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Treasure Island

Treasure Island (originally titled The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys[1]) is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, telling a story of "buccaneers and buried gold". It is considered a coming-of-age story and is noted for its atmosphere, characters, and action.

Treasure Island
First edition
AuthorRobert Louis Stevenson
Original titleThe Sea Cook: A Story for Boys
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
SubjectsPirates, coming-of-age
GenreAdventure fiction
Young adult literature
PublisherCassell and Company
Publication date
14 November 1883
Pages292 (first edition)
OCLC610014604
TextTreasure Island at Wikisource

The novel was originally serialised from 1881 to 1882 in the children's magazine Young Folks, under the title Treasure Island or the Mutiny of the Hispaniola, credited to the pseudonym "Captain George North". It was first published as a book on 14 November 1883 by Cassell & Co. It has since become one of the most often dramatized and adapted of all novels, in numerous media.

Since its publication, Treasure Island has had significant influence on depictions of pirates in popular culture, including elements such as deserted tropical islands, treasure maps marked with an "X", and one-legged seamen with parrots perched on their shoulders.[2]

Plot

 
Stevenson's map of Treasure Island
 
Jim Hawkins hiding in the apple-barrel, listening to the pirates

The plot is set in the mid-18th century, when an old sailor who identifies himself as "The Captain" starts to lodge at the rural Admiral Benbow Inn on England's Bristol Channel. He tells the innkeeper's son, Jim Hawkins, to keep a lookout for "a one-legged seafaring man". A former shipmate named Black Dog confronts The Captain about a chart. They get into a violent fight, causing Black Dog to flee. The Captain, the proper name Billy Bones, suffers a stroke. That night, Jim's father dies suddenly. A few days later, a blind beggar named Pew visits the inn, delivering a summons to Bones called "the black spot". Shortly thereafter, Bones suffers another stroke and dies. Pew and his accomplices attack the inn but are routed by excise officers, and Pew is trampled to death. Jim and his mother escape with a mysterious packet from Bones' sea chest, which is found to contain a map of the island on which the infamous pirate Captain Flint hid his treasure. Jim shows the map to the local physician Dr. Livesey and the squire John Trelawney, and they decide to make an expedition to the island, with Jim serving as a cabin boy.

They set sail on Trelawney's schooner, the Hispaniola, under Captain Smollett and Jim forms a strong bond with the ship's one-legged cook, Long John Silver. The crew suffers a tragedy when first mate Mr. Arrow, a drunkard, is washed overboard during a storm. While hidden in an apple barrel, Jim overhears a conversation among the Hispaniola's crew which reveals that many of them are pirates who had served on Captain Flint's ship, the Walrus, with Silver leading them. They plan to mutiny after the salvage of the treasure, and to murder the captain and the few remaining loyal crew.

Arriving at the island, Jim joins the shore party and they begin to explore. He meets a marooned pirate named Ben Gunn, who is also a former member of Flint's crew. The mutineers arm themselves and take the ship while Smollett's loyal men take refuge in an abandoned stockade on the island. After a brief truce, the mutineers attack them, with casualties on both sides of the battle. Jim makes his way to the Hispaniola and cuts the ship from its anchor, drifting it along the ebb tide. He boards the ship and encounters the pirate Israel Hands, who had been injured in a drunken dispute with one of his companions. Hands helps Jim beach the schooner in the northern bay, then attempts to kill Jim with a knife, but Jim shoots him dead with two pistols.

Jim goes ashore and returns to the stockade, where he is horrified to find only Silver and the pirates. Silver tells Jim that when everyone found the ship was gone, Captain Flint's party had agreed to a truce whereby they take the map and allow the besieged party to leave. In the morning, Livesey arrives to treat the wounded and sick pirates and tells Silver to look out for trouble once he's found the site of the treasure. After a dispute over leadership, Silver and the others set out with the map, taking Jim along as a hostage. They find a skeleton with its arms oriented toward the treasure, unnerving the party. Scaring the crew, Ben Gunn shouts Captain Flint's last words from the forest, making the pirates believe that Flint's ghost is haunting the island. They eventually find the treasure cache, but it is empty. The pirates prepare to kill Silver and Jim, but they are ambushed by the officers along with Gunn. Livesey explains that Gunn had already found the treasure and taken it to his cave long ago. The expedition members load a portion of the treasure onto the Hispaniola and depart the island, with Silver as a prisoner. At their first port, in Spanish America, Silver steals a bag of money and escapes. The rest of them sail back to Bristol and divide up the treasure. Still, Jim says that there is more left on the island, but he will not undertake another voyage to claim it.

Background

 
Treasure Island, illustrated by George Wylie Hutchinson (1894)
 
1934 edition

Stevenson conceived the idea for the novel based on a map of an imaginary, romantic island which he drew with his stepson Lloyd Osbourne, during a holiday in Braemar, Scotland in the summer of 1881. He had clearly started work by 25 August, writing to a friend, "If this don't fetch the kids, why, they have gone rotten since my day. Will you be surprised to learn that it is about Buccaneers, that it begins in the Admiral Benbow public house on the Devon coast, that it's all about a map and a treasure and a mutiny and a derelict ship... It's quite silly and horrid fun – and what I want is the best book about Buccaneers that can be had".[3]

Stevenson originally gave the book the title The Sea Cook. One month after conceiving of the book, chapters began to appear in the pages of the Young Folks magazine. After completing fifteen or nineteen chapters rapidly, Stevenson was interrupted by illness; he left Scotland and continued working on the first draft near London, where he and his father discussed points of the tale, and his father suggested elements that he included. The novel eventually ran in seventeen weekly instalments from October 1, 1881, to January 28, 1882. The book was later republished as the novel Treasure Island and proved to be Stevenson's first financial and critical success. The Liberal politician William Ewart Gladstone, who served four terms as British Prime Minister between 1868 and 1894, was one of the book's biggest fans.

Two general types of sea novels were popular during the 19th century: the navy yarn, which places a capable officer in adventurous situations amid realistic settings and historical events, and the desert island romance, which features shipwrecked or marooned characters confronted by treasure-seeking pirates or angry natives. Around 1815, the latter genre became one of the most popular fictional styles in Great Britain, perhaps because of the philosophical interest in Rousseau and Chateaubriand's "noble savage". Treasure Island was a climax of this development. The growth of the desert island genre can be traced back to 1719 when Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe was published. A century later, novels such as S. H. Burney's The Shipwreck (1816), and Sir Walter Scott's The Pirate (1822) continued to expand upon Defoe's classic. Other authors, in the mid-19th century, continued this trend, with works including James Fenimore Cooper's The Pilot (1823). During the same period, Edgar Allan Poe wrote "MS Found in a Bottle" (1833) and "The Gold-Bug" (1843). All of these works influenced Stevenson's end product.[citation needed]

Stevenson also consciously borrowed material from previous authors. In a July 1884 letter to Sidney Colvin, he wrote that "Treasure Island came out of Kingsley's At Last, where I got the Dead Man's Chest—and that was the seed—and out of the great Captain Johnson's History of the Notorious Pirates". Stevenson also admits that he took the idea of Captain Flint's pointing skeleton from Poe's The Gold-Bug and he constructed Billy Bones' history from the "Money-Diggers" section ("Golden Dreams" in particular[4]) of Tales of a Traveller by Washington Irving, one of his favorite writers.[5]

Half of Stevenson's manuscripts are lost, including those of Treasure Island, The Black Arrow, and The Master of Ballantrae. Stevenson's heirs sold his papers during World War I; many of his documents were auctioned off in 1918.[6]

Characters

Main

  • Jim Hawkins: The narrator of most of the novel. Jim is the son of an innkeeper near Bristol, England, and appears to be in his mid-teens. He is eager to go to sea and hunt for treasure. Jim consistently displays courage and heroism, but is also sometimes impulsive and impetuous. He exhibits increasing sensitivity and wisdom as the journey progresses.
  • Long John Silver: The one-legged cook aboard the Hispaniola. Silver is the secret leader of the pirates. He is deceitful and greedy, but also charismatic, and his physical and mental strength are impressive. He is kind toward Jim and appears genuinely fond of him. Silver was based in part on Stevenson's friend and mentor William Ernest Henley.
  • Dr. David Livesey: A doctor and magistrate; he narrates a few chapters of the novel. He exhibits common sense and rationality, and is fair-minded, treating wounded pirates just as he does his own comrades. Some years prior to the events of the novel, he had participated in the Battle of Fontenoy, during which he was wounded in action.[7]
  • Captain Alexander Smollett: The captain of the Hispaniola. He is savvy and is rightly suspicious of the crew that Trelawney hires. Smollett is a real professional, taking his job seriously and displaying skill as a negotiator. Smollett believes in rules and does not like Jim's disobedience, but later in the novel states that he and Jim shouldn't go to sea together again as Jim was too much of the born favourite for him.
  • Squire John Trelawney: A wealthy landowner who arranges the voyage to the island. He is too trusting and is duped by Silver into hiring pirates as the ship's crew.
  • Billy Bones: An old seaman who resides at the Admiral Benbow Inn. He used to be Flint's first mate, and is surly and rude. He exhorts Jim to be on the lookout for a one-legged man. A treasure map in his possession set the events of the novel in motion.
  • Ben Gunn: A former member of Captain Flint's crew who was found on Treasure Island, having been marooned there by Flint's crew several years earlier. He is described as being "insane", at least partially, and has a craving for cheese.
    • In the semi-official prequel story Porto Bello Gold by Arthur D. Howden Smith, Ben Gunn was the servant of captain Andrew "Rip-Rap" Murray, Flint's associate and the mastermind behind the capture of the treasure ship Santissima Trinidad, whence the buried treasure was taken. Murray described Ben Gunn as a "half-wit" whom he kept as servant specifically because he considered him intellectually incapable of treachery. After Flint's crew killed Murray and overpowered his crew, Ben Gunn went to serve Flint and fled the Walrus in Savannah after Flint's death.
    • According to The Adventures of Ben Gunn, he was Nic Allardyce's servant and friend from back home.

