fbpx
Wikipedia

Transport in Melbourne

Transport in Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia, consists of several interlinking modes. Melbourne is a hub for intercity, intracity and regional travel. Road-based transport accounts for most trips across many parts of the city,[1] facilitated by Australia's largest freeway network.[2] Public transport, including the world's largest tram network, trains and buses, also forms a key part of the transport system. Other dominant modes include walking, cycling and commercial-passenger vehicle services such as taxis.

The PTV public transport roundels used in Melbourne. Left to right: train, tram, bus, V/Line, coach, Skybus and ferry
Road map of the Melbourne metropolitan area by OpenStreetMap

Melbourne is a busy regional transport hub for the statewide passenger rail network, coaches and interstate rail services to New South Wales and South Australia. Freight transport also makes up a significant proportion of trips made on the network from the Port of Melbourne, Melbourne Airport and industrial areas across the city.

According to the 2016 Australian census, Melbourne has the second-highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities for travel to work at 19 percent, second to Sydney's 27 percent.[1] In 2017-2018, 565 million passenger trips were made on Melbourne's metropolitan public transport network.[3]

Melbourne has the most road space per capita of any Australian city, with its freeway network being comparable to Los Angeles and Atlanta in terms of its size and scale.[4] Much of Australia's automotive industry was located in Melbourne until all manufacturing ceased at the end of 2017.[5][6][7] The state government, as part of the release of the Melbourne 2030 planning strategy in 2002, set a target for modal share of cars to decrease to 80 percent by 2020. However, increases in car usage since this target was set has not shown the decline that was initially predicted.[8][9]

