary research transcends species boundaries and includes the study of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced models of both human and animal diseases and research at human-animal interfaces, such as food safety, wildlife and ecosystem health, zoonotic diseases, and public policy.[16] By value the most important Animal Health pharmaceutical supplier worldwide is by far Zoetis (United States).[17]

Clinical veterinary research edit

As in medicine, randomized controlled trials also are fundamental in veterinary medicine to establish the effectiveness of a treatment.[18] Clinical veterinary research is far behind human medical research, though, with fewer randomized controlled trials, that have a lower quality and are mostly focused on research animals.[19] Possible improvement consists in creation of networks for inclusion of private veterinary practices in randomized controlled trials. Although the FDA approves drugs for use in humans, the FDA keeps a separate "Green Book", which lists drugs approved specifically for veterinary medicine (about half of which are separately approved for use in humans).[1][20]

No studies exist on the effect of community animal health services on improving household wealth and the health status of low-income farmers.[21]

The first recorded use of regenerative stem-cell therapy to treat lesions in a wild animal occurred in 2011 in Brazil.[22] On that occasion, the Zoo Brasília [pt] used stem cells to treat a maned wolf who had been run over by a car, which was later returned, fully recovered, to nature.[22]

See also edit

By country edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Beatty, Hassan. "Veterinary Assistant vs. Veterinary Technician - A Comparison". Prof. Melissa Crist. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  2. ^ Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando; Froment, Alain (19 April 2018). "Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery: from Cow to Man in the Neolithic". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 5536. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5536R. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23914-1. PMC 5908843. PMID 29674628.
  3. ^ Thrusfield 2007, p. 2.
  4. ^ Finger 2001, p. 12.
  5. ^ Scarborough, John; Cutler, Anthony (1 January 2005), "Hippiatrica", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001, ISBN 9780195046526, retrieved 27 September 2019
  6. ^ Hunter, Pamela (2004). Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, p. 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  7. ^ Wernham, R. B. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610, Volume 3, p. 472. Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Marc Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires, Bruxelles 1971
  9. ^ a b J.L.Lupton, "Modern Practical Farriery", 1879, in the section: "The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs" pp. 1
  10. ^ Heintzman, Kit (2018). "A cabinet of the ordinary: domesticating veterinary education, 1766–1799". The British Journal for the History of Science. 51 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1017/S0007087418000274. PMID 29665887. S2CID 4947361.
  11. ^ a b Pugh, L.P (1962), From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785–1795, Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS), pp. 8–19
  12. ^ Cotchen, Ernest (1990), The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History, Barracuda Books Ltd, pp. 11–13
  13. ^ Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age, American Veterinary Medical Association
  14. ^ Widder, Keith R. (2005). Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution Of A Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855–1925[permanent dead link], p. 107. MSU Press
  15. ^ "Rooster Undergoes World's First Cataract Surgery". IFPNews.com. 22 April 2018.
  16. ^ National Research Council, (US) Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science (2005). Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
  17. ^ "Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report" (PDF). The Pharma 1000. November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  18. ^ Sargeant, JM (2010). "Quality of reporting of clinical trials of dogs and cats and associations with treatment effects". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0386.x. PMID 19807866.
  19. ^ Di Girolamo, N (2016). "Deficiencies of effectiveness of intervention studies in veterinary medicine: a cross-sectional survey of ten leading veterinary and medical journals". PeerJ. 4: e1649. doi:10.7717/peerj.1649. PMC 4734056. PMID 26835187.
  20. ^ Scott, Kevin A.; Qureshi, M. Haziq; Cox, Philip B.; Marshall, Christopher M.; Bellaire, Bailey C.; Wilcox, Michael; Stuart, Bradey A. R.; Njardarson, Jon T. (24 December 2020). "A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book-Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 63 (24): 15449–15482. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01502. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 33125236. S2CID 226218045.
  21. ^ Martin Curran, Marina; MacLehose, Harriet (19 April 2006). Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (ed.). "Community animal health services for improving household wealth and health status of low income farmers". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006 (2): CD003049. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003049.pub2. PMC 6532712. PMID 16625568.
  22. ^ a b Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária: "Tratamento", 11 January 2011, (in portuguese). Retrieved 4 May 2022.

