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Earth Summit

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Conference or the Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92, Cúpula da Terra), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

The Earth Summit was a UN event.

Earth Summit was created as a response for member states to cooperate together internationally on development issues after the Cold War. Due to issues relating to sustainability being too big for individual member states to handle, Earth Summit was held as a platform for other member states to collaborate.

A key achievement of the 1992 conference was the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established in part as an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system" and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP) meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change.

Since the creation of the UNFCC many related environmental conferences, climate-related forums, and ongoing scientific research initiatives in the fields of sustainability, climate, and environmental security have continued to develop these intersecting issues. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)[1] and educational institutions have been prominent participants.

The Earth Summit played an influential role in diffusing several key principles of environmental treaties, such as the precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the polluter pays principle.[2]

Issues addressed edit

The issues addressed include:

  • systematic scrutiny of patterns of production—particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals
  • alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which delegates linked to global climate change
  • new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke
  • the growing usage and limited supply of water
  • importance of protecting the world's oceans.[3]

Development edit

An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Another agreement was to "not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate".[citation needed]

The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit and made a start towards a redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage the destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth. World Oceans Day was initially proposed at this conference and has been recognized since then.[4]

Although President George H. W. Bush signed the Earth Summit’s Convention on Climate, his EPA Administrator William K. Reilly acknowledges that U.S. goals at the conference were difficult to negotiate and the agency’s international results were mixed, including the U.S. failure to sign the proposed Convention on Biological Diversity.[5]

Twelve cities were also honored with the Local Government Honours Award for innovative local environmental programs. These included Sudbury in Canada for its ambitious program to rehabilitate environmental damage from the local mining industry, Austin in the United States for its green building strategy, and Kitakyūshū in Japan for incorporating an international education and training component into its municipal pollution control program.

The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were opened for signature:

At Rio it was agreed that an International Negotiating Committee for a third convention the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification would be set up. This convention was negotiated within two years of Rio and then open for signature. It became effective in 1996 after receiving 50 ratifications.

In order to ensure compliance to the agreements at Rio (particularly the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21), delegates to the Earth Summit established the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). In 2013, the CSD was replaced by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development that meets every year as part of the ECOSOC meetings, and every fourth year as part of the General Assembly meetings.

Critics point out that many of the agreements made in Rio have not been realized regarding such fundamental issues as fighting poverty and cleaning up the environment. Malaysia was successful at blocking the US-proposed convention on forests and its prime-minister Mahathir Mohamad accused later the global North of exercising eco-imperialism at this summit.[11][12] According to Vandana Shiva, Earth Summit create a "moral base for green imperialism".[13]

Green Cross International was founded to build upon the work of the Summit.

The first edition of Water Quality Assessments, published by WHO/Chapman & Hall, was launched at the Rio Global Forum.

Youth edit

At this stage, youth were not officially recognised within climate governance.[14] Although youth were not given specific recognition, there was a significant youth turnout at UNCED.[15] Youth were involved in negotiating Chapter 25 of Agenda 21 on Children & Youth in Sustainable Development.[16]

"25.2 It is imperative that youth from all parts of the world participate actively in all relevant levels of decision-making processes because it affects their lives today and has implications for their futures. In addition to their intellectual contribution and their ability to mobilize support, they bring unique perspectives that need to be taken into account."[17]

Two years prior to UNCED youth organized internationally to prepare for the Earth Summit.[18] Youth concerns were consolidated at a World Youth Environmental Meeting, Juventud (Youth) 92, held in Costa Rica, before the Earth Summit.[19][20]

“The involvement of today’s youth in environment and development decision-making…is critical to the long term success of Agenda 21” (UNCED 1992).[21]