Timeline

  • 2005: The $2.5 billion EastLink Freeway project begins.
  • 2006: The state government releases Meeting our Transport Challenges, a $10 billion plan to improve public transport and roads. It includes a "Think Tram" project to reduce tram travel times and recommendations for a (delayed) SmartBus system for the eastern suburbs. The Rail Safety Act, Victoria's first rail-safety statute, becomes effective on 1 August. New transport-ticketing regulations begin. The state's first independent rail and bus safety regulator and rail, bus and marine safety investigator begin on 1 August.
  • 2007: Myki, a new public-transport ticketing system which was delayed and over budget, is scheduled to be introduced. The state government commissions an east-west transport plan. Public-transport ticketing zone 3 is abolished. An accreditation scheme for taxi, bus and other commercial passenger-vehicle drivers and for taxi-industry licence-holders, operators and network-service providers begins on 1 July. Australia's first "Copenhagen style" cycleways are implemented in Swanston Street, Carlton;[14] Tim Pallas rejects a Melbourne City Council plan for a Copenhagen-style cycleway on St Kilda Road.[15] The Accident Towing Services Act is passed by Parliament.
  • 2008: The Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project, a dredging project to deepen Melbourne's shipping channels, begins. The $18 billion Eddington Transport Report, aimed at reducing traffic congestion, focuses on East-West routes and includes a controversial 18-kilometre road tunnel and 17-kilometre rail tunnel and a new rail line from Werribee to Deer Park, Victoria but does not address greenhouse emissions.[16] Eastlink opens, and the Monash-CityLink-West Gate freeway upgrade begins. The Department of Transport (Victoria, 2008–13) replaces the Department of Infrastructure. The Australian Greens Victoria transport plan is released. Public Transport Minister Lynne Kosky postpones an airport link 20 years.[17] The Victorian Transport Plan, the state government's fourth "long-term" transport statement since 2002, is released.[18] New Melbourne Lord Mayor Robert Doyle proposes returning vehicle traffic to Swanston Street.
  • 2009: The Accident Towing Services Act mandates new standards for tow-truck operations (including licence holders and drivers) on 1 January. The Transport Integration Bill (later the Transport Integration Act) is introduced in the Victorian Parliament on 10 December. Myki is introduced in late December on suburban trains. The Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009, speeding planning consents and delivery of rail, road and port projects, is passed by Parliament and begins on 1 September.
  • 2010: A Fair Fines package begins on 1 February as part of Transport (Infringements) Regulations 2010, with infringement penalties for minors reduced by two-thirds and a graduated-penalties programme eliminated. The Transport Integration Act is passed by the Victorian Parliament in February, and becomes law on 1 July. Melbourne Bike Share, a public bicycle-hire service, is planned for mid-year. The Transport Act 1983 is renamed the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 on 1 July.[19] Public-transport and marine-safety regulators merge to create the Director, Transport Safety on 1 July after the merger of Director, Public Transport Safety (Public Transport Safety Victoria) and Director, Marine Safety (Marine Safety Victoria). The Victorian Regional Channels Authority and the Port of Hastings Corporation are merged with the Port of Melbourne Corporation on 1 September. The new state government, elected on 27 November under Premier Ted Baillieu with Terry Mulder as Minister for Public Transport and Minister for Roads, Denis Napthine as Minister for Ports and Edward O'Donoghue as Parliamentary Secretary for Transport, promises to create the Victorian Public Transport Development Authority to plan and manage public transport in Victoria and Melbourne. The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Marine Safety Act 2010 are passed by the Victorian Parliament. The Bus Safety Act begins on 31 December.
  • 2011: Terry Mulder announces the government's intention in March to hold a Taxi Industry Inquiry, which begins in late May headed by Allan Fels. The Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 29 June, empowering the Taxi Industry Inquiry and creating the Taxi Services Commission (which begins operations on 19 July). The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 16 August, creating the Port of Hastings Development Authority. The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Tourist and Heritage Railways Regulations 2011 become effective on 1 October. the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 27 October, empowering Public Transport Victoria (which begins operations on 15 December). The Port Management Amendment (Port of Melbourne Licence Fee) Bill 2011, introduced in the Victorian Parliament in early December, proposes a $75 million annual fee to be paid by the Port of Melbourne Corporation to the Victorian government.
  • 2012: The Port of Hastings Development Authority begins operations on 1 January, reversing the merger of the former Port of Hastings Corporation and the Port of Melbourne Corporation. The Public Transport Development Authority (now known as Public Transport Victoria) takes over train, tram and bus service in Victoria on 2 April, in accordance with the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011. The extension of the Epping railway line to South Morang is completed in April. The Port of Melbourne Corporation becomes liable on 1 July for a $75 million licence fee to the government, in accordance with the Port Management Amendment (Port of Melbourne Licence Fee) Act 2012. The Marine Safety Act 2010 begins on 1 July, setting new standards for commercial and recreational vessels; the Marine Act 1988 is repealed. Strict drug controls (for anyone in charge of a vessel) and zero blood-alcohol controls introduced for commercial vessel operators are introduced by the Transport Legislation Amendment (Drug and Alcohol Controls and Other Matters) Act 2012 on 1 December. The federal government approves plans for Avalon Airport to become Melbourne's second international airport. The Metcard ticketing system ends in December, leaving Myki Melbourne's sole public-transport ticketing system. Laws are enacted late in the year to support the opening and operation of the Peninsula Link freeway.
  • 2013: The Peninsula Link freeway opens in January. A$78 million "handover area" building project begins at train stations.[20] The Director of Public Transport and the Transport Ticketing Authority are abolished on 1 July, and their functions become part of Public Transport Victoria. The Taxi Services Commission becomes the state's taxi and hire-car regulator on 1 July, replacing the Victorian Taxi Directorate (which was abolished).
  • 2015: The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) replaces the Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure as the department responsible for transport policy.
  • 2015: The Regional Rail Link opens in June, separating regional Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong service from the suburban service. Two new stations are built, at Tarneit and Wyndham Vale.
  • 2016: The government began removing level crossings and running the rail under or over the roads. Along the Cranbourne-Pakenham line from Caulfield to Dandenong the rail was elevated the entire length.[21]
  • 2017: Work began on Metro Tunnel which would increase the capacity on the City Loop.[22]
  • 2017: Transport for Victoria is formed within DEDJTR by an amendment to the Transport Integration Act, to plan and coordinate the transport network.
  • 2018: The federal and state governments announced that they would be funding a connection to the airport as part of the existing rail network.[23]
  • 2018: The state government announces plans for the Suburban Rail Loop, a new heavy rail line to connect existing train corridors in non-CBD locations to facilitate cross-suburban travel.[24]
  • 2019: The Department of Transport is separated from DEDJTR as the department responsible for transport policy.