Minor

  • Alan: An honest sailor who is killed by the mutineers during the landing on the island and whose death scream is heard across the isle. The incident occurs just before Long John murders Tom.
  • Allardyce: One of the six members of Flint's Crew who, after burying the treasure and silver and building the blockhouse on Treasure Island, are all killed by Flint, who returns to his ship alone. Allardyce's body is lined up by Flint as a compass marker to the cache.
    • In Porto Bello Gold, one sailor on Flint's ship is named "Tom Allardyce". A lanky fellow with rather long, yellow hair, he is an antagonistic ringleader of sailors opposing Flint in at least two "fo'c'sle councils". Flint thinks they may present him with the Black Spot; he eventually challenges Allardyce to bring six friends and bury the treasure together.
    • According to The Adventures of Ben Gunn, his first name was "Nic", he was surgeon on Flint's crew, and Ben Gunn was his servant and friend from back home.
  • Job Anderson: The ship's boatswain and one of the leaders of the mutiny. He participates in the storming of the blockhouse and is killed by Gray while attacking Jim. He is probably one of Flint's old pirate hands, though this is never stated. Along with Hands and Merry, he tipped a Black Spot on Silver and forced Silver to start the mutiny before the treasure was found.
  • Mr. Arrow: The first mate of the Hispaniola. He is an alcoholic and is useless as a first mate. He disappears before they get to the island and his position is filled by Job Anderson. Silver had secretly given Mr. Arrow alcohol and he fell drunkenly overboard on a stormy night. In his BBC adaptation of 1977, John Lucarotti gives him the first name "Joshua". His first name was not stated in the novel.
  • Black Dog: Formerly a member of Flint's pirate crew, later one of Pew's companions who visits the Admiral Benbow to confront Billy Bones. He is spotted by Jim in Silver's tavern and slips out to be chased by two of Silver's men (in order to maintain the ruse that Silver and his men are not associated with him). Two fingers are missing from his left hand.
  • Pew: A vicious, deadly, and sinister blind beggar who served as a member of Flint's crew. Despite his blindness, he proves to be a dangerous adversary and can even be considered a ringleader amongst his fellow crewmen. He is the second messenger to approach Billy Bones and the one to deliver the Black Spot. He is trampled to death by the horses of revenue officers riding to assist Jim and his mother after the raid on their inn. Silver claims Pew spent his share of Flint's treasure at a rate of £1,200 per year, and that for two years until his accident at the "Admiral Benbow", he begged, stole, and murdered. Stevenson avoided predictability by making the two most fearsome characters a blind man and an amputee. In the play Admiral Guinea (1892), Stevenson gives him the full name "David Pew". Stevenson's novel Kidnapped (1886) also features a dangerous blind man.
    • In Porto Bello Gold, it is Pew who fatally stabs captain Murray, working in concert with Long John Silver. From the context, it seems that Silver means Pew when he addresses one man as "Ezra" just prior.
  • Mr. Dance: Chief revenue officer (titled Supervisor) who ascends with his men upon the Admiral Benbow, driving out the pirates, and saving Jim Hawkins and his mother. He then takes Hawkins to see the squire and the doctor.
  • Dogger: One of Mr. Dance's associates, who doubles Hawkins on his horse to the squire's house.
  • Captain J. Flint: A pirate who was captain of a ship called the Walrus, and who is dead before the events of the novel begin. In life he was the leader of the pirates and they refer to him often. He was the original possessor of the treasure, and buried it on the island. Long John Silver's parrot is named after him.
  • Abraham Gray: A ship's carpenter's mate on the Hispaniola. He is almost incited to mutiny but remains loyal to the Squire's side when asked to do so by Captain Smollett. He saves Hawkins' life by killing Job Anderson during an attack on the stockade, and he helps shoot the mutineers at the rifled treasure cache. He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins, Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, Captain Smollett, Long John Silver, and Ben Gunn. He spends his part of the treasure on his education, marries, and becomes part owner of a full-rigged ship.
  • Israel Hands: The ship's coxswain and Flint's old gunner. He tries to murder Jim Hawkins, who shoots him in self-defence.
  • Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins: The parents of Jim Hawkins. Mr. Hawkins dies early in the story.
  • John Hunter: A manservant of Squire Trelawney. Dr. Livesey considers him to be the most steady and capable of Livesey's servants to have in a fight. He accompanies Trelawney to the island but is later knocked unconscious in an attack on the stockade. He dies of his injuries while unconscious.
  • John: A mutineer who is injured while trying to storm the blockhouse. Throughout the latter narrative he is primarily referred to by Hawkins as 'the man with the bandaged head' and ends up being killed at the rifled treasure cache.
  • Dick Johnson: The youngest of the mutineers, who has a Bible. The pirates use one of its pages to make a Black Spot for Silver, only to have him predict bad luck on Dick for sacrilege. Soon becoming mortally ill with malaria, Dick ends up being marooned on the island after the deaths of George Merry and John.
  • Richard Joyce: One of the manservants of Squire Trelawney who accompany the squire to the island, a mild-mannered valet inexperienced in firearms. He is shot through the head and killed by a mutineer during an attack on the stockade.
  • George Merry: A mutinous and hostile member of Silver's crew, who disobeys orders and occasionally challenges Silver's authority. He launches the mutiny prematurely, forcing Long John to flee to the island with Jim as an improvised hostage. With Anderson and Hands, he forces Silver to attack the blockhouse instead of waiting for the treasure to be found. Later killed at the empty cache just as he is about to kill both Silver and Hawkins.
  • Tom Morgan: An ex-pirate from Flint's old crew. He ends up marooned on the island with Dick and one other mutineer.
  • O'Brien: A mutineer who survives the attack on the blockhouse and escapes. He is later killed by Israel Hands in a drunken fight on the Hispaniola. He is referred to by Hawkins as the pirate 'with the red nightcap' throughout most of the narrative, until Hands reveals to Hawkins that the fellow was an Irishman named O'Brien.
  • Tom Redruth: The gamekeeper of Squire Trelawney. He accompanies the Squire to the island but is shot and mortally wounded by the mutineers as the captain's party are relocating from the ship to the stockade.
  • Tom: An honest sailor who is killed by Silver for refusing to join the mutiny.

Among other minor characters whose names are not revealed are the four pirates who were killed in an attack on the stockade along with Job Anderson; the pirate killed by the honest men minus Jim Hawkins before the attack on the stockade; the pirate killed by Ben the night before the attack on the stockade; the pirate shot by Squire Trelawney when aiming at Israel Hands, who later died of his injuries; and the pirate marooned on the island along with Tom Morgan and Dick.

Historical allusions

Real pirates and piracy

Historian Luis Junco suggests that Treasure Island is a combination of the story of the murder of Captain George Glas on board the Earl of Sandwich in 1765 and the taking of the ship Walrus off the island of La Graciosa near Tenerife. The pirates of La Graciosa buried their treasure there, and were subsequently all killed in a bloody battle with the British navy; the treasure was never recovered.

In his book Pirates of the Carraigin, David Kelly deals with the piracy and murder of Captain Glas and others on board a ship travelling from Tenerife to London by the Ship's Cook and his gang. The perpetrators of this crime also buried the considerable treasure they had stolen but most of it was later recovered. They were all executed in Dublin in 1766. In his research, Kelly showed that Stevenson was a neighbour of the named victim in Edinburgh, and so was aware from an early age of these events, which had been a scandal at the time. Stevenson and his family were members of a church congregation set up by the victim's father. Although he never visited Ireland, Stevenson based at least two other books, Kidnapped and Catriona on real crimes that were perpetrated in Dublin; these crimes were all reported in detail in The Gentleman's Magazine, published in Dublin and Edinburgh.[8]

Other allusions to real piracy include:

  • Five real-life pirates mentioned are William Kidd (active 1696–1699), Blackbeard (1716–1718), Edward England (1717–1720), Howell Davis (1718–1719), and Bartholomew Roberts (1718–1722). Kidd buried treasure on Gardiners Island, though the booty was recovered by authorities soon afterwards.[9]
  • The name "Israel Hands" was taken from that of a real pirate in Blackbeard's crew, whom Blackbeard maimed (by shooting him in the knee) simply to ensure that his crew remained in terror of him. Allegedly, Hands was taken ashore to be treated for his injury and was not at Blackbeard's last fight (the incident is depicted in Tim Powers' novel On Stranger Tides), and this alone saved him from the gallows. Supposedly, he later became a beggar in England.
  • Silver refers to "three hundred and fifty thousand" pieces of eight at the "fishing up of the wrecked plate ships". This remark conflates two related events: first, the salvage of treasure from the 1715 Treasure Fleet which was wrecked off the coast of Florida in a hurricane; second, the seizure of 350,000 salvaged pieces of eight the following year (out of several million) by privateer Henry Jennings. This event is mentioned in the introduction to Johnson's General History of the Pyrates.
  • Silver refers to a ship's surgeon from Roberts' crew who amputated his leg and was later hanged at Cape Coast Castle, a British fortification on the Gold Coast of Africa. The records of the trial of Roberts' men list Peter Scudamore as the chief surgeon of Roberts' ship Royal Fortune. Scudamore was found guilty of willingly serving with Roberts' pirates and various related criminal acts, as well as attempting to lead a rebellion to escape once he had been apprehended. He was, as Silver relates, hanged, in 1722.
  • Stevenson refers to the Viceroy of the Indies, a ship sailing from Goa, India (then a Portuguese colony), which was taken by Edward England off Malabar while John Silver was serving aboard England's ship the Cassandra. No such exploit of England's is known, nor any ship by the name of the Viceroy of the Indies. However, in April 1721, the captain of the Cassandra, John Taylor (originally England's second in command who had marooned him for being insufficiently ruthless), together with his pirate partner, Olivier Levasseur, captured the vessel Nostra Senhora do Cabo near Réunion island in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese galleon was returning from Goa to Lisbon with the Conde da Ericeira, the recently retired Viceroy of Portuguese India, aboard. The viceroy had much of his treasure with him, making this capture one of the richest pirate hauls ever. This is possibly the event that Stevenson referred to, though his (or Silver's) memory of the event seems to be slightly confused. The Cassandra was last heard of in 1723 at Portobelo, Panama, a place that also briefly figures in Treasure Island as "Portobello".
  • The preceding two references are inconsistent, as the Cassandra (and presumably Silver) was in the Indian Ocean during the time that Scudamore was surgeon on board the Royal Fortune, in the Gulf of Guinea.
  • A real life 1800s smuggling gang, the "Benbow Brandy Men", operated out of the Benbow pub in Penzance, smuggling gin, brandy, and tobacco to avoid paying the massive import taxes imposed by the Crown to fund its foreign wars.[10]

Other allusions

 
Robert Louis Stevenson
  • 1689: A pirate whistles "Lillibullero".
  • 1702: The Admiral Benbow Inn on the Devon coast, where Jim and his mother live, is named after the real life Admiral John Benbow (1653–1702).
  • 1733: Foundation of Savannah, Georgia, where Captain Flint died in 1754.
  • 1745: Doctor Livesey was at the Battle of Fontenoy (1745).
  • 1747: Squire Trelawney and Long John Silver both mention "Admiral Hawke", i.e. Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke (1705–81), promoted to rear admiral in 1747.
  • 1749: The novel refers to the Bow Street Runners (1749).
  • Treasure Island was in part inspired by R. M. Ballantyne's The Coral Island,[11] which Stevenson admired for its "better qualities."[12] Stevenson alludes to Ballantyne in the epigraph at the beginning of Treasure Island, "To the Hesitating Purchaser", "...If studious youth no longer crave, His ancient appetites forgot, Kingston, or Ballantyne the brave, Or Cooper of the wood and wave..."

Possible allusions

Characters

  • Squire Trelawney may have been named for Edward Trelawney, Governor of Jamaica 1738–52.
  • Dr. Livesey may have been named for Joseph Livesey (1794–1884), a famous 19th-century temperance advocate, founder of the tee-total "Preston Pledge". In the novel, Dr. Livesey warns the drunkard Billy Bones that "the name of rum for you is death."[13][14]

Treasure Island

 
Norman island
 
Dead Chest Island as viewed from Deadman's Bay, Peter Island
 
View of Fidra from Yellowcraigs

Various claims have been made that one island or another inspired Treasure Island:

  • Isla de Pinos near Cuba, which served as a supply base for pirates for about 300 years, is believed to have inspired Treasure Island.[15][16]
  • Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands was supposedly mentioned to Stevenson by a sailor uncle, and also possesses a "Spyglass Hill" like the fictional Treasure Island.[17]
  • Cocos Island off Costa Rica has many similarities with the fictional treasure island. British trader Captain William Thompson buried the stolen treasury of Peru there in 1820; an original inventory showed 113 gold religious statues (one a life-sized Virgin Mary), 200 chests of jewels, 273 swords with jeweled hilts, 1,000 diamonds, solid-gold crowns, 150 chalices, and hundreds of gold and silver bars. The real treasure has never been found, despite more than 300 expeditions to the island. Stevenson mentions the buried treasure and Captain Thompson in an 1881 letter to W. E. Henley, where he also provides the earliest known title for the book: "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys".[citation needed]
  • Dead Chest Island, a barren rock in the British Virgin Islands, which Stevenson found mentioned in Charles Kingsley's At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies,[18] and which he said "was the seed" for the phrase "Dead Man's Chest".[19][20]
  • Small pond in Queen Street Gardens in Edinburgh, said to have been visible from Stevenson's bedroom window in Heriot Row.[21]
  • The Napa Valley, California, where Stevenson spent his honeymoon in 1880, as narrated in his The Silverado Squatters (1883).
  • Osborn Island (now Nienstedt Island) in the Manasquan River in Brielle, New Jersey. Stevenson supposedly visited there in May 1888 (five years after writing Treasure Island) and christened it "Treasure Island"[22][23]
  • Fidra in the Firth of Forth, visible from North Berwick where Stevenson had spent many childhood holidays.[24]
  • Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, to which the map of Treasure Island bears a very vague resemblance.[25]
  • R. F. Delderfield, in The Adventures of Ben Gunn, suggests that its real name is Kidd's Island, and identifies it as an outlying island of the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands, south-south-west of Tobago (pp. 119–120).