Parallel to UNCED, youth organized the Youth '92 conference with participation from around the world.[22][23] Organising took place before, but also afterwards.[24] Many youth participants were dissatisfied with the rate of change.[25]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "World Conferences Introduction". www.un.org. from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  2. ^ Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Allan, Jen; Jinnah, Sikina (2023). "The survival of the weakest: the echo of the Rio Summit principles in environmental treaties". Environmental Politics: 1–22. doi:10.1080/09644016.2023.2236505. ISSN 0964-4016. S2CID 260670633.
  3. ^ "Indus Delta: Bilawal says 2.4m acres of land is eroded by seawater". Business Recorder. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  4. ^ "This day, that year: What happened on June 7 in history". News9 Live. 7 June 2022.
  5. ^ EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William K. Reilly discusses his efforts at the Rio conference, including successes and failures. Reflections on US Environmental Policy: An Interview with William K. Reilly Video 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Transcript 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (see pages 6,7).
  6. ^ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. . Habitat.igc.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  7. ^ a b c Social Science Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for class X (PDF). New Delhi: NCERT. 2019. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7450-644-3. OCLC 1152150287.
  8. ^ United Nations Agenda 21 10 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. . Habitat.igc.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  10. ^ "CBD Home". Cbd.int. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  11. ^ KEEBLE, BRIAN (1993). "Reflections on the Earth Summit". Medicine and War. 9 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1080/07488009308409072. ISSN 0748-8009. JSTOR 45354685.
  12. ^ Mohamed, Datuk Seri Mahathir Bin (April 1999). "The Green Flag of Eco-Imperialism". New Perspectives Quarterly. 16 (2): 8–9. doi:10.1111/0893-7850.00214.
  13. ^ Shiva, Vandana (1997). The Greening of Global Reach. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780203444931.
  14. ^ Thew, Harriet (23 February 2018). "Youth participation and agency in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 18 (3): 369–389. Bibcode:2018IEAPL..18..369T. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9392-2. S2CID 158843174.
  15. ^ "NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ACCREDITED TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). UNEP.
  16. ^ Vincelette, Jocelyn (April 1998). "FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COOPERATION". Library and Archives Canada.
  17. ^ "Agenda 21: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS". United Nations.
  18. ^ "Towards a National Sustainable Development Strategy". January 1993.
  19. ^ "Block-3 Programmes and Services: YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN in Development". eGyanKosh.
  20. ^ Angel, William David (1995). The International Law of Youth Rights: Source Documents and Commentary. Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 645. ISBN 0-7923-3321-7.
  21. ^ Dickson-Hoyle, Sarah; Kovacevic, Michelle; Cherbonnier, Marina; Nicholas, Kimberly A. (13 November 2018). Iles, Alastair (ed.). "Towards meaningful youth participation in science-policy processes: a case study of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 6: 67. Bibcode:2018EleSA...6...67D. doi:10.1525/elementa.327.
  22. ^ ""Youth Conference on Environment and Development (Youth 92)" held in Costa Rica from 22-29 March 1992". EU Archives.
  23. ^ "A Guide to Agenda 21" (PDF). International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1993.
  24. ^ "The Global Forum for Environmental Education" (PDF). Global Network of Teachers and Students, Volume 4, Number 3.
  25. ^ "'My generation has been damned'". Third World Resurgence.

External links edit

  • Documents from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (also known as UNCED or the Earth Summit) 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992
  • United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3–14 June 1992
  • Water Quality Assessments pdf
  • Video: Severn Suzuki, 12 years old, speaks for Environmental Children Organization UNCED 1992
  • , Tenzin Gyatso Dalai Lama
  • A critical keynote about the 1992 Rio Earth Summit
  • , articles at the India Environment Portal
  • Rio+20 on India Environment Portal

earth, summit, other, uses, disambiguation, united, nations, conference, environment, development, unced, also, known, conference, portuguese, eco92, cúpula, terra, major, united, nations, conference, held, janeiro, from, june, 1992, event, created, response, . For other uses see Earth Summit disambiguation The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED also known as the Rio Conference or the Earth Summit Portuguese ECO92 Cupula da Terra was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 The Earth Summit was a UN event Earth Summit was created as a response for member states to cooperate together internationally on development issues after the Cold War Due to issues relating to sustainability being too big for individual member states to handle Earth Summit was held as a platform for other member states to collaborate A key achievement of the 1992 conference was the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC established in part as an international environmental treaty to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED By 2022 the UNFCCC had 198 parties Its supreme decision making body the Conference of the Parties COP meets annually to assess progress in dealing with climate change Since the creation of the UNFCC many related environmental conferences climate related forums and ongoing scientific research initiatives in the fields of sustainability climate and environmental security have continued to develop these intersecting issues Non governmental organizations NGOs 1 and educational institutions have been prominent participants The Earth Summit played an influential role in diffusing several key principles of environmental treaties such as the precautionary principle common but differentiated responsibilities and the polluter pays principle 2 Contents 1 Issues addressed 2 Development 3 Youth 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksIssues addressed editThe issues addressed include systematic scrutiny of patterns of production particularly the production of toxic components such as lead in gasoline or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which delegates linked to global climate change new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke the growing usage and limited supply of water importance of protecting the world s oceans 3 Development editAn important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement Another agreement was to not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate citation needed The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit and made a start towards a redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage the destruction of natural ecoregions and so called uneconomic growth World Oceans Day was initially proposed at this conference and has been recognized since then 4 Although President George H W Bush signed the Earth Summit s Convention on Climate his EPA Administrator William K Reilly acknowledges that U S goals at the conference were difficult to negotiate and the agency s international results were mixed including the U S failure to sign the proposed Convention on Biological Diversity 5 Twelve cities were also honored with the Local Government Honours Award for innovative local environmental programs These included Sudbury in Canada for its ambitious program to rehabilitate environmental damage from the local mining industry Austin in the United States for its green building strategy and Kitakyushu in Japan for incorporating an international education and training component into its municipal pollution control program The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 6 7 Agenda 21 8 9 7 Forest Principles 7 Moreover important legally binding agreements Rio Convention were opened for signature Convention on Biological Diversity 10 Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC At Rio it was agreed that an International Negotiating Committee for a third convention the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification would be set up This convention was negotiated within two years of Rio and then open for signature It became effective in 1996 after receiving 50 ratifications In order to ensure compliance to the agreements at Rio particularly the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21 delegates to the Earth Summit established the Commission on Sustainable Development CSD In 2013 the CSD was replaced by the High level Political Forum on Sustainable Development that meets every year as part of the ECOSOC meetings and every fourth year as part of the General Assembly meetings Critics point out that many of the agreements made in Rio have not been realized regarding such fundamental issues as fighting poverty and cleaning up the environment Malaysia was successful at blocking the US proposed convention on forests and its prime minister Mahathir Mohamad accused later the global North of exercising eco imperialism at this summit 11 12 According to Vandana Shiva Earth Summit create a moral base for green imperialism 13 Green Cross International was founded to build upon the work of the Summit The first edition of Water Quality Assessments published by WHO Chapman amp Hall was launched at the Rio Global Forum Youth editAt this stage youth were not officially recognised within climate governance 14 Although youth were not given specific recognition there was a significant youth turnout at UNCED 15 Youth were involved in negotiating Chapter 25 of Agenda 21 on Children amp Youth in Sustainable Development 16 25 2 It is imperative that youth from all parts of the world participate actively in all relevant levels of decision making processes because it affects their lives