United Front (India)
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The United Front was a coalition government of 13 political parties formed in India after the 1996 general elections.[1] The coalition formed two governments in India between 1996 and 1998. During its tenure, the government was led by two Prime Ministers belonging to the Janata Dal – H. D. Deve Gowda, and I. K. Gujral. N. Chandrababu Naidu of the Telugu Desam Party served as the convener of United Front.[2][3] The United Front was headquartered at the Andhra Pradesh Bhavan in New Delhi.[4]
United Front | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | UF |
| Chairperson | N. Chandrababu Naidu |
| Founded | 1996 |
| Dissolved | 1998 |
| Split from | National Front |
| Headquarters | Andhra Pradesh Bhavan, New Delhi |
Background edit
The Indian general election in 1996 returned a fractured verdict. With the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerging as the largest party, with 161 of 543 seats, it was invited first to form a government. It accepted the offer, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee was sworn in as the prime minister. However, he was unable to muster a majority on the floor of the house, and the government fell 13 days later.[5] At a meeting of all the other parties, the Indian National Congress, with a substantial 140 seats, declined to head the government and agreed to extend outside support to the coalition.[6] Whereas the Communist Party of India (Marxist) agreed to join the coalition with the Janata Dal at its head,[7] named the "United Front". Other members of the United Front included the Samajwadi Party, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Asom Gana Parishad, Tamil Maanila Congress, Communist Party of India, and Telugu Desam Party.
With the approval of the Congress and CPI(M), the sitting Chief Minister of Karnataka, H. D. Deve Gowda, was asked to head the coalition as Prime Minister after V. P. Singh and Jyoti Basu declined.[8][9] His term was from June 1, 1996 – April 21, 1997.[10] The Congress revoked its support for Gowda amidst discontent over communication between the coalition and the Congress. It compromised to support a new government under I. K. Gujral, who served as the Prime Minister from April 21, 1997 – March 19, 1998. Following the collapse of his government, fresh elections were called,[11] and the United Front lost power.[12] Later, with the exit of N. Chandrababu Naidu as convener of the UF to extend outside support to the NDA, the United Front collapsed.[13]
Electoral performance edit
| Year | Legislature | Coalition leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | N. Chandrababu Naidu | 305 / 543 | 56.31% | Government | [14] | ||
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 88 / 543 | 217 | 20.98% | 35.33% | Opposition | [15] |
List of prime ministers edit
| No. | Portrait | Name | Term in office | Lok Sabha | Cabinet | Constituency | Party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Tenure | ||||||||
| 1 | H. D. Deve Gowda | 1 June 1996 | 21 April 1997 | 324 days | 11th | Deve Gowda | Rajya Sabha Karnataka | Janata Dal | ||
| 2 | Inder Kumar Gujral | 21 April 1997 | 19 March 1998 | 332 days | Gujral | Rajya Sabha Bihar | ||||
Coalition members edit
| Party | 1996 (Post-poll alliance) | 1998 (Pre-poll alliance) | Seat Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internal support | ||||
| Asom Gana Parishad | 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| Communist Party of India | 12 | 9 | 3 | |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 32 | 32 | ||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 17 | 6 | 11 | |
| Janata Dal | 46 | 6 | 40 | |
| Samajwadi Party | 17 | 20 | 3 | |
| Tamil Maanila Congress | 20 | 3 | 17 | |
| Telugu Desam Party | 16 | 12 | 4 | |
| External support | ||||
| Indian National Congress | 140 | |||
| Total | 305 | 88 | 217 | |
References edit
- ^ M. L. Ahuja (1998). Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998. Mittal Publications. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Chandrababu Naidu: Coalitions have delivered clear policies". The Indian Express. 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ^ Service, Indo-Asian News (2022-04-20). "Andhra Pradesh: Naidu turns 72, gears up for another poll battle". The Siasat Daily. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ^ "Routed in many of its strongholds, Third Force loses its pan-Indian identity". India Today. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
- ^ "When Atal Bihari Vajpayee Became The Prime Minister For 13 Days And Then 13 Months". India.com. 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Mamata Banerjee Can Say No UPA Anymore but Her National Goals are Tied to Congress' Future". News18. 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Kumar, Arvind (2022-08-19). "What Left parties' decision to not join Bihar alliance means for India's Dalits, women, MBCs". ThePrint. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Why Jyoti Basu could not be PM". Times of India Blog. 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Mukul, Akshaya. "Historic blunder: How hardliners denied Basu the chance to be PM". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "25 years ago HD Deve Gowda took oath as PM; JDS highlights achievements". www.business-standard.com. Press Trust of India. 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Elections '98: United Front confident of good performance in coming polls". India Today. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Third Front | Alternative political combination and its challenges". Moneycontrol. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ^ "Chandrababu Naidu 2.0: Can he recreate 1996 in 2019 in the Capital?". Hindustan Times. 2018-11-10. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Election Commission 1996.
- ^ Election Commission 1998.