Further reading edit

Introductory textbooks and references edit

  • Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie; Bowden, Sally (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook, Jeffery, Andrea (forward), Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2938-7[permanent dead link]
  • Boden, Edward; West, Geoffrey Philip (1998), Black's veterinary dictionary, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-389-21017-7
  • Done, Stanley H. (1996), Color atlas of veterinary anatomy: The dog & cat, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7234-2441-3[permanent dead link]
  • Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, Cornelis Johannes Gerardus (2010), Textbook of veterinary anatomy, Saunders, ISBN 978-1-4160-6607-1
  • Fenner, William R. (2000), Quick reference to veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-397-51608-7
  • Lawhead, James B.; Baker, MeeCee (2009), Introduction to veterinary science, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4283-1225-8
  • Pfeiffer, Dirk (2009), Veterinary Epidemiology: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-7694-1
  • Radostits, O. M.; Gay, C. C.; Blood, D. C.; Arundel, J. H.; Hinchcliff, Kenneth W (2000), Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses (9th ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 1877, ISBN 978-0-7020-2604-1[permanent dead link]

Monographs and other speciality texts edit

  • Dunlop, Robert H.; Malbert, Charles-Henri (2004), Veterinary pathophysiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2826-8
  • Eurell, Jo Ann Coers; Eurell, Jo Ann; Frappier, Brian L.; Dellman, Horst-Dieter (25 May 2006), Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7817-4148-4
  • Foreyt, William J.; Foreyt, Bill (2001), Veterinary parasitology reference manual, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2419-2
  • Gupta, Ramesh Chandra (2007), Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-370467-2
  • Hirsh, Dwight C.; Maclachlan, Nigel James; Walker, Richard L. (2004), Veterinary microbiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0379-1
  • Hunter, Pamela (2004), Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 611, ISBN 978-0-7546-4053-0
  • Merck, Melinda D. (2007), Veterinary forensics: animal cruelty investigations, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1501-5
  • Murphy, Frederick A. (1999), Veterinary virology, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-511340-3
  • Nicholas, Frank W. (2009), Introduction to Veterinary Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-6832-8
  • Robinson, Wayne F.; Huxtable, Clive R. R. (2004), Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University Press, p. 452, ISBN 978-0-521-54813-7
  • Slatter, Douglas H. (2002), Textbook of small animal surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3
  • Kahn, Cynthia M., ed. (2010), The Merck Veterinary Manual, Whitehouse Station, N.J., Merck, ISBN 978-0-911910-93-3
  • Thrusfield, Michael (2007), Veterinary epidemiology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-5627-1
  • Zajac, A.; Conboy, Gary A.; American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (2006), Veterinary clinical parasitology, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-8138-1734-7

Veterinary nursing, ophthalmology, and pharmacology edit

Related fields edit

  • Anthony, David; University of Pennsylvania. University Museum (1984), Man and animals: living, working, and changing together : in celebration of the 100th anniversary, the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4
  • Catanzaro, Thomas E. (1998), Building the Successful Veterinary Practice: Innovation and creativity, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-2984-5
  • Finger, Stanley (2001), Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3
  • Rollin, Bernard E. (2006), An introduction to veterinary medical ethics: theory and cases, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-8138-0399-9
  • Sherman, David M. (2002), Tending animals in the global village: a guide to international veterinary medicine, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-683-18051-0
  • Shilcock, Maggie; Stutchfield, Georgina (2003), Veterinary practice management: a practical guide, Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-7020-2696-6[permanent dead link]
  • Smith, Gary; Kelly, Alan M., eds. (2008), Food Security in a Global Economy: Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Phila.: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 176, ISBN 978-0-8122-2044-5
  • Swabe, Joanna (1999), Animals, Disease, and Human Society: Human-animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine, Routledge, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-415-18193-8
  • Swope, Robert E.; Rigby, Julie (2001), Opportunities in veterinary medicine careers, McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 151, ISBN 978-0-658-01055-2
  • Swabe, Joanna (1999), , p. 244, ISBN 978-0-415-18193-8, archived from the original on 8 February 2019, retrieved 8 March 2022
  • Anthony, David; Zoetis (2014), , Dr. Donal Smith, ISBN 978-0-934718-68-4, archived from the original on 8 February 2019, retrieved 8 March 2022

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of veterinary medicine at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Veterinary medicine at Wikimedia Commons

December 07, 2023
veterinary, medicine, animal, hospital, redirects, here, television, show, animal, hospital, veterinary, sciences, redirects, here, journal, veterinary, sciences, journal, branch, medicine, that, deals, with, prevention, management, diagnosis, treatment, disea. Animal hospital redirects here For the BBC television show see Animal Hospital Veterinary sciences redirects here For the journal see Veterinary Sciences journal Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention management diagnosis and treatment of disease disorder and injury in animals Along with this it deals with animal rearing husbandry breeding research on nutrition and product development The scope of veterinary medicine is wide covering all animal species both domesticated and wild with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species A veterinary technician in Ethiopia shows the owner of an ailing donkey how to sanitize the site of infection Veterinary medicine is widely practiced both with and without professional supervision Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician also known as a veterinarian veterinary surgeon or vet but also by paraveterinary workers such as veterinary nurses veterinary technicians and veterinary assistants 1 This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry and species relevant roles such as farriers Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease infectious disease transmitted from nonhuman animals to humans food safety and through human applications via medical research They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment and mental health by keeping pets healthy and long living Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work Ethically veterinarians are usually obliged to look after animal welfare Veterinarians diagnose treat and help keep animals safe and healthy Contents 1 History 1 1 Premodern era 1 2 Establishment of profession 2 Veterinary workers 2 1 Veterinary physicians 2 2 Paraveterinary workers 2 3 Allied professions 3 Veterinary research 3 1 Clinical veterinary research 4 See also 4 1 By country 5 References 6 Further reading 6 1 Introductory textbooks and references 6 2 Monographs and other speciality texts 6 3 Veterinary nursing ophthalmology and pharmacology 6 4 Related fields 7 External linksHistory editPremodern era edit Archeological evidence in the form of a cow skull upon which trepanation had been performed shows that people were performing veterinary procedures in the Neolithic 3400 3000 BCE 2 nbsp Fragments of the Kahun Papyrus on veterinary medicine early second millennium BCEThe Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt is the first extant record of veterinary medicine 3 The Shalihotra Samhita dating from the time of Ashoka is an early Indian veterinary treatise The edicts of Asoka read Everywhere King Piyadasi Asoka made two kinds of medicine च क त स available medicine for people and medicine for animals Where no healing herbs for people and animals were available he ordered that they be bought and planted 4 nbsp Manuscript page of Hippiatrica 14th century Hippiatrica is a Byzantine compilation of hippiatrics dated to the fifth or sixth century AD 5 The first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance In the Middle Ages farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the more general task of horse doctoring The Arabic tradition of Bayṭara or Shiyat al Khayl originates with the treatise of Ibn Akhi Hizam fl late ninth century In 1356 the Lord Mayor of London concerned at the poor standard of care given to horses in the city requested that all farriers operating within a 7 mile 11 km radius of the City of London form a fellowship to regulate and improve their practices This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674 6 Meanwhile Carlo Ruini s book Anatomia del Cavallo Anatomy of the Horse was published in 1598 It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a nonhuman species 7 Establishment of profession edit nbsp Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary school in Lyon in 1762 The first veterinary school was founded in Lyon France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat 8 According to Lupton 9 after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy This resulted in founding a veterinary school in Lyon in 1761 from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease in a short time the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art 9 The school received immediate international recognition in the 18th century and its pedagogical model drew on the existing fields of human medicine natural history and comparative anatomy 10 The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry 11 and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain A founding member Thomas Burgess began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals 12 A 1785 society meeting resolved to promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles Physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the veterinary trade and the establishment of veterinary colleges This was finally achieved in 1790 through the campaigning of Granville Penn who persuaded Frenchman Benoit Vial de St Bel to accept the professorship of the newly established veterinary college in London 11 The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844 Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean credited by many as having been the founder of modern veterinary research 13 In the United States the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston New York City and Philadelphia In 1879 Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine 14 Veterinary workers editVeterinary physicians edit Main article Veterinarian nbsp Surgery on a dogVeterinary care and management are usually led by a veterinary physician usually called a veterinarian veterinary surgeon or vet doctor of veterinary medicine or veterinary medical doctor This role is the equivalent of a physician or surgeon medical doctor in human medicine and involves postgraduate study and qualification In many countries the local nomenclature for a vet is a protected term meaning that people without the prerequisite qualifications and or registration are not able to use the title and in many cases the activities that may be undertaken by a vet such as animal treatment or surgery are restricted only to those people who are registered as vet For instance in the United Kingdom as in other jurisdictions animal treatment may be performed only by registered vets with a few designated exceptions such as paraveterinary workers calling oneself a vet without being registered or performing any treatment is illegal Most vets work in clinical settings treating animals directly They may be involved in a general practice treating animals of all types may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals livestock laboratory animals zoo animals or horses or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as veterinary surgery dermatology cardiology neurology laboratory animal medicine internal medicine and more As with healthcare professionals vets face ethical decisions about the care of their patients Current debates within the profession include the veterinary ethics of purely cosmetic procedures on animals such as declawing of cats docking of tails cropping of ears and debarking on dogs A wide range of surgeries and operations is performed on various types of animals but not all of them are carried out by vets In a case in Iran for instance an eye surgeon managed to perform a successful cataract surgery on a rooster for the first time in the world 15 Paraveterinary workers edit nbsp US and South African army veterinary technicians prepare a dog for spaying Main article Paraveterinary workers Paraveterinary workers including veterinary nurses veterinary technicians and veterinary assistants 1 either assist vets in their work or may work within their own scope of practice depending on skills and qualifications including in some cases performing minor surgery The role of paraveterinary workers is less homogeneous globally than that of a vet and qualification levels and the associated skill mix vary widely Allied professions edit A number of professions exist within the scope of veterinary medicine but may not necessarily be performed by vets or veterinary nurses This includes those performing roles which are also found in human medicine such as practitioners dealing with musculoskeletal disorders including osteopaths chiropractors and physiotherapists Some roles are specific to animals but which have parallels in human society such as animal grooming and animal massage Some roles are specific to a species or group of animals such as farriers who are involved in the shoeing of horses and in many cases have a major role to play in ensuring the medical fitness of horses Veterinary research edit nbsp An eye examination of a kitten is underway prior to the kitten s adoption Veterinary research includes prevention control diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals and basic biology welfare and care of animals Veterinary research transcends species boundaries and includes the study of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced models of both human and animal diseases and research at human animal interfaces such as food safety wildlife and ecosystem health zoonotic diseases and public policy 16 By value the most important Animal Health pharmaceutical supplier worldwide is by far Zoetis United States 17 Clinical veterinary research edit As in medicine randomized controlled trials also are fundamental in veterinary medicine to establish the effectiveness of a treatment 18 Clinical veterinary research is far behind human medical research though with fewer randomized controlled trials that have a lower quality and are mostly focused on research animals 19 Possible improvement consists in creation of networks for inclusion of private veterinary practices in randomized controlled trials Although the FDA approves drugs for use in humans the FDA keeps a separate Green Book which lists drugs approved specifically for veterinary medicine about half of which are separately approved for use in humans 1 20 No studies exist on the effect of community animal health services on improving household wealth and the health status of low income farmers 21 The first recorded use of regenerative stem cell therapy to treat lesions in a wild animal occurred in 2011 in