Claimed links to the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey near Liverpool

In August 2022 the British Member of Parliament for Birkenhead, Mick Whitley, supported the findings of local historian John Lamb, that Robert Louis Stevenson had set his classic novel Treasure Island in the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey on the Wirral Peninsula lying opposite Liverpool. This followed a previous announcement by Alan Evans of Wirral Borough Council that the French science fiction writer Jules Verne had also set his 1874 novel The Mysterious Island in Birkenhead. Their Letters of support for Mr Lamb's claims were posted on the Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead website in August 2022.[26][27][28]

Other places

 
The Admiral Benbow in Penzance, reportedly an inspiration for Stevenson's Inn
  • Both the Llandoger Trow in Bristol, and the Admiral Benbow in Penzance, have claimed to be an inspiration for the Admiral Benbow Inn. Stevenson visited Cornwall and Penzance in August 1877, and as inn is described in the book as being in a rural area and it was necessary to travel to Bristol, Penzance's "Benbow Brandy Men" may have inspired him to feature the Penzance Benbow in Treasure Island.[29][10]
  • The Hole in the Wall, in Bristol, is claimed to be the Spyglass Tavern.[30]
  • The Pirate's House in Savannah, Georgia, is where Captain Flint is claimed to have spent his last days,[31] and his ghost is claimed to haunt the property.[32]

Sequels, prequels, and worldbuilding

Literature

Stevenson's Treasure Island spawned an enormous amount of literature based one way or another upon his original novel:

  • Porto Bello Gold (1924), a prequel by A. D. Howden Smith that was written with explicit permission from Stevenson's executor, tells the origin of the buried treasure and recasts many of Stevenson's pirates in their younger years, giving the hidden treasure some Jacobite antecedents not mentioned in the original.
  • Back to Treasure Island (1935) is a sequel by H. A. Calahan, the introduction of which argues that Robert Louis Stevenson wanted to write a continuation of the story.
  • The Adventures of Ben Gunn (1956), by R. F. Delderfield, follows Ben Gunn from parson's son to pirate and is narrated by Jim Hawkins in Gunn's words.
  • Flint's Island (1972), a sequel by Leonard Wibberley, who notes in the introduction that it had long been a dream of his to do so.
  • Long John Silver - Den äventyrliga och sannfärdiga berättelsen om mitt liv och leverne som lyckoriddare och mänsklighetens fiende (1998) is a prequel by the Swedish author Björn Larsson, who tells the fictional story of the pirate Long John Silver, told in first person by Silver himself in a manuscript in his last days of life.
  • Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island (2001) is a sequel by Frank Delaney under the pseudonym "Francis Bryan".
  • Before (2001) is a prequel by Michael Kernan, published in the Netherlands as Vóór Schateiland.[33]
  • Sept Pirates (2007) is a comic-book sequel by Pascal Bertho and artist Tom McBurnie.[citation needed]
  • Long John Silver (2007) is a four-volume French graphic novel by Xavier Dorison and artist Mathieu Lauffray.
  • Flint & Silver (2008) is a prequel by John Drake, who followed with two additional books: Pieces of Eight (2009) and Skull and Bones (2010).[34]
  • Return to Treasure Island (2010) is a sequel by John O'Melveny Woodswrote.[35]
  • Treasure Island: The Untold Story (2011) is a true-life prequel by John Amrhein, Jr.[36]
  • Silver: Return to Treasure Island (2012) is a sequel by former Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom Andrew Motion.[37]
  • Treasure Island!!! (2012) is a novel by Sara Levine about an American woman who becomes obsessed with Treasure Island (Europa Editions, 2012).[38]
  • Tread Carefully on the Sea (2014), by David K. Bryant, merges all the references to Captain Flint into a prequel covering the burial of the treasure.
  • Skulduggery (1991/2014), a prequel written by Tony Robinson which features Ben Gunn attending a school for pirates and meeting junior counterparts of Blind Pew and Long John Silver. Originally published as part of the Silvery Jackanory compilation in 1991. (ISBN 9781781124086)

Film and television

A number of sequels have also been produced in film and television, including:

  • Return to Treasure Island (1954), a film by E. A. Dupont
  • Return To Treasure Island (1986), written by Ivor Dean, Robert S. Baker, and John Goldsmith, is a HTV television series that features Silver, Hawkins, and Gunn.
  • A 1992 animation version and a 1996 and 1998 TV version
  • Black Sails (2014–2017), a prequel drama series by Robert Levine and Jonathan E. Steinberg, tells the story of Captain Flint and John Silver leading up to the Treasure Island story. The series is said to take place 20 years before the events of the book, in 1715; however this is actually 40 years before the dates given by Stevenson. The series consists of four seasons.[39]

Worldbuilding

In worldbuilding, there are:

  • Admiral Guinea (publ. 1892), a play written by R. L. Stevenson with W. E. Henley, features the blind ex-pirate Pew as a character under the name of "David Pew".
  • In his collection Fables (1896), Stevenson wrote a vignette called "The Persons of the Tale", in which puppets Captain Smollet and Long John Silver discuss authorship.[40]
  • In the novel Peter and Wendy (1911) by J. M. Barrie, it is said that Captain Hook is the only man ever feared by the Old Sea Cook (i.e., Long John Silver); Captain Flint and the Walrus are also referenced, among others.
  • In the film The Pagemaster (1994), the hero is confronted by Long John Silver, who surrenders and leaves after he is threatened with a sword
  • In the animated series Fox's Peter Pan and the Pirates (based, in part, on the original Peter Pan stories), Captain Flint is referenced in the episode "Peter on Trial", as Captain Hook is stated as being the only man that a pirate named Barbecue is stated to fear, with the following statement being that, "even Flint feared Barbecue," referring to Captain Flint from Treasure Island. Barbecue is the crew's nickname for Long John Silver in the novel. In the same episode, Flint is referenced as being the pirate who supposedly conceived of the idea of pirates putting members of their crew or their prisoners as the case might be, on trial in an event called 'Captain's Mast'.
  • Treasure Island made an appearance in Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Treasure Island, the 2018 entry of the popular Doraemon movie series which is also a loose adaptation of the book.

Adaptations

There have been over 50 film and TV adaptations of Treasure Island.

 
Poster for the 1934 film version, the first talkie adaptation of the novel

Film

Film adaptations include:[41]

English-language

Foreign-language

TV films

Television

Theatre

There have been over 24 major stage adaptations made, though the number of minor adaptations remains countless.[47] The story is also a popular plot and setting for a traditional pantomime wherein Mrs. Hawkins, Jim's mother is the dame.

Audio

Radio

  • Orson Welles broadcast a radio adaptation via The Mercury Theatre on the Air in July 1938, with its setting being half in England and half on the Island. The broadcast, which omits "My Sea Adventure", included music by Bernard Herrmann.[52]
  • William Redfield played Silver on the May 14, 1948 Your Playhouse of Favorites adaptation.
  • Ronald Colman hosted an adaptation of the novel on the April 27, 1948, broadcast of Favorite Story.[53]
  • James Mason played Silver opposite Bobby Driscoll's "Jim Hawkins" on the Lux Radio Theatre's adaptation on January 29, 1951.[54]
  • There have been two BBC Radio adaptations of Treasure Island, with Silver being played by Peter Jeffrey in 1989,[55] and Jack Shepherd in 1995.[56]
  • Author John le Carré performed an abridged reading of the novel in five parts as part of BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Reading.[57]
  • Treasure Island 2020 (November 12, 2018 - January 12, 2020) is a 10-part BYU Radio radio adaptation broadcast via The Apple Seed. The audio adventure places the main trio of kids in 2019 and turns it into a time-traveling adventure that involves both them going to the past to look for treasures and Long John Silver, Billy Bones, and others coming to the present through the time vortex. The series is now available as a free podcast.

Other audio recordings

Books and comics

Music

  • The self-titled Ben Gunn Society album released in 2003 presents the story centred on the character of Ben Gunn, based primarily on Chapter XV, "Man of the Island", and other relevant parts of the book.
  • "Treasure Island" (1992) is a song by Running Wild, from their Pile of Skulls album, that tells the novel's story.
  • Scottish glam rock artists The Sensational Alex Harvey Band paid tribute to the book with their 1974 song "The Tomahawk Kid." The song names many of Treasure Island's characters in its lyrics, and was often dedicated to Robert Louis Stevenson in live performance.
  • "I'm Still Here (Jim's Theme)" and "Always Know Where You Are" are songs performed by Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik for Disney's animated retelling.
  • The Cursed Island (2014) is an album by Skull & Bones that is based on Treasure Island.

Video games

  • A graphical adventure computer game based loosely on the novel was written by Greg Duddle, published by Mr. Micro (and often rebranded by Commodore) on the Commodore 16, Commodore Plus/4, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. In the game, the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver.
  • Treasure Island (1985) is an adventure game based upon the novel published by Windham Classics.[62]
  • La Isla del Tesoro de R. L. Stevenson (1999) is a point-and-click adventure game based upon the novel developed, edited, and published by Barcelona Multimedia.[63]
  • Monkey Island, a LucasArts adventure game, is partly based on Treasure Island, lending many of its plot points and characters and using many humorous references to the book.
  • Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon is one of the various video games released by Disney based on their animated film Treasure Planet.
  • Treasure Island (2010) is a hidden objects game launched by French publisher Anuman Interactive.[64]
  • Captain Silver is an arcade game that follows its protagonist, Jim Aykroyd, in his quest to find Captain Silver's hidden treasure, for which he must battle an undead Captain Silver in order to find.

References in popular culture

  • The Strong Winds series of children's adventures by Julia Jones draws freely from events and names in Treasure Island.[65][66]
  • In the Swallows and Amazons series by Arthur Ransome, the Blacketts' Uncle Jim has the nickname of Captain Flint and a parrot.
  • A 1960 episode of Dennis the Menace is centered around the pursuit of buried treasure, inspired by Mr. Wilson reading his childhood copy of Treasure Island to Dennis and his friends.
  • In 1988, The Soviet Director David Cherkassky released the 1988 Soviet film Treasure Island which relates to the book
  • Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan (2000) is a parody by Spike Milligan
  • At the beginning of a fifth-season episode of Arthur titled "You Are Arthur" (2000), the titular character is seen reading Treasure Island.
  • In an episode of Survivor: Heroes vs Villains, titled "Jumping Ship" (2010), the castaways Amanda, Colby and Danielle win an overnight trip to the former home of Robert Louis Stevenson and a screening of the 1934 version of Treasure Island.
  • In The Way Back (2010), one of the prisoners in the Russian gulag briefly narrates some of Treasure Island to his fellow inmates. He mentions the characters Jim and Long John Silver.
  • In the teen fiction novel One for Sorrow (2015, Fledgling Press) by Philip Caveney, the main character, Tom Afflick, is reading Treasure Island which serves as the catalyst for his adventure.
  • In Blade Runner 2049 (2017), Rick Deckard makes a continued allusion to Treasure Island upon first meeting the protagonist; in the scene, he explicitly references Ben Gunn's craving for cheese.
  • In the finale of Season 3 of The Handmaid's Tale (2019), Commander Lawrence reads an excerpt of Treasure Island to a group of runaway children.

See Also

Elenore Abbott, illustrator

References

  1. ^ Hammond, J. R. 1984. "Treasure Island." In A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion, Palgrave Macmillan Literary Companions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-06080-1_6.
  2. ^ Cordingly, David (1995) Under the Black Flag: the romance and reality of life among the pirates; p. 7
  3. ^ Booth, Bradford A.; Mehew, Ernest. The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. p. iii. 225.
  4. ^ Sergeant, D.R.C. "Capitalism and the Romance in R. L. Stevenson's Treasure Island". University of Plymouth. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  5. ^ Louis, Stevenson, Robert (1986). "My First Book – Treasure Island". The Courier.
  6. ^ "Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts". BBC News. 9 July 2010.
  7. ^ Stevenson, Chapter 16: "I was not new to violent death—I have served his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, and got a wound myself at Fontenoy—but I know my pulse went dot and carry one."
  8. ^ "The murder of Captain Geoge Glas – the original inspiration for Treasure Island?". History Scotland. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  9. ^ Adams, Cecil The Straight Dope: Did pirates bury their treasure? Did pirates really make maps where "X marks the spot"? 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine 5 October 2007
  10. ^ a b Gainey, Tom (10 December 2017). "Cornwall's smuggling past - a look at six pubs at the heart of a 'golden age' of criminality". The Cornishman.
  11. ^ Brantlinger, Patrick (2009), Victorian Literature and Postcolonial Studies, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-3304-3, p. 33
  12. ^ "The Coral Island", Children's Literature Review, January 2009, retrieved 4 May 2012. via HighBeam (subscription required)
  13. ^ Reed, Thomas L. 2006. The Transforming Draught: Jekyll and Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson, and the Victorian Alcohol Debate mustache. pp. 71–73.
  14. ^ Hothersall, Barbara. . Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
  15. ^ Boobbyer, Claire (29 November 2013). "Cuba's hidden treasure: La Isla de la Juventud". Retrieved 22 August 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  16. ^ "Treasure Island". thecareergamer.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  17. ^ "Where's Where" (1974) (Eyre Methuen, London) ISBN 0-413-32290-4
  18. ^ "At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies". 1871.
  19. ^ David Cordingly. Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. ISBN 0-679-42560-8.
  20. ^ Robert Louis Stevenson. "To Sidney Colvin. Late May 1884", in Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. .
  21. ^ "Brilliance of 'World's Child' will come alive at storytelling event" 23 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, (The Scotsman, 20 October 2005).
  22. ^ Richard Harding Davis (1916). Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis, p. 5. From Project Gutenberg.
  23. ^ "History of Brielle". Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Fidra". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  25. ^ . Visit Unst | An Unparalleled Island Adventure. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  26. ^ https://julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/38.-A-Statement-from-Birkenhead-Member-of-Parliament-Mick-Whitley..pdf[bare URL PDF]
  27. ^ "Teacher makes 'one of the great discoveries of world literature'". 9 August 2022.
  28. ^ https://julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/6.-Jules-Verne-Sets-His-Classic-Novel-The-Mysterious-Island-in-Birkenhead.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  29. ^ "Bristol's history". Visit Bristol. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  30. ^ Townsend (9 December 2007). "Hole in the Wall Queen Square Bristol". Flickr. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  31. ^ . Thepirateshouse.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  32. ^ "Ghost of Captain Flint". CNN. 31 October 2003. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  33. ^ "Uitgeverij Conserve – Vóór Schateiland". www.conserve.nl. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  34. ^ . 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  35. ^ Woods, John O'Melveny (22 August 2010). Return to Treasure Island: the lost journals of Sir James Hawkins. Intellect Pub. OCLC 449250770.
  36. ^ Treasure Island: The Untold Story or The Real Treasure Island. New Maritima Press. OCLC 795019447.
  37. ^ Silver: Return to Treasure Island by Andrew Motion 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine – review by Ian Sansom in The Guardian, 30 March 2012
  38. ^ Bevis, Matthew (25 October 2012). "Matthew Bevis · Kids Gone Rotten: 'Treasure Island' · LRB 25 October 2012". London Review of Books. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  39. ^ "Black Sails". IMDb. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  40. ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis. Fables 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ^ Dury, Richard. Film adaptations of Treasure Island 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ^ "SilentEra entry". Silentera.com. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  43. ^ Leggett, Steve. 29 December 2016. " List of 7200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films 1912-29." National Film Preservation Board. US: Library of Congress.
  44. ^ Treasure Island (1920)' at IMDb
  45. ^ "John Hough". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  46. ^ "Archived copy". from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^ Dury, Richard. Stage and Radio adaptations of Treasure Island 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ "Musicals/filmmusik". Sebastian. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  49. ^ . Playbill. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  50. ^ "Treasure Island". London Box Office. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  51. ^ Cavendish, Dominic (11 December 2014). "Treasure Island, National Theatre, review: 'yo-ho-hum'". Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  52. ^ "Treasure Island (July 18, 1938)." The Mercury Theatre on the Air, edited by K. Scarborough.
  53. ^ "The Definitive Favorite Story Radio Log with Ronald Colman". www.digitaldeliftp.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  54. ^ . Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  55. ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra – RL Stevenson – Treasure Island".
  56. ^ "Treasure Island (BBC Audiobook Extract) BBC Radio 4 Full-Cast Dramatisation".
  57. ^ "Afternoon Reading, Treasure Island, the Old Sea Dog". BBC Radio 4.
  58. ^ "Robert Lewis Stevenson: Treasure Island". 1944.
  59. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  60. ^ "2. Treasure Island – Big Finish Classics – Big Finish".
  61. ^ "Famous Stories 1 - Treasure Island". comicbookplus.com. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  62. ^ Treasure Island at MobyGames; Treasure Island 18 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine at GameFAQs; Sol Guber: Treasure Island, Antic Vol. 5 Nr. 1, 5/1986, p. 81.
  63. ^ "La Isla del Tesoro de R. L. Stevenson". Abandon Socios. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  64. ^ . Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  65. ^ "Strong Winds Trilogy: The Salt-Stained Book by Julia Jones and Claudia Myatt". The Bookbag. June 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  66. ^ "Characters develop nicely in book two". Otago Daily Times. 18 February 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.

Sources

  • Barker-Benfield, Simon (2014). The Annotated Treasure Island. ISBN 978-1-937075-01-9
  • Cordingly, David (1995). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates. ISBN 0-679-42560-8.
  • Letley, Emma, ed. (1998). Treasure Island (Oxford World's Classics). ISBN 0-19-283380-4.
  • Pietsch, Roland (2010). The Real Jim Hawkins: Ships' Boys in the Georgian Navy. ISBN 978-1-84832-036-9.
  • Reed, Thomas L. (2006). The Transforming Draught: Jekyll and Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson, and the Victorian Alcohol Debate. ISBN 0-7864-2648-9.
  • Watson, Harold (1969). Coasts of Treasure Island: A Study of the Backgrounds and Sources for Robert Louis Stevenson's Romance of the Sea. ISBN 0-8111-0282-3.

External links

  • Treasure Island at Standard Ebooks
  • Treasure Island at Project Gutenberg
  • Treasure Island, scanned and illustrated books at Internet Archive. Notable editions include:
    • Treasure Island, 1911 Scribner's, illustrated by N. C. Wyeth. See also alternate edition (better quality scan, some images missing).
    • Treasure Island, 1915 Harpers, illustrated by Louis Rhead.
    • Treasure Island, 1912 Scribner's "Biographical Edition", includes essays by Mr and Mrs Stevenson.
    • Treasure Island, 1911 Ginn and Company, lengthy introduction and notes by Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey (Harvard University).
  • Treasure Island, with an introduction and notes by Franklin T Baker (Columbia University, 1909). Fully annotated online.
  •   Treasure Island public domain audiobook at LibriVox
  • Treasure Island 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Full text and audio website.
  • Treasure Island, A. L. Burt Company, 1890.
  • Treasure Island on The Mercury Theater on the Air: July 18, 1938
  • Basil Rathbone stars in Treasure Island: Columbia Masterworks, 1944
  • Treasure Island on Lux Radio Theater: January 29, 1951
  • on Tale Spinners for Children
  • The 1989 BBC Radio Treasure Island on Archive.org
  • Treasure Island Public video panorama room on vPark.io

treasure, island, this, article, about, novel, other, uses, disambiguation, originally, titled, cook, story, boys, adventure, novel, scottish, author, robert, louis, stevenson, telling, story, buccaneers, buried, gold, considered, coming, story, noted, atmosph. This article is about the novel For other uses see Treasure Island disambiguation Treasure Island originally titled The Sea Cook A Story for Boys 1 is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson telling a story of buccaneers and buried gold It is considered a coming of age story and is noted for its atmosphere characters and action Treasure IslandFirst editionAuthorRobert Louis StevensonOriginal titleThe Sea Cook A Story for BoysCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSubjectsPirates coming of ageGenreAdventure fictionYoung adult literaturePublisherCassell and CompanyPublication date14 November 1883Pages292 first edition OCLC610014604TextTreasure Island at WikisourceThe novel was originally serialised from 1881 to 1882 in the children s magazine Young Folks under the title Treasure Island or the Mutiny of the Hispaniola credited to the pseudonym Captain George North It was first published as a book on 14 November 1883 by Cassell amp Co It has since become one of the most often dramatized and adapted of all novels in numerous media Since its publication Treasure Island has had significant influence on depictions of pirates in popular culture including elements such as deserted tropical islands treasure maps marked with an X and one legged seamen with parrots perched on their shoulders 2 Contents 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Characters 3 1 Main 3 2 Minor 4 Historical allusions 4 1 Real pirates and piracy 4 2 Other allusions 4 3 Possible allusions 4 3 1 Characters 4 3 2 Treasure Island 5 Claimed links to the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey near Liverpool 5 1 Other places 6 Sequels prequels and worldbuilding 6 1 Literature 6 2 Film and television 6 3 Worldbuilding 7 Adaptations 7 1 Film 7 1 1 English language 7 1 2 Foreign language 7 2 TV films 7 3 Television 7 4 Theatre 7 5 Audio 7 5 1 Radio 7 5 2 Other audio recordings 7 6 Books and comics 7 7 Music 7 8 Video games 8 References in popular culture 9 See Also 10 References 10 1 Sources 11 External linksPlot Edit Stevenson s map of Treasure Island Jim Hawkins hiding in the apple barrel listening to the pirates The plot is set in the mid 18th century when an old sailor who identifies himself as The Captain starts to lodge at the rural Admiral Benbow Inn on England s Bristol Channel He tells the innkeeper s son Jim Hawkins to keep a lookout for a one legged seafaring man A former shipmate named Black Dog confronts The Captain about a chart They get into a violent fight causing Black Dog to flee The Captain the proper name Billy Bones suffers a stroke That night Jim s father dies suddenly A few days later a blind beggar named Pew visits the inn delivering a summons to Bones called the black spot Shortly thereafter Bones suffers another stroke and dies Pew and his accomplices attack the inn but are routed by excise officers and Pew is trampled to death Jim and his mother escape with a mysterious packet from Bones sea chest which is found to contain a map of the island on which the infamous pirate Captain Flint hid his treasure Jim shows the map to the local physician Dr Livesey and the squire John Trelawney and they decide to make an expedition to the island with Jim serving as a cabin boy They set sail on Trelawney s schooner the Hispaniola under Captain Smollett and Jim forms a strong bond with the ship s one legged cook Long John Silver The crew suffers a tragedy when first mate Mr Arrow a drunkard is washed overboard during a storm While hidden in an apple barrel Jim overhears a conversation among the Hispaniola s crew which reveals that many of them are pirates who had served on Captain Flint s ship the Walrus with Silver leading them They plan to mutiny after the salvage of the treasure and to murder the captain and the few remaining loyal crew Arriving at the island Jim joins the shore party and they begin to explore He meets a marooned pirate named Ben Gunn who is also a former member of Flint s crew The mutineers arm themselves and take the ship while Smollett s loyal men take refuge in an abandoned stockade on the island After a brief truce the mutineers attack them with casualties on both sides of the battle Jim makes his way to the Hispaniola and cuts the ship from its anchor drifting it along the ebb tide He boards the ship and encounters the pirate Israel Hands who had been injured in a drunken dispute with one of his companions Hands helps Jim beach the schooner in the northern bay then attempts to kill Jim with a knife but Jim shoots him dead with two pistols Jim goes ashore and returns to the stockade where he is horrified to find only Silver and the pirates Silver tells Jim that when everyone found the ship was gone Captain Flint s party had agreed to a truce whereby they take the map and allow the besieged party to leave In the morning Livesey arrives to treat the wounded and sick pirates and tells Silver to look out for trouble once he s found the site of the treasure After a dispute over leadership Silver and the others set out with the map taking Jim along as a hostage They find a skeleton with its arms oriented toward the treasure unnerving the party Scaring the crew Ben Gunn shouts Captain Flint s last words from the forest making the pirates believe that Flint s ghost is haunting the island They eventually find the treasure cache but it is empty The pirates prepare to kill Silver and Jim but they are ambushed by the officers along with Gunn Livesey explains that Gunn had already found the treasure and taken it to his cave long ago The expedition members load a portion of the treasure onto the Hispaniola and depart the island with Silver as a prisoner At their first port in Spanish America Silver steals a bag of money and escapes The rest of them sail back to Bristol and divide up the treasure Still Jim says that there is more left on the island but he will not undertake another voyage to claim it Background EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Treasure Island illustrated by George Wylie Hutchinson 1894 1934 edition Stevenson conceived the idea for the novel based on a map of an imaginary romantic island which he drew with his stepson Lloyd Osbourne during a holiday in Braemar Scotland in the summer of 1881 He had clearly started work by 25 August writing to a friend If this don t fetch the kids why they have gone rotten since my day Will you be surprised to learn that it is about Buccaneers that it begins in the Admiral Benbow public house on the Devon coast that it s all about a map and a treasure and a mutiny and a derelict ship It s quite silly and horrid fun and what I want is the best book about Buccaneers that can be had 3 Stevenson originally gave the book the title The Sea Cook One month after conceiving of the book chapters began to appear in the pages of the Young Folks magazine After completing fifteen or nineteen chapters rapidly Stevenson was interrupted by illness he left Scotland and continued working on the first draft near London where he and his father discussed points of the tale and his father suggested elements that he included The novel eventually ran in seventeen weekly instalments from October 1 1881 to January 28 1882 The book was later republished as the novel Treasure Island and proved to be Stevenson s first financial and critical success The Liberal politician William Ewart Gladstone who served four terms as British Prime Minister between 1868 and 1894 was one of the book s biggest fans Two general types of sea novels were popular during the 19th century the navy yarn which places a capable officer in adventurous situations amid realistic settings and historical events and the desert island romance which features shipwrecked or marooned characters confronted by treasure seeking pirates or angry natives Around 1815 the latter genre became one of the most popular fictional styles in Great Britain perhaps because of the philosophical interest in Rousseau and Chateaubriand s noble savage Treasure Island was a climax of this development The growth of the desert island genre can be traced back to 1719 when Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe was published A century later novels such as S H Burney s The Shipwreck 1816 and Sir Walter Scott s The Pirate 1822 continued to expand upon Defoe s classic Other authors in the mid 19th century continued this trend with works including James Fenimore Cooper s The Pilot 1823 During the same period Edgar Allan Poe wrote MS Found in a Bottle 1833 and The Gold Bug 1843 All of these works influenced Stevenson s end product citation needed Stevenson also consciously borrowed material from previous authors In a July 1884 letter to Sidney Colvin he wrote that Treasure Island came out of Kingsley s At Last where I got the Dead Man s Chest and that was the seed and out of the great Captain Johnson s History of the Notorious Pirates Stevenson also admits that he took the idea of Captain Flint s pointing skeleton from Poe s The Gold Bug and he constructed Billy Bones history from the Money Diggers section Golden Dreams in particular 4 of Tales of a Traveller by Washington Irving one of his favorite writers 5 Half of Stevenson s manuscripts are lost including those of Treasure Island The Black Arrow and The Master of Ballantrae Stevenson s heirs sold his papers during World War I many of his documents were auctioned off in 1918 6 Characters EditMain Edit Jim Hawkins The narrator of most of the novel Jim is the son of an innkeeper near Bristol England and appears to be in his mid teens He is eager to go to sea and hunt for treasure Jim consistently displays courage and heroism but is also sometimes impulsive and impetuous He exhibits increasing sensitivity and wisdom as the journey progresses Long John Silver The one legged cook aboard the Hispaniola Silver is the secret leader of the pirates He is deceitful and greedy but also charismatic and his physical and mental strength are impressive He is kind toward Jim and appears genuinely fond of him Silver was based in part on Stevenson s friend and mentor William Ernest Henley Dr David Livesey A doctor and magistrate he narrates a few chapters of the novel He exhibits common sense and rationality and is fair minded treating wounded pirates just as he does his own comrades Some years prior to the events of the novel he had participated in the Battle of Fontenoy during which he was wounded in action 7 Captain Alexander Smollett The captain of the Hispaniola He is savvy and is rightly suspicious of the crew that Trelawney hires Smollett is a real professional taking his job seriously and displaying skill as a negotiator Smollett believes in rules and does not like Jim s disobedience but later in the novel states that he and Jim shouldn t go to sea together again as Jim was too much of the born favourite for him Squire John Trelawney A wealthy landowner who arranges the voyage to the island He is too trusting and is duped by Silver into hiring pirates as the ship s crew Billy Bones An old seaman who resides at the Admiral Benbow Inn He used to be Flint s first mate and is surly and rude He exhorts Jim to be on the lookout for a one legged man A treasure map in his possession set the events of the novel in motion Ben Gunn A former member of Captain Flint s crew who was found on Treasure Island having been marooned there by Flint s crew several years earlier He is described as being insane at least partially and has a craving for cheese In the semi official prequel story Porto Bello Gold by Arthur D Howden Smith Ben Gunn was the servant of captain Andrew Rip Rap Murray Flint s associate and the mastermind behind the capture of the treasure ship Santissima Trinidad whence the buried treasure was taken Murray described Ben Gunn as a half wit whom he kept as servant specifically because he considered him intellectually incapable of treachery After Flint s crew killed Murray and overpowered his crew Ben Gunn went to serve Flint and fled the Walrus in Savannah after Flint s death According to The Adventures of Ben Gunn he was Nic Allardyce s servant and friend from back home Minor Edit Alan An honest sailor who is killed by the mutineers during the landing on the island and whose death scream is heard across the isle The incident occurs just before Long John murders Tom Allardyce One of the six members of Flint s Crew who after burying the treasure and silver and building the blockhouse on Treasure Island are all killed by Flint who returns to his ship alone Allardyce s body is lined up by Flint as a compass marker to the cache In Porto Bello Gold one sailor on Flint s ship is named Tom Allardyce A lanky fellow with rather long yellow hair he is an antagonistic ringleader of sailors opposing Flint in at least two fo c sle councils Flint thinks they may present him with the Black Spot he eventually challenges Allardyce to bring six friends and bury the treasure together According to The Adventures of Ben Gunn his first name was Nic he was surgeon on Flint s crew and Ben Gunn was his servant and friend from back home Job Anderson The ship s boatswain and one of the leaders of the mutiny He participates in the storming of the blockhouse and is killed by Gray while attacking Jim He is probably one of Flint s old pirate hands though this is never stated Along with Hands and Merry he tipped a Black Spot on Silver and forced Silver to start the mutiny before the treasure was found Mr Arrow The first mate of the Hispaniola He is an alcoholic and is useless as a first mate He disappears before they get to the island and his position is filled by Job Anderson Silver had secretly given Mr Arrow alcohol and he fell drunkenly overboard on a stormy night In his BBC adaptation of 1977 John Lucarotti gives him the first name Joshua His first name was not stated in the novel Black Dog Formerly a member of Flint s pirate crew later one of Pew s companions who visits the Admiral Benbow to confront Billy Bones He is spotted by Jim in Silver s tavern and slips out to be chased by two of Silver s men in order to maintain the ruse that Silver and his men are not associated with him Two fingers are missing from his left hand Pew A vicious deadly and sinister blind beggar who served as a member of Flint s crew Despite his blindness he proves to be a dangerous adversary and can even be considered a ringleader amongst his fellow crewmen He is the second messenger to approach Billy Bones and the one to deliver the Black Spot He is trampled to death by the horses of revenue officers riding to assist Jim and his mother after the raid on their inn Silver claims Pew spent his share of Flint s treasure at a rate of 1 200 per year and that for two years until his accident at the Admiral Benbow he begged stole and murdered Stevenson avoided predictability by making the two most fearsome characters a blind man and an amputee In the play Admiral Guinea 1892 Stevenson gives him the full name David Pew Stevenson s novel Kidnapped 1886 also features a dangerous blind man In Porto Bello Gold it is Pew who fatally stabs captain Murray working in concert with Long John Silver From the context it seems that Silver means Pew when he addresses one man as Ezra just prior Mr Dance Chief revenue officer titled Supervisor who ascends with his men upon the Admiral Benbow driving out the pirates and saving Jim Hawkins and his mother He then takes Hawkins to see the squire and the doctor Dogger One of Mr Dance s associates who doubles Hawkins on his horse to the squire s house Captain J Flint A pirate who was captain of a ship called the Walrus and who is dead before the events of the novel begin In life he was the leader of the pirates and they refer to him often He was the original possessor of the treasure and buried it on the island Long John Silver s parrot is named after him Abraham Gray A ship s carpenter s mate on the Hispaniola He is almost incited to mutiny but remains loyal to the Squire s side when asked to do so by Captain Smollett He saves Hawkins life by killing Job Anderson during an attack on the stockade and he helps shoot the mutineers at the rifled treasure cache He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins Dr Livesey Squire Trelawney Captain Smollett Long John Silver and Ben Gunn He spends his part of the treasure on his education marries and becomes part owner of a full rigged ship Israel Hands The ship s coxswain and Flint s old gunner He tries to murder Jim Hawkins who shoots him in self defence Mr and Mrs Hawkins The parents of Jim Hawkins Mr Hawkins dies early in the story John Hunter A manservant of Squire Trelawney Dr Livesey considers him to be the most steady and capable of Livesey s servants to have in a fight He accompanies Trelawney to the island but is later knocked unconscious in an attack on the stockade He dies of his injuries while unconscious John A mutineer who is injured while trying to storm the blockhouse Throughout the latter narrative he is primarily referred to by Hawkins as the man with the bandaged head and ends up being killed at the rifled treasure cache Dick Johnson The youngest of the mutineers who has a Bible The pirates use one of its pages to make a Black Spot for Silver only to have him predict bad luck on Dick for sacrilege Soon becoming mortally ill with malaria Dick ends up being marooned on the island after the deaths of George Merry and John Richard Joyce One of the manservants of Squire Trelawney who accompany the squire to the island a mild mannered valet inexperienced in firearms He is shot through the head and killed by a mutineer during an attack on the stockade George Merry A mutinous and hostile member of Silver s crew who disobeys orders and occasionally challenges Silver s authority He launches the mutiny prematurely forcing Long John to flee to the island with Jim as an improvised hostage With Anderson and Hands he forces Silver to attack the blockhouse instead of waiting for the treasure to be found Later killed at the empty cache just as he is about to kill both Silver and Hawkins Tom Morgan An ex pirate from Flint s old crew He ends up marooned on the island with Dick and one other mutineer O Brien A mutineer who survives the attack on the blockhouse and escapes He is later killed by Israel Hands in a drunken fight on the Hispaniola He is referred to by Hawkins as the pirate with the red nightcap throughout most of the narrative until Hands reveals to Hawkins that the fellow was an Irishman named O Brien Tom Redruth The gamekeeper of Squire Trelawney He accompanies the Squire to the island but is shot and mortally wounded by the mutineers as the captain s party are relocating from the ship to the stockade Tom An honest sailor who is killed by Silver for refusing to join the mutiny Among other minor characters whose names are not revealed are the four pirates who were killed in an attack on the stockade along with Job Anderson the pirate killed by the honest men minus Jim Hawkins before the attack on the stockade the pirate killed by Ben the night before the attack on the stockade the pirate shot by Squire Trelawney when aiming at Israel Hands who later died of his injuries and the pirate marooned on the island along with Tom Morgan and Dick Historical allusions EditReal pirates and piracy Edit Historian Luis Junco suggests that Treasure Island is a combination of the story of the murder of Captain George Glas on board the Earl of Sandwich in 1765 and the taking of the ship Walrus off the island of La Graciosa near Tenerife The pirates of La Graciosa buried their treasure there and were subsequently all killed in a bloody battle with the British navy the treasure was never recovered In his book Pirates of the Carraigin David Kelly deals with the piracy and murder of Captain Glas and others on board a ship travelling from Tenerife to London by the Ship s Cook and his gang The perpetrators of this crime also buried the considerable treasure they had stolen but most of it was later recovered They were all executed in Dublin in 1766 In his research Kelly showed that Stevenson was a neighbour of the named victim in Edinburgh and so was aware from an early age of these events which had been a scandal at the time Stevenson and his family were members of a church congregation set up by the victim s father Although he never visited Ireland Stevenson based at least two other books Kidnapped and Catriona on real crimes that were perpetrated in Dublin these crimes were all reported in detail in The Gentleman s Magazine published in Dublin and Edinburgh 8 Other allusions to real piracy include Five real life pirates mentioned are William Kidd active 1696 1699 Blackbeard 1716 1718 Edward England 1717 1720 Howell Davis 1718 1719 and Bartholomew Roberts 1718 1722 Kidd buried treasure on Gardiners Island though the booty was recovered by authorities soon afterwards 9 The name Israel Hands was taken from that of a real pirate in Blackbeard s crew whom Blackbeard maimed by shooting him in the knee simply to ensure that his crew remained in terror of him Allegedly Hands was taken ashore to be treated for his injury and was not at Blackbeard s last fight the incident is depicted in Tim Powers novel On Stranger Tides and this alone saved him from the gallows Supposedly he later became a beggar in England Silver refers to three hundred and fifty thousand pieces of eight at the fishing up of the wrecked plate ships This remark conflates two related events first the salvage of treasure from the 1715 Treasure Fleet which was wrecked off the coast of Florida in a hurricane second the seizure of 350 000 salvaged pieces of eight the following year out of several million by privateer Henry Jennings This event is mentioned in the introduction to Johnson s General History of the Pyrates Silver refers to a ship s surgeon from Roberts crew who amputated his leg and was later hanged at Cape Coast Castle a British fortification on the Gold Coast of Africa The records of the trial of Roberts men list Peter Scudamore as the chief surgeon of Roberts ship Royal Fortune Scudamore was found guilty of willingly serving with Roberts pirates and various related criminal acts as well as attempting to lead a rebellion to escape once he had been apprehended He was as Silver relates hanged in 1722 Stevenson refers to the Viceroy of the Indies a ship sailing from Goa India then a Portuguese colony which was taken by Edward England off Malabar while John Silver was serving aboard England s ship the Cassandra No such exploit of England s is known nor any ship by the name of the Viceroy of the Indies However in April 1721 the captain of the Cassandra John Taylor originally England s second in command who had marooned him for being insufficiently ruthless together with his pirate partner Olivier Levasseur captured the vessel Nostra Senhora do Cabo near Reunion island in the Indian Ocean The Portuguese galleon was returning from Goa to Lisbon with the Conde da Ericeira the recently retired Viceroy of Portuguese India aboard The viceroy had much of his treasure with him making this capture one of the richest pirate hauls ever This is possibly the event that Stevenson referred to though his or Silver s memory of the event seems to be slightly confused The Cassandra was last heard of in 1723 at Portobelo Panama a place that also briefly figures in Treasure Island as Portobello The preceding two references are inconsistent as the Cassandra and presumably Silver was in the Indian Ocean during the time that Scudamore was surgeon on board the Royal Fortune in the Gulf of Guinea A real life 1800s smuggling gang the Benbow Brandy Men operated out of the Benbow pub in Penzance smuggling gin brandy and tobacco to avoid paying the massive import taxes imposed by the Crown to fund its foreign wars 10 Other allusions Edit Robert Louis Stevenson 1689 A pirate whistles Lillibullero 1702 The Admiral Benbow Inn on the Devon coast where Jim and his mother live is named after the real life Admiral John Benbow 1653 1702 1733 Foundation of Savannah Georgia where Captain Flint died in 1754 1745 Doctor Livesey was at the Battle of Fontenoy 1745 1747 Squire Trelawney and Long John Silver both mention Admiral Hawke i e Edward Hawke 1st Baron Hawke 1705 81 promoted to rear admiral in 1747 1749 The novel refers to the Bow Street Runners 1749 Treasure Island was in part inspired by R M Ballantyne s The Coral Island 11 which Stevenson admired for its better qualities 12 Stevenson alludes to Ballantyne in the epigraph at the beginning of Treasure Island To the Hesitating Purchaser If studious youth no longer crave His ancient appetites forgot Kingston or Ballantyne the brave Or Cooper of the wood and wave Possible allusions Edit Characters Edit Squire Trelawney may have been named for Edward Trelawney Governor of Jamaica 1738 52 Dr Livesey may have been named for Joseph Livesey 1794 1884 a famous 19th century temperance advocate founder of the tee total Preston Pledge In the novel Dr Livesey warns the drunkard Billy Bones that the name of rum for you is death 13 14 Treasure Island Edit Norman island Dead Chest Island as viewed from Deadman s Bay Peter Island View of Fidra from Yellowcraigs Various claims have been made that one island or another inspired Treasure Island Isla de Pinos near Cuba which served as a supply base for pirates for about 300 years is believed to have inspired Treasure Island 15 16 Norman Island in the British Virgin Islands was supposedly mentioned to Stevenson by a sailor uncle and also possesses a Spyglass Hill like the fictional Treasure Island 17 Cocos Island off Costa Rica has many similarities with the fictional treasure island British trader Captain William Thompson buried the stolen treasury of Peru there in 1820 an original inventory showed 113 gold religious statues one a life sized Virgin Mary 200 chests of jewels 273 swords with jeweled hilts 1 000 diamonds solid gold crowns 150 chalices and hundreds of gold and silver bars The real treasure has never been found despite more than 300 expeditions to the island Stevenson mentions the buried treasure and Captain Thompson in an 1881 letter to W E Henley where he also provides the earliest known title for the book The Sea Cook or Treasure Island a Story for Boys citation needed Dead Chest Island a barren rock in the British Virgin Islands which Stevenson found mentioned in Charles Kingsley s At Last A Christmas in the West Indies 18 and which he said was the seed for the phrase Dead Man s Chest 19 20 Small pond in Queen Street Gardens in Edinburgh said to have been visible from Stevenson s bedroom window in Heriot Row 21 The Napa Valley California where Stevenson spent his honeymoon in 1880 as narrated in his The Silverado Squatters 1883 Osborn Island now Nienstedt Island in the Manasquan River in Brielle New Jersey Stevenson supposedly visited there in May 1888 five years after writing Treasure Island and christened it Treasure Island 22 23 Fidra in the Firth of Forth visible from North Berwick where Stevenson had spent many childhood holidays 24 Unst one of the Shetland Islands to which the map of Treasure Island bears a very vague resemblance 25 R F Delderfield in The Adventures of Ben Gunn suggests that its real name is Kidd s Island and identifies it as an outlying island of the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands south south west of Tobago pp 119 120 Claimed links to the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey near Liverpool EditIn August 2022 the British Member of Parliament for Birkenhead Mick Whitley supported the findings of local historian John Lamb that Robert Louis Stevenson had set his classic novel Treasure Island in the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey on the Wirral Peninsula lying opposite Liverpool This followed a previous announcement by Alan Evans of Wirral Borough Council that the French science fiction writer Jules Verne had also set his 1874 novel The Mysterious Island in Birkenhead Their Letters of support for Mr Lamb s claims were posted on the Jules Verne and the Heroes of Birkenhead website in August 2022 26 27 28 Other places Edit The Admiral Benbow in Penzance reportedly an inspiration for Stevenson s Inn Both the Llandoger Trow in Bristol and the Admiral Benbow in Penzance have claimed to be an inspiration for the Admiral Benbow Inn Stevenson visited Cornwall and Penzance in August 1877 and as inn is described in the book as being in a rural area and it was necessary to travel to Bristol Penzance s Benbow Brandy Men may have inspired him to feature the Penzance Benbow in Treasure Island 29 10 The Hole in the Wall in Bristol is claimed to be the Spyglass Tavern 30 The Pirate s House in Savannah Georgia is where Captain Flint is claimed to have spent his last days 31 and his ghost is claimed to haunt the property 32 Sequels prequels and worldbuilding EditLiterature Edit Stevenson s Treasure Island spawned an enormous amount of literature based one way or another upon his original novel Porto Bello Gold 1924 a prequel by A D Howden Smith that was written with explicit permission from Stevenson s executor tells the origin of the buried treasure and recasts many of Stevenson s pirates in their younger years giving the hidden treasure some Jacobite antecedents not mentioned in the original Back to Treasure Island 1935 is a sequel by H A Calahan the introduction of which argues that Robert Louis Stevenson wanted to write a continuation of the story The Adventures of Ben Gunn 1956 by R F Delderfield follows Ben Gunn from parson s son to pirate and is narrated by Jim Hawkins in Gunn s words Flint s Island 1972 a sequel by Leonard Wibberley who notes in the introduction that it had long been a dream of his to do so Long John Silver Den aventyrliga och sannfardiga berattelsen om mitt liv och leverne som lyckoriddare och mansklighetens fiende 1998 is a prequel by the Swedish author Bjorn Larsson who tells the fictional story of the pirate Long John Silver told in first person by Silver himself in a manuscript in his last days of life Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 2001 is a sequel by Frank Delaney under the pseudonym Francis Bryan Before 2001 is a prequel by Michael Kernan published in the Netherlands as Voor Schateiland 33 Sept Pirates 2007 is a comic book sequel by Pascal Bertho and artist Tom McBurnie citation needed Long John Silver 2007 is a four volume French graphic novel by Xavier Dorison and artist Mathieu Lauffray Flint amp Silver 2008 is a prequel by John Drake who followed with two additional books Pieces of Eight 2009 and Skull and Bones 2010 34 Return to Treasure Island 2010 is a sequel by John O Melveny Woodswrote 35 Treasure Island The Untold Story 2011 is a true life prequel by John Amrhein Jr 36 Silver Return to Treasure Island 2012 is a sequel by former Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom Andrew Motion 37 Treasure Island 2012 is a novel by Sara Levine about an American woman who becomes obsessed with Treasure Island Europa Editions 2012 38 Tread Carefully on the Sea 2014 by David K Bryant merges all the references to Captain Flint into a prequel covering the burial of the treasure Skulduggery 1991 2014 a prequel written by Tony Robinson which features Ben Gunn attending a school for pirates and meeting junior counterparts of Blind Pew and Long John Silver Originally published as part of the Silvery Jackanory compilation in 1991 ISBN 9781781124086 Film and television Edit A number of sequels have also been produced in film and television including Return to Treasure Island 1954 a film by E A Dupont Return To Treasure Island 1986 written by Ivor Dean Robert S Baker and John Goldsmith is a HTV television series that features Silver Hawkins and Gunn A 1992 animation version and a 1996 and 1998 TV version Black Sails 2014 2017 a prequel drama series by Robert Levine and Jonathan E Steinberg tells the story of Captain Flint and John Silver leading up to the Treasure Island story The series is said to take place 20 years before the events of the book in 1715 however this is actually 40 years before the dates given by Stevenson The series consists of four seasons 39 Worldbuilding Edit In worldbuilding there are Admiral Guinea publ 1892 a play written by R L Stevenson with W E Henley features the blind ex pirate Pew as a character under the name of David Pew In his collection Fables 1896 Stevenson wrote a vignette called The Persons of the Tale in which puppets Captain Smollet and Long John Silver discuss authorship 40 In the novel Peter and Wendy 1911 by J M Barrie it is said that Captain Hook is the only man ever feared by the Old Sea Cook i e Long John Silver Captain Flint and the Walrus are also referenced among others In the film The Pagemaster 1994 the hero is confronted by Long John Silver who surrenders and leaves after he is threatened with a sword In the animated series Fox s Peter Pan and the Pirates based in part on the original Peter Pan stories Captain Flint is referenced in the episode Peter on Trial as Captain Hook is stated as being the only man that a pirate named Barbecue is stated to fear with the following statement being that even Flint feared Barbecue referring to Captain Flint from Treasure Island Barbecue is the crew s nickname for Long John Silver in the novel In the same episode Flint is referenced as being the pirate who supposedly conceived of the idea of pirates putting members of their crew or their prisoners as the case might be on trial in an event called Captain s Mast Treasure Island made an appearance in Doraemon the Movie Nobita s Treasure Island the 2018 entry of the popular Doraemon movie series which is also a loose adaptation of the book Adaptations EditThere have been over 50 film and TV adaptations of Treasure Island Poster for the 1934 film version the first talkie adaptation of the novel Film Edit Film adaptations include 41 English language Edit Treasure Island 1918 a silent film released by Fox Film Corporation and directed by Sidney Franklin and Chester Franklin 42 Treasure Island 1920 a silent film notably starring a woman Shirley Mason as Jim Hawkins along with Charles Ogle who had played Frankenstein s monster a decade earlier in the Edison version of Frankenstein as Long John Silver Said to be a lost film 43 it was directed by Maurice Tourneur and released by Paramount Pictures 44 Treasure Island 1934 the first sound film version remains a lavish and energetic thriller starring Wallace Beery Jackie Cooper and Lionel Barrymore Treasure Island 1950 starring Bobby Driscoll and Robert Newton notable for being the first version in colour and the Walt Disney Studios first completely live action film A sequel to this version was made but not by Disney in 1954 entitled Long John Silver which also starred Newton in the titular role Treasure Island 1972 starring Orson Welles was produced by National General Pictures and directed by John Hough Andrew White and John Salway 45 Treasure Island 1973 a Filmation animated film released by Warner Bros directed by Hal Sutherland written by Ben Starr starring Richard Dawson as Long John Silver Davy Jones as Jim Hawkins and Dal McKennon as Captain Flint amp Ben Gunn Muppet Treasure Island 1996 a film produced by The Jim Henson Company and released by Walt Disney Pictures starring the Muppets The human performers include Tim Curry as Long John Silver Billy Connolly as Billy Bones Jennifer Saunders as Mrs Bluberidge and newcomer Kevin Bishop as Jim Hawkins Treasure Island 1999 starring Jack Palance as Long John Silver Patrick Bergin as Billy Bones Christopher Benjamin as Squire Trelawney and Kevin Zegers as Jim Hawkins Treasure Planet 2002 a reimagined adaptation from Walt Disney Animation Studios set in space with Long John Silver as a cyborg and many of the original characters re imagined as aliens and robots except for Jim his mother and his father who are human Pirates of Treasure Island 2006 a direct to DVD mockbuster by The Asylum to cash in on Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man s Chest Foreign language Edit Treasure Island 1937 a loose Soviet adaptation starring Osip Abdulov and Nikolai Cherkasov with a score by Nikita Bogoslovsky Between God the Devil and a Winchester 1968 a spaghetti western version starring Richard Harrison and Gilbert Roland Treasure Island 1971 a Soviet Lithuanian film starring Boris Andreyev as Long John Silver with a score by Alexei Rybnikov Animal Treasure Island 1971 an anime film directed by Hiroshi Ikeda written by Takeshi Iijima and Hiroshi Ikeda with story consultation by famous animator Hayao Miyazaki This version replaces several of the human characters with animal counterparts The Treasure Planet Planetata na sakrovishtata 1982 a Bulgarian animated science fiction adaptation directed by Rumen Petkov Treasure Island 1982 a Soviet film in three parts almost entirely faithful to the text of the novel Featuring Oleg Borisov as Long John Silver L Ile au tresor 1985 a Chilean French adaptation starring Vic Tayback as Long John Silver Il Pianeta Del Tesoro Treasure Planet 1987 aka Treasure Island in Outer Space Italian German science fiction adaptation starring Anthony Quinn as Long John Silver Treasure Island 1988 a critically acclaimed Ukrainian animation film in two parts released in the United States 1992 as Return to Treasure Island L Ile aux tresors 2007 a French British Hungarian film directed by Alain Berberian starring Gerard Jugnot Alice Taglioni Vincent Rottiers and Jean Paul Rouve TV films Edit Treasure Island 1990 a made for TV film for TNT starring Charlton Heston Christian Bale Oliver Reed Christopher Lee and Pete Postlethwaite written produced and directed by Heston s son Fraser C Heston Treasure Island Pirate 1991 Treasure Island 1995 a made for TV movie directed by Ken Russell and starring Hetty Baynes as Long Jane Silver Television Edit Treasure Island 1951 a seven part BBC series starring Bernard Miles as Long John Silver The Adventures of Long John Silver 1955 26 episodes shot at Pagewood Studios Sydney Australia filmed in full colour and starring Robert Newton Mr Magoo s Treasure Island 1964 a two part episode of the cartoon series The Famous Adventures of Mr Magoo was based on the novel with Mr Magoo in the role of Long John Silver Treasure Island 1966 a German French co production for German television station ZDF Treasure Island 1968 a BBC series of nine 25 minute episodes starring Peter Vaughan Treasure Island 1977 a BBC adaptation Starring Ashley Knight and Alfred Burke Treasure Island Takarajima 1978 a Japanese animated series adapted from the novel Treasure Island 1988 an episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks starring Alvin as Jim Hawkins Dave as Long John Silver Simon as Dr Livesey Theodore as Squire Trelawney and Brittany as Mrs Hawkins The Legends of Treasure Island 1993 1995 an animated series loosely based on the novel with the characters as animals Salty Dog an episode of Wishbone in which the eponymous character explores the story in a children s adapted version Treasure Island The Adventure Begins 1994 a TV movie special promoting the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino 46 Treasure Island 2012 two part serial starring Eddie Izzard shown on Sky1 United Kingdom from 1 2 January Treasure Island L isola del tesoro 2015 an Italian CGI animated series by Rai Fiction and Mondo TV It mixes the original work with new characters and mythical elements such as voodoo Theatre Edit There have been over 24 major stage adaptations made though the number of minor adaptations remains countless 47 The story is also a popular plot and setting for a traditional pantomime wherein Mrs Hawkins Jim s mother is the dame In 1947 a production was mounted at the St James s Theatre in London starring Harry Welchman as Long John Silver and John Clark as Jim Hawkins For a time in London there was an annual production of the musical Treasure Island based on a book by Bernard Miles and Josephine Wilson The music was composed by Cyril Ornadel and the lyrics by Hal Shaper The musical was performed at the Mermaid Theatre originally under the direction of Bernard Miles who played Long John Silver a part he also played in a television version Comedian Spike Milligan would often play Ben Gunn in these productions and in 1981 Tom Baker played Long John Silver Pieces of Eight 1985 premiered in Edmonton Alberta is a musical adaptation by Jule Styne In 1986 a Danish language musical adaptation of Treasure Island named Skatteoen premiered at Folketeatret Copenhagen written by singer songwriter Sebastian Since its premiere it has been put to stage frequently by several Danish theatre companies 48 In 2007 an adaptation of Treasure Island by Ken Ludwig premiered at the Alley Theatre Houston played at the Theatre Royal Haymarket on London s West End in 2008 and won the AATE Distinguished Play Award for Best Adaptation of the Year An adaptation in August 2009 was run by the Henegar Center for the Arts in downtown historic Melbourne Florida Treasure Island the Curse of the Pearl Necklace 2014 15 by Jon Bradfield and Martin Hooper is an alternative pantomime that included gay lesbian and trans characters and played a sold out run at London s Above The Stag Theatre In 2011 Tom Hewitt starred in B H Barry and Vernon Morris s stage adaptation of the novel which officially opened 5 March at the Irondale Center in Brooklyn 49 In July 2011 Bristol Old Vic staged a large scale outdoor production of Treasure Island outside the theatre on King Street Bristol directed by Sally Cookson with music by Benji Bower From October 2013 to 2014 Mind the Gap Theatre Company a leading UK theatre company in working with actors with learning disabilities embarked on a national tour of Treasure Island retold with a twist by Olivier award winning writer Mike Kenny In 2013 YouthPlays published Long Joan Silver by Arthur M Jolly an adaptation in which all of the pirates are women A version by Bryony Lavery and directed by Polly Findlay was produced at London s Royal National Theatre from December 2014 to April 2015 In this version of the play Jim is a girl 50 This production starred rising actor Patsy Ferran as Jim and Doctor Who alumnus Arthur Darvill as Silver 51 As part of their 2017 Season the Stratford Festival of Canada premiered an adaptation of Treasure Island by Canadian playwright Nicolas Billon In 2018 the newly reopened Leicester Haymarket Theatre staged a new version of Treasure Island adapted by Sandi Toksvig as their first Christmas show in 10 years Audio Edit Radio Edit Orson Welles broadcast a radio adaptation via The Mercury Theatre on the Air in July 1938 with its setting being half in England and half on the Island The broadcast which omits My Sea Adventure included music by Bernard Herrmann 52 William Redfield played Silver on the May 14 1948 Your Playhouse of Favorites adaptation Ronald Colman hosted an adaptation of the novel on the April 27 1948 broadcast of Favorite Story 53 James Mason played Silver opposite Bobby Driscoll s Jim Hawkins on the Lux Radio Theatre s adaptation on January 29 1951 54 There have been two BBC Radio adaptations of Treasure Island with Silver being played by Peter Jeffrey in 1989 55 and Jack Shepherd in 1995 56 Author John le Carre performed an abridged reading of the novel in five parts as part of BBC Radio 4 s Afternoon Reading 57 Treasure Island 2020 November 12 2018 January 12 2020 is a 10 part BYU Radio radio adaptation broadcast via The Apple Seed The audio adventure places the main trio of kids in 2019 and turns it into a time traveling adventure that involves both them going to the past to look for treasures and Long John Silver Billy Bones and others coming to the present through the time vortex The series is now available as a free podcast Other audio recordings Edit Basil Rathbone starred as both The Narrator and Silver in a 1944 audio recording for Columbia Masterworks Records 58 James Kenney played Jim Hawkins and Anthony Woodruff played Long John Silver in the Tale Spinners for Children audio adaptation of Treasure Island United