today and has implications for their futures In addition to their intellectual contribution and their ability to mobilize support they bring unique perspectives that need to be taken into account 17 Two years prior to UNCED youth organized internationally to prepare for the Earth Summit 18 Youth concerns were consolidated at a World Youth Environmental Meeting Juventud Youth 92 held in Costa Rica before the Earth Summit 19 20 The involvement of today s youth in environment and development decision making is critical to the long term success of Agenda 21 UNCED 1992 21 Parallel to UNCED youth organized the Youth 92 conference with participation from around the world 22 23 Organising took place before but also afterwards 24 Many youth participants were dissatisfied with the rate of change 25 See also editEarth Summits list of the other summits before and after Rio 1992 the first one in 1972 Global Map Maurice Strong Precautionary principle Regional Forum on Environment and Health in Southeast and East Asian countries Severn Suzuki The Environmental Institute Tommy Koh link to the Chairman of the Main Committee of the UN Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972 United Nations Climate Change conference a yearly summit held in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC References edit World Conferences Introduction www un org Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 Retrieved 28 April 2018 Morin Jean Frederic Allan Jen Jinnah Sikina 2023 The survival of the weakest the echo of the Rio Summit principles in environmental treaties Environmental Politics 1 22 doi 10 1080 09644016 2023 2236505 ISSN 0964 4016 S2CID 260670633 Indus Delta Bilawal says 2 4m acres of land is eroded by seawater Business Recorder 9 June 2022 Retrieved 12 June 2022 This day that year What happened on June 7 in history News9 Live 7 June 2022 EPA Alumni Association EPA Administrator William K Reilly discusses his efforts at the Rio conference including successes and failures Reflections on US Environmental Policy An Interview with William K Reilly Video Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Transcript Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine see pages 6 7 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Habitat igc org Archived from the original on 2 April 2003 Retrieved 4 August 2014 a b c Social Science Contemporary India II Textbook in Geography for class X PDF New Delhi NCERT 2019 p 3 ISBN 978 81 7450 644 3 OCLC 1152150287 United Nations Agenda 21 Archived 10 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Agenda 21 Table of Contents Earth Summit 1992 Habitat igc org Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 Retrieved 4 August 2014 CBD Home Cbd int Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 Retrieved 4 August 2014 KEEBLE BRIAN 1993 Reflections on the Earth Summit Medicine and War 9 1 18 23 doi 10 1080 07488009308409072 ISSN 0748 8009 JSTOR 45354685 Mohamed Datuk Seri Mahathir Bin April 1999 The Green Flag of Eco Imperialism New Perspectives Quarterly 16 2 8 9 doi 10 1111 0893 7850 00214 Shiva Vandana 1997 The Greening of Global Reach London Routledge ISBN 9780203444931 Thew Harriet 23 February 2018 Youth participation and agency in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change International Environmental Agreements Politics Law and Economics 18 3 369 389 Bibcode 2018IEAPL 18 369T doi 10 1007 s10784 018 9392 2 S2CID 158843174 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ACCREDITED TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PDF UNEP Vincelette Jocelyn April 1998 FEDERAL PROVINCIAL RELATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COOPERATION Library and Archives Canada Agenda 21 STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS United Nations Towards a National Sustainable Development Strategy January 1993 Block 3 Programmes and Services YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN in Development eGyanKosh Angel William David 1995 The International Law of Youth Rights Source Documents and Commentary Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 645 ISBN 0 7923 3321 7 Dickson Hoyle Sarah Kovacevic Michelle Cherbonnier Marina Nicholas Kimberly A 13 November 2018 Iles Alastair ed Towards meaningful youth participation in science policy processes a case study of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative Elementa Science of the Anthropocene 6 67 Bibcode 2018EleSA 6 67D doi 10 1525 elementa 327 Youth Conference on Environment and Development Youth 92 held in Costa Rica from 22 29 March 1992 EU Archives A Guide to Agenda 21 PDF International Development Research Centre IDRC 1993 The Global Forum for Environmental Education PDF Global Network of Teachers and Students Volume 4 Number 3 My generation has been damned Third World Resurgence External links editDocuments from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as UNCED or the Earth Summit Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine held in Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3 14 June 1992 Water Quality Assessments pdf Video Severn Suzuki 12 years old speaks for Environmental Children Organization UNCED 1992 Address at Rio Earth Summit Tenzin Gyatso Dalai Lama Agenda 21 at the Center for a World in Balance A critical New Internationalist keynote about the 1992 Rio Earth Summit Rio Summit articles at the India Environment Portal Rio 20 on India Environment Portal Portals nbsp Politics nbsp Environment nbsp Ecology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Earth Summit amp oldid 1211973810, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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