Brazil 22 On that occasion the Zoo Brasilia pt used stem cells to treat a maned wolf who had been run over by a car which was later returned fully recovered to nature 22 See also edit nbsp Animals portal nbsp Medicine portalAnimal drug Animal science Federation of Veterinarians of Europe Lists of animal diseases National Office of Animal Health One Health Pet orthotics Technology in veterinary medicine WikiVetBy country edit Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom Veterinary medicine in the United States History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines Veterinary Council of India Veterinary Council of IrelandReferences edit a b Beatty Hassan Veterinary Assistant vs Veterinary Technician A Comparison Prof Melissa Crist Retrieved 22 December 2020 Ramirez Rozzi Fernando Froment Alain 19 April 2018 Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery from Cow to Man in the Neolithic Scientific Reports 8 1 5536 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 5536R doi 10 1038 s41598 018 23914 1 PMC 5908843 PMID 29674628 Thrusfield 2007 p 2 Finger 2001 p 12 Scarborough John Cutler Anthony 1 January 2005 Hippiatrica The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195046526 001 0001 ISBN 9780195046526 retrieved 27 September 2019 Hunter Pamela 2004 Veterinary Medicine A Guide to Historical Sources p 1 Ashgate Publishing Ltd Wernham R B 1968 The New Cambridge Modern History The Counter Reformation and price revolution 1559 1610 Volume 3 p 472 Cambridge University Press Marc Mammerickx Claude Bourgelat avocat des veterinaires Bruxelles 1971 a b J L Lupton Modern Practical Farriery 1879 in the section The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs pp 1 Heintzman Kit 2018 A cabinet of the ordinary domesticating veterinary education 1766 1799 The British Journal for the History of Science 51 2 239 260 doi 10 1017 S0007087418000274 PMID 29665887 S2CID 4947361 a b Pugh L P 1962 From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785 1795 Heffner Cambridge for RCVS pp 8 19 Cotchen Ernest 1990 The Royal Veterinary College London A Bicentenary History Barracuda Books Ltd pp 11 13 Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age American Veterinary Medical Association Widder Keith R 2005 Michigan Agricultural College The Evolution Of A Land Grant Philosophy 1855 1925 permanent dead link p 107 MSU Press Rooster Undergoes World s First Cataract Surgery IFPNews com 22 April 2018 National Research Council US Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science 2005 Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science Washington DC National Academies Press US Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report PDF The Pharma 1000 November 2021 Retrieved 29 December 2022 Sargeant JM 2010 Quality of reporting of clinical trials of dogs and cats and associations with treatment effects Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24 1 44 50 doi 10 1111 j 1939 1676 2009 0386 x PMID 19807866 Di Girolamo N 2016 Deficiencies of effectiveness of intervention studies in veterinary medicine a cross sectional survey of ten leading veterinary and medical journals PeerJ 4 e1649 doi 10 7717 peerj 1649 PMC 4734056 PMID 26835187 Scott Kevin A Qureshi M Haziq Cox Philip B Marshall Christopher M Bellaire Bailey C Wilcox Michael Stuart Bradey A R Njardarson Jon T 24 December 2020 A Structural Analysis of the FDA Green Book Approved Veterinary Drugs and Roles in Human Medicine Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 63 24 15449 15482 doi 10 1021 acs jmedchem 0c01502 ISSN 0022 2623 PMID 33125236 S2CID 226218045 Martin Curran Marina MacLehose Harriet 19 April 2006 Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group ed Community animal health services for improving household wealth and health status of low income farmers Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006 2 CD003049 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD003049 pub2 PMC 6532712 PMID 16625568 a b Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinaria Tratamento 11 January 2011 in portuguese Retrieved 4 May 2022 Further reading editIntroductory textbooks and references edit Aspinall Victoria Cappello Melanie Bowden Sally 2009 Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook Jeffery Andrea forward Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7020 2938 7 permanent dead link Boden Edward West Geoffrey Philip 1998 Black s veterinary dictionary Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 389 21017 7 Done Stanley H 1996 Color atlas of veterinary anatomy The dog amp cat Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7234 2441 3 permanent dead link Dyce Keith M Sack Wolfgang O Wensing Cornelis Johannes Gerardus 2010 Textbook of veterinary anatomy Saunders ISBN 978 1 4160 6607 1 Fenner William R 2000 Quick reference to veterinary medicine John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 397 51608 7 Lawhead James B Baker MeeCee 2009 Introduction to veterinary science Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 4283 1225 8 Pfeiffer Dirk 2009 Veterinary Epidemiology An Introduction John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 1 4051 7694 1 Radostits O M Gay C C Blood D C Arundel J H Hinchcliff Kenneth W 2000 Veterinary Medicine A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle Sheep Pigs Goats and Horses 9th ed Elsevier Health Sciences p 1877 ISBN 978 0 7020 2604 1 permanent dead link Monographs and other speciality texts edit Dunlop Robert H Malbert Charles Henri 2004 Veterinary pathophysiology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 2826 8 Eurell Jo Ann Coers Eurell Jo Ann Frappier Brian L Dellman Horst Dieter 25 May 2006 Dellmann s textbook of veterinary histology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 7817 4148 4 Foreyt William J Foreyt Bill 2001 Veterinary parasitology reference manual Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 2419 2 Gupta Ramesh Chandra 2007 Veterinary toxicology basic and clinical principles Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 370467 2 Hirsh Dwight C Maclachlan Nigel James Walker Richard L 2004 Veterinary microbiology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 0379 1 Hunter Pamela 2004 Veterinary Medicine A Guide to Historical Sources Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 611 ISBN 978 0 7546 4053 0 Merck Melinda D 2007 Veterinary forensics animal cruelty investigations John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 8138 1501 5 Murphy Frederick A 1999 Veterinary virology Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 511340 3 Nicholas Frank W 2009 Introduction to Veterinary Genetics John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 1 4051 6832 8 Robinson Wayne F Huxtable Clive R R 2004 Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine Cambridge University Press p 452 ISBN 978 0 521 54813 7 Slatter Douglas H 2002 Textbook of small animal surgery Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7216 8607 3 Kahn Cynthia M ed 2010 The Merck Veterinary Manual Whitehouse Station N J Merck ISBN 978 0 911910 93 3 Thrusfield Michael 2007 Veterinary epidemiology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 5627 1 Zajac A Conboy Gary A American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists 2006 Veterinary clinical parasitology John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 8138 1734 7 Veterinary nursing ophthalmology and pharmacology edit Adams H Richard 2001 Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 1743 9 Bryant Susan 2010 Anesthesia for Veterinary Technicians John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 0 8138 0586 3 Cannon Marthaxcx Hijfte Myra Forster van 2006 Feline medicine a practical guide for veterinary nurses and technicians Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7506 8827 7 permanent dead link Crispin Sheila M 2005 Notes on veterinary ophthalmology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 632 06416 8 Gelatt Kirk N 2000 Essentials of veterinary ophthalmology Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 683 30077 2 Lane D R Cooper B 2003 Veterinary nursing Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7506 5525 5 permanent dead link Pattengale Paula 2004 Tasks for the veterinary assistant Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 7817 4243 6 Riviere Jim E Papich Mark G 2009 Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 0 8138 2061 3 Related fields edit Anthony David University of Pennsylvania University Museum 1984 Man and animals living working and changing together in celebration of the 100th anniversary the School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania UPenn Museum of Archaeology ISBN 978 0 934718 68 4 Catanzaro Thomas E 1998 Building the Successful Veterinary Practice Innovation and creativity Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 2984 5 Finger Stanley 2001 Origins of neuroscience a history of explorations into brain function Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 514694 3 Rollin Bernard E 2006 An introduction to veterinary medical ethics theory and cases Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 8138 0399 9 Sherman David M 2002 Tending animals in the global village a guide to international veterinary medicine John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 683 18051 0 Shilcock Maggie Stutchfield Georgina 2003 Veterinary practice management a practical guide Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7020 2696 6 permanent dead link Smith Gary Kelly Alan M eds 2008 Food Security in a Global Economy Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Phila University of Pennsylvania Press p 176 ISBN 978 0 8122 2044 5 Swabe Joanna 1999 Animals Disease and Human Society Human animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine Routledge p 243 ISBN 978 0 415 18193 8 Swope Robert E Rigby Julie 2001 Opportunities in veterinary medicine careers McGraw Hill Professional p 151 ISBN 978 0 658 01055 2 Swabe Joanna 1999 Veterinary Courses and CE p 244 ISBN 978 0 415 18193 8 archived from the original on 8 February 2019 retrieved 8 March 2022 Anthony David Zoetis 2014 VeritasDVM Dr Donal Smith ISBN 978 0 934718 68 4 archived from the original on 8 February 2019 retrieved 8 March 2022External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of veterinary medicine at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Veterinary medicine at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Veterinary medicine amp oldid 1188379404, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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