Artists Records UAC 11013 59 A 2013 Big Finish Productions audiobook adaptation of Treasure Island was written and directed by Barnaby Edwards and starred Tom Baker as Long John Silver Nicholas Farrell as the Narrator and Edward Holtom as Jim Hawkins 60 Books and comics Edit Famous Stories 1 1942 Dell Comics sixty pages drawn by Robert Bugg 61 Shin Takarajima 1947 a loose adaptation of Treasure Island by Sakai Shichima and Osamu Tezuka Classics Illustrated 64 Oct 1949 Gilberton adapted by Ken Fitch and Alex A Blum Walt Disney s Treasure Island Four Color 624 April 1955 Dell Comics adapted by John Ushler from Disney s 1950 film adaptation La isla del tesoro Joyas Literarias Juveniles 2 1970 Editorial Bruguera adapted by Jose Antonio Vidal Sales and Alfonso Ceron Nunez translated and reprinted as Treasure Island King Classics 7 1977 King Features Pendulum Illustrated Classics 1973 Pendulum Press adapted by John Norwood Fago and Nardo Cruz Marvel Classics Comics 15 1976 Marvel Comics adapted by Bill Mantlo and Dino Castrillo re issued by Fisher Price in 1984 Godspeed 1993 a science fictional novel by Charles Sheffield that recasts the search for pirate treasure as the search for lost faster than light drive technology Robert Louis Stevenson s Treasure Island The Graphic Novel 2005 Penguin Books adapted by Tim Hamilton Robert Louis Stevenson s Treasure Island 2007 Capstone Publishers adapted by Greg Rebis Treasure Island 1 6 Marvel Illustrated Aug 2007 Jan 2008 Marvel Comics adapted by Roy Thomas Mario Gully and Pat Davidson L Ile au tresor de Robert Louis Stevenson 2007 2009 Delcourt adapted by David Chauvel and Fred Simon translated and reprinted as Papercutz Classics Illustrated Series 5 2010 Papercutz Disney Treasure Island Starring Mickey Mouse Oct 2018 Dark Horse Comics adapted by Teresa Radice Erin Brady translation and Stefano TurconiMusic Edit The self titled Ben Gunn Society album released in 2003 presents the story centred on the character of Ben Gunn based primarily on Chapter XV Man of the Island and other relevant parts of the book Treasure Island 1992 is a song by Running Wild from their Pile of Skulls album that tells the novel s story Scottish glam rock artists The Sensational Alex Harvey Band paid tribute to the book with their 1974 song The Tomahawk Kid The song names many of Treasure Island s characters in its lyrics and was often dedicated to Robert Louis Stevenson in live performance I m Still Here Jim s Theme and Always Know Where You Are are songs performed by Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik for Disney s animated retelling The Cursed Island 2014 is an album by Skull amp Bones that is based on Treasure Island Video games Edit Main article Treasure Island 1984 video game A graphical adventure computer game based loosely on the novel was written by Greg Duddle published by Mr Micro and often rebranded by Commodore on the Commodore 16 Commodore Plus 4 Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum In the game the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver Treasure Island 1985 is an adventure game based upon the novel published by Windham Classics 62 La Isla del Tesoro de R L Stevenson 1999 is a point and click adventure game based upon the novel developed edited and published by Barcelona Multimedia 63 Monkey Island a LucasArts adventure game is partly based on Treasure Island lending many of its plot points and characters and using many humorous references to the book Treasure Planet Battle at Procyon is one of the various video games released by Disney based on their animated film Treasure Planet Treasure Island 2010 is a hidden objects game launched by French publisher Anuman Interactive 64 Captain Silver is an arcade game that follows its protagonist Jim Aykroyd in his quest to find Captain Silver s hidden treasure for which he must battle an undead Captain Silver in order to find References in popular culture EditThe Strong Winds series of children s adventures by Julia Jones draws freely from events and names in Treasure Island 65 66 In the Swallows and Amazons series by Arthur Ransome the Blacketts Uncle Jim has the nickname of Captain Flint and a parrot A 1960 episode of Dennis the Menace is centered around the pursuit of buried treasure inspired by Mr Wilson reading his childhood copy of Treasure Island to Dennis and his friends In 1988 The Soviet Director David Cherkassky released the 1988 Soviet film Treasure Island which relates to the book Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan 2000 is a parody by Spike Milligan At the beginning of a fifth season episode of Arthur titled You Are Arthur 2000 the titular character is seen reading Treasure Island In an episode of Survivor Heroes vs Villains titled Jumping Ship 2010 the castaways Amanda Colby and Danielle win an overnight trip to the former home of Robert Louis Stevenson and a screening of the 1934 version of Treasure Island In The Way Back 2010 one of the prisoners in the Russian gulag briefly narrates some of Treasure Island to his fellow inmates He mentions the characters Jim and Long John Silver In the teen fiction novel One for Sorrow 2015 Fledgling Press by Philip Caveney the main character Tom Afflick is reading Treasure Island which serves as the catalyst for his adventure In Blade Runner 2049 2017 Rick Deckard makes a continued allusion to Treasure Island upon first meeting the protagonist in the scene he explicitly references Ben Gunn s craving for cheese In the finale of Season 3 of The Handmaid s Tale 2019 Commander Lawrence reads an excerpt of Treasure Island to a group of runaway children See Also EditElenore Abbott illustratorReferences Edit Hammond J R 1984 Treasure Island In A Robert Louis Stevenson Companion Palgrave Macmillan Literary Companions London Palgrave Macmillan doi 10 1007 978 1 349 06080 1 6 Cordingly David 1995 Under the Black Flag the romance and reality of life among the pirates p 7 Booth Bradford A Mehew Ernest The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson p iii 225 Sergeant D R C Capitalism and the Romance in R L Stevenson s Treasure Island University of Plymouth Retrieved 29 July 2021 Louis Stevenson Robert 1986 My First Book Treasure Island The Courier Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts BBC News 9 July 2010 Stevenson Chapter 16 I was not new to violent death I have served his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland and got a wound myself at Fontenoy but I know my pulse went dot and carry one The murder of Captain Geoge Glas the original inspiration for Treasure Island History Scotland 20 August 2018 Retrieved 29 February 2020 Adams Cecil The Straight Dope Did pirates bury their treasure Did pirates really make maps where X marks the spot Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine 5 October 2007 a b Gainey Tom 10 December 2017 Cornwall s smuggling past a look at six pubs at the heart of a golden age of criminality The Cornishman Brantlinger Patrick 2009 Victorian Literature and Postcolonial Studies Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 3304 3 p 33 The Coral Island Children s Literature Review January 2009 retrieved 4 May 2012 via HighBeam subscription required Reed Thomas L 2006 The Transforming Draught Jekyll and Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson and the Victorian Alcohol Debate mustache pp 71 73 Hothersall Barbara Joseph Livesey Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 Retrieved 24 December 2009 Boobbyer Claire 29 November 2013 Cuba s hidden treasure La Isla de la Juventud Retrieved 22 August 2019 via www theguardian com Treasure Island thecareergamer com Retrieved 22 August 2019 Where s Where 1974 Eyre Methuen London ISBN 0 413 32290 4 At Last A Christmas in the West Indies 1871 David Cordingly Under the Black Flag The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates ISBN 0 679 42560 8 Robert Louis Stevenson To Sidney Colvin Late May 1884 in Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson p 263 Brilliance of World s Child will come alive at storytelling event Archived 23 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Scotsman 20 October 2005 Richard Harding Davis 1916 Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis p 5 From Project Gutenberg History of Brielle Retrieved 14 August 2021 Fidra Gazetteer for Scotland Retrieved 18 June 2008 Visit Unst The Shetland Islands Visit Unst An Unparalleled Island Adventure Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 Retrieved 22 August 2019 https julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead co uk wp content uploads 2022 08 38 A Statement from Birkenhead Member of Parliament Mick Whitley pdf bare URL PDF Teacher makes one of the great discoveries of world literature 9 August 2022 https julesverneandtheheroesofbirkenhead co uk wp content uploads 2021 11 6 Jules Verne Sets His Classic Novel The Mysterious Island in Birkenhead pdf bare URL PDF Bristol s history Visit Bristol Retrieved 2 June 2011 Townsend 9 December 2007 Hole in the Wall Queen Square Bristol Flickr Retrieved 2 June 2011 The Pirates House history Thepirateshouse com Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 Retrieved 2 June 2011 Ghost of Captain Flint CNN 31 October 2003 Retrieved 2 June 2011 Uitgeverij Conserve Voor Schateiland www conserve nl Retrieved 22 August 2019 Results for au Drake John WorldCat org 16 October 2015 Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 22 August 2019 Woods John O Melveny 22 August 2010 Return to Treasure Island the lost journals of Sir James Hawkins Intellect Pub OCLC 449250770 Treasure Island The Untold Story or The Real Treasure Island New Maritima Press OCLC 795019447 Silver Return to Treasure Island by Andrew Motion Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine review by Ian Sansom in The Guardian 30 March 2012 Bevis Matthew 25 October 2012 Matthew Bevis Kids Gone Rotten Treasure Island LRB 25 October 2012 London Review of Books Retrieved 21 September 2021 Black Sails IMDb Retrieved 28 July 2018 Stevenson Robert Louis Fables Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Dury Richard Film adaptations of Treasure Island Archived 2 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine SilentEra entry Silentera com Retrieved 2 June 2011 Leggett Steve 29 December 2016 List of 7200 Lost U S Silent Feature Films 1912 29 National Film Preservation Board US Library of Congress Treasure Island 1920 at IMDb John Hough www rottentomatoes com Retrieved 26 September 2017 Archived copy Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 Retrieved 2016 07 16 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Dury Richard Stage and Radio adaptations of Treasure Island Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Musicals filmmusik Sebastian Retrieved 3 February 2022 Tom Hewitt Is Long John Silver in Treasure Island Opening March 5 in Brooklyn Playbill Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 2 June 2011 Treasure Island London Box Office Retrieved 29 December 2014 Cavendish Dominic 11 December 2014 Treasure Island National Theatre review yo ho hum Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Treasure Island July 18 1938 The Mercury Theatre on the Air edited by K Scarborough The Definitive Favorite Story Radio Log with Ronald Colman www digitaldeliftp com Retrieved 22 August 2019 Lux Radio Theater Episodic log Archived from the original on 5 December 2016 Retrieved 12 April 2008 BBC Radio 4 Extra RL Stevenson Treasure Island Treasure Island BBC Audiobook Extract BBC Radio 4 Full Cast Dramatisation Afternoon Reading Treasure Island the Old Sea Dog BBC Radio 4 Robert Lewis Stevenson Treasure Island 1944 Tale Spinners for Children Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 Retrieved 31 May 2017 2 Treasure Island Big Finish Classics Big Finish Famous Stories 1 Treasure Island comicbookplus com Retrieved 23 October 2022 Treasure Island at MobyGames Treasure Island Archived 18 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine at GameFAQs Sol Guber Treasure Island Antic Vol 5 Nr 1 5 1986 p 81 La Isla del Tesoro de R L Stevenson Abandon Socios Retrieved 27 September 2020 Anuman Interactive announces the signing of a distribution agreement with Nobilis games industry MCV Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 Retrieved 2014 06 17 Strong Winds Trilogy The Salt Stained Book by Julia Jones and Claudia Myatt The Bookbag June 2011 Retrieved 13 December 2012 Characters develop nicely in book two Otago Daily Times 18 February 2012 Retrieved 13 October 2012 Sources Edit Barker Benfield Simon 2014 The Annotated Treasure Island ISBN 978 1 937075 01 9 Cordingly David 1995 Under the Black Flag The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates ISBN 0 679 42560 8 Letley Emma ed 1998 Treasure Island Oxford World s Classics ISBN 0 19 283380 4 Pietsch Roland 2010 The Real Jim Hawkins Ships Boys in the Georgian Navy ISBN 978 1 84832 036 9 Reed Thomas L 2006 The Transforming Draught Jekyll and Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson and the Victorian Alcohol Debate ISBN 0 7864 2648 9 Watson Harold 1969 Coasts of Treasure Island A Study of the Backgrounds and Sources for Robert Louis Stevenson s Romance of the Sea ISBN 0 8111 0282 3 External links EditTreasure Island at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Treasure Island at Standard Ebooks Treasure Island at Project Gutenberg Treasure Island scanned and illustrated books at Internet Archive Notable editions include Treasure Island 1911 Scribner s illustrated by N C Wyeth See also alternate edition better quality scan some images missing Treasure Island 1915 Harpers illustrated by Louis Rhead Treasure Island 1912 Scribner s Biographical Edition includes essays by Mr and Mrs Stevenson Treasure Island 1911 Ginn and Company lengthy introduction and notes by Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey Harvard University Treasure Island with an introduction and notes by Franklin T Baker Columbia University 1909 Fully annotated online Treasure Island public domain audiobook at LibriVox Treasure Island Archived 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Full text and audio website Treasure Island A L Burt Company 1890 Treasure Island on The Mercury Theater on the Air July 18 1938 Basil Rathbone stars in Treasure Island Columbia Masterworks 1944 Treasure Island on Lux Radio Theater January 29 1951 Download Treasure Island on Tale Spinners for Children The 1989 BBC Radio Treasure Island on Archive org Treasure Island Public video panorama room on vPark io Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treasure Island amp oldid 1132446745, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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