Mode share and patronage

 
Chart showing annual public transport patronage in Melbourne by mode.
2016 journey to work trips in Greater Melbourne
Public transport 16%
Car 67%
2017 CBD trips[25]
Public transport 56%
Car 32%
Walking 6%
Bicycle 4%
Other 2%

Public transport

Melbourne's public transport system includes rail, tram and bus services. Its tram network is the largest in the world.[26] Almost 300 bus routes and 16 rail lines serve Greater Melbourne.

Since World War II Melbourne has become a dispersed, car-oriented city, leading to a decline in public transport use.[27] The original transport patterns of urban development are still reflected Melbourne's prewar areas.[27] The operation of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised by the government in 1999. Under this arrangement, rail and tram operations are contracted to private companies while the infrastructure remained under government control. Several operators have been awarded contracts since its commencement, including Connex Melbourne, M>Train and Keolis Downer.[28] Despite initial plans that government subsidies would decrease to zero by 2015, payments to private companies have instead increased significantly.[29]

Since the mid-2000s patronage has grown steadily on Melbourne's public transport system, particularly the metropolitan train and tram networks, leading to significant investment in the system and a number of major infrastructure projects.[30][31][32] According to the 2018 Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel & Activity, Melbourne's public transport accounted for 8.5% of all trips within Greater Melbourne and Geelong, with 19% of journeys to work within Melbourne occurring on public transport across the three main modes.[33]

Bus

 
A Ventura bus operating route 670 in Melbourne's Eastern suburbs.

The bus network consists of about 50 bus companies under a franchise agreement with the state Government. Approximately 300 routes are in operation, including twenty-one night bus routes that operate on Friday and Saturday nights. Bus patronage is low compared to similar cities around Australia, which some experts have attributed to the presence of the tram network servicing many trips that would normally be taken by bus.[34] Several 'SmartBus' routes were introduced in the late 2000s in an attempt to improve parts of the system with improved bus priority and frequencies and span of service hours better than most other bus routes at the time. Despite its success at significantly increasing bus patronage, the service has not been expanded and some bus lanes were removed.[35][36][37]

Although all Melbourne buses use the myki ticketing system, the SkyBus between Melbourne Airport and Southern Cross railway station is a non-myki bus service. Several local government councils also operate free community bus services in their local areas including Port Phillip,[38] Nillumbik[39] and Darebin[40]

Tram

 
D1-class tram operated by Yarra Trams

Melbourne has the world's largest tram network, consisting of 250 kilometres (160 mi) of double track, nearly 500 trams on 24 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. It is operated by Yarra Trams. Two partial light rail routes are also part of the network. Most of the remaining track is mixed with vehicle traffic, which makes it one of the slowest tram networks in the world.[41] Trams operate mostly in the inner suburbs and generally provide for short to medium-length trips. Trams are free to ride within the central business district. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD.[42]

Metropolitan rail

 
X'Trapolis 100 train, operated by Metro Trains Melbourne

Melbourne has a 16 line urban heavy rail network operated by Metro Trains Melbourne and serviced by a fleet of 326 EMU trains. With the exception of the Stony Point line, the entire urban rail network is electrified. The metropolitan network is considered to be a hybrid commuter and rapid transit system, serving both the inner city and outer commuter suburbs with high frequencies in peak periods but lower frequencies at other times.[43] Flinders Street railway station is the city's main metropolitan station while Southern Cross railway station is the main interchange station for regional and interstate railway services.

Regional rail

 
A V/Line VLocity diesel train at Wyndham Vale railway station in PTV livery.

Melbourne is the centre of a statewide railway network consisting of lines used for freight and passenger service. Intrastate passenger services are operated by the government-owned V/Line corporation, with a fleet of locomotive-hauled trains and diesel multiple units. Seven passenger railway lines connect Melbourne to towns and cities in Victoria. Portions of lines which are part of the V/Line network and cover the metropolitan area are also covered by myki tickets.

The city is also connected to Sydney by the NSW TrainLink XPT, and to Adelaide by Great Southern Rail's The Overland.

Fares

Melbourne has a fully integrated ticketing system across all modes of public transport in the metropolitan area through the Myki contactless smart card system. This requires passengers to touch the card to a reader at each entry and exit point.[44] Myki's rollout began on 29 December 2009 on the rail network. It was then progressively rolled out to trams, buses and regional rail. It completely replaced the old magnetic stripe card Metcard system on 30 June 2013.[45]

Melbourne's public-transport system is divided into two zones, in addition to the free tram zone in the central business district and some surrounding areas. Myki has two forms of tickets: myki money (in which money is loaded on a myki and the system selects the "best fare") and the myki-pass, where commuters pre-purchase tickets (or passes).

Rail freight

 
Pacific National locomotive at the Melbourne Steel Terminal, June 2006

The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port, handling 33 percent of Australia's container trade.[46][47] Shipping lines operate to about 300 cities around the world, and 3,200 ships visit the port each year. The port is in Melbourne's inner west, near the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra Rivers.

 
Container crane and ship at Swanson Dock East

Melbourne has an extensive network of railway lines and yards to serve freight traffic. The lines have two gauges – 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) broad gauge and 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge – and are not electrified. Freight trains have their own lines in the city's inner western suburbs, but in other areas trains are required to share the tracks with Metro Trains Melbourne and V/Line passenger service. Most freight terminals are in the inner suburbs near the port between Melbourne's central business district and Footscray. A number of suburban stations had their own goods yards, with freight trains running on the suburban network until the 1980s.[48]

Airports

 
Melbourne Airport

Melbourne Airport, located in the north-western suburb of Tullamarine, is Australia's second-busiest airport. It serves over 30 airlines and 22 million international and domestic passengers annually.[49] The airport is a hub for passenger airlines Qantas, Jetstar and Virgin Australia, and cargo airlines Qantas Freight and Toll Priority.

Melbourne's second major passenger airport, Avalon Airport (Melbourne Avalon), is south-west of the city and north-east of Geelong. Avalon Airport, primarily used by Jetstar, operates flights to Brisbane, Sydney and Perth. AirAsia X began low-cost flights from Avalon to Kuala Lumpur in December 2018, giving Melbourne a second international airport (unique among Australia's capital cities).

The city's first major airport, Essendon Airport, is no longer used for scheduled international flights. Although a small number of regional airlines operate from there, it is primarily used for general aviation and is also home to Victoria's air ambulance.

Moorabbin Airport, south of Melbourne, is primarily used for recreational flying and flying lessons. It has some regional-airline service, notably to King Island, Tasmania. Moorabbin is a Class D airport, and its ICAO airport code is YMMB. RAAF Williams, Point Cook, where the Royal Australian Air Force originated, is located near Melbourne's south-western limits.

Roads

 
The Eastern Freeway, looking towards Melbourne

Melbourne is one of the world's most car-dependent cities, with 74 percent of all trips to and from work or education being done by car.[50] Its freeway network is the largest in Australia,[2] with an extensive grid of arterial roads dating back to Melbourne's initial surveying. The city's total road length is 21,381 km (13,286 mi).[51]

The freeway network began with the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan, which included a grid of freeways which would cover the metropolitan area. The plans were reviewed four years later and many inner-city projects were cancelled. Freeways built during the 1960s and 1970s include the South Eastern Arterial (now part of the Monash Freeway), the Tullamarine Freeway, the Lower Yarra Freeway (now the West Gate Freeway) and the Eastern Freeway.

Expansion took place over the next thirty years, with the Monash Freeway, CityLink and the Western Ring Road all being constructed during this time. The period also saw freeway expansion into the suburbs with the Mornington Peninsula Freeway, an extension of the Eastern Freeway and the South Gippsland Freeway. In 2008, the EastLink toll freeway opened and existing freeways were further extended.

Despite government figures indicating slowed growth in road travel since 2006 (zero growth in 2008–09)[52] and the government's goal to reduce road use to 80 percent of all motorised trips, the State Government have announced several large-scale road infrastructure investments to complete many projects from the original 1969 Plan, including Peninsula Link, East West Link and North East Link). This road construction has continued to increase the use of cars and direct investment away from other transport projects.[53]

Bicycles

 
Cyclists next to a tram on Swanston Street in the Melbourne CBD

Melbourne has an extensive network of bicycle paths and bike lanes, which are used for recreation and commuting. Five of Australia's top 10 suburbs for bicycle mode share for journeys to work are located in Melbourne.[54] A series of major off-road paths shared with pedestrians caters for bike riders in the inner suburbs, but infrastructure tends to be less extensive further away into surrounding suburbs.[55] In 2020, the City of Melbourne Council sought to add 40km of new protected cycling lanes for the inner-city as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[56]

Inner Melbourne currently has a dock-less e-bike and e-scooter sharing program provided by private company Lime, and an e-scooter sharing program provided by Neuron.[57][58]

Melbourne previously had a government-owned bicycle-sharing system called Melbourne Bike Share that ran from 2010 to 2019 and was ended due to low ridership.[59][60][61] Singaporean bike-sharing company oBike briefly entered the Melbourne market in mid-2017, but abandoned its program in 2018 following extensive complaints and issues with its business practices.[62][63][64][65][66]

Taxis

 
A Melbourne taxi

Taxis in Melbourne have since 1 July 2013 been regulated by the Taxi Services Commission, which began operation on 19 July. The Taxi Industry Inquiry resulted in major reforms to Victoria's taxi industry, significantly impacting taxi service in Melbourne.[67] Taxis were required to be painted canary yellow until this requirement was abolished in 2013.[68] Melbourne has 4,660 licensed, metered taxis, including 443 wheelchair-accessible cabs.[69]

Vehicle for hire companies such as Uber, DiDi, Shofer, Taxify, GoCatch, Shebah,[70] and Ola Cabs, also operate in Melbourne.[71]

Ferries

Public Transport Victoria oversees three ferry services in Victoria:[72] the Westgate Punt (between Spotswood and Fishermans Bend), the French Island Ferry, which operates between the Stony Point railway station, French Island and Cowes on Phillip Island and Port Phillip Ferries which operates between Docklands, Geelong and Portarlington.

Port Phillip Ferry
h:mm
0:00
 
Docklands
 
Port Phillip Bay
 
1:50
 
 
 
 
 
 
Geelong Waterfront
 
1:10
 
Portarlington Pier
Most ferries between
Geelong & Docklands
operate via Portarlington
Western Port Ferry
h:mm
0:00
 
Stony Point Jetty
 
0:20
 
 
 
 
 
Tankerton Jetty, French Island
 
 
Western Port Bay
0:45
 
Cowes Jetty, Phillip Island
Westgate Punt
h:mm
0:00
 
Spotswood Jetty
 
Yarra River
~0:10
 
Westgate Landing

Cruise ships and ferries (including the Spirit of Tasmania, which crosses Bass Strait to Tasmania) dock at Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay. Privately run ferries and other vessels also travel from Southbank along the Yarra River, to Williamstown, and across Port Phillip Bay.

Legislation and regulation

Transport Integration Act

The main transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010, which establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing transport and managing the state's transport system. The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources is responsible for the integration and coordination of Victoria's transport system. However, other departments and agencies also have a coordination and implementation role in transport. Other key state agencies are:

Governing bodies

There are several agencies and organisations tasked with coordinating and delivering transport in Victoria. Many fall within the purview of Transport for Victoria, but others are run from other departments or are independent government organisations.[73]

Public Transport Victoria

In 2010, the state government resolved to create a new independent agency to coordinate and oversee all aspects of the state's public transport.[74][75] According to the government, the authority would plan, co-ordinate, manage and administer metropolitan trams and metropolitan and regional buses and trains, replacing the previous structure of multiple agencies. The authority was established in late 2011,[76] and was expected to be fully operational by mid-2012.[77] Public Transport Victoria assumed the rail, tram and bus responsibilities of the former Director of Public Transport and the activities of the Transport Ticketing Authority and MetLink, which were abolished.

Transport for Victoria

In 2016, the state government established a new coordinating agency for transport in the state. It serves as an umbrella agency, overseeing the activities of several other transport organisations and agencies across multiple modes of transport. This includes VicRoads, Public Transport Victoria and V/Line. The agency was established in 2017 and operates under the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.[78][79]

Taxi Services Commission

The government announced a Taxi Industry Inquiry and the establishment of a Taxi Services Commission (TSC) in early 2011.[80] The inquiry, headed by Allan Fels, was conducted by the TSC. The government introduced the Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011, which was enacted in late June 2011 to empower the inquiry. The TSC, established on 19 July 2011, became the state's taxi and hire-car regulator on 1 July 2013.

Port of Hastings Development Authority

The government reversed the late-2010 merger of the Port of Melbourne Corporation (PMC) and the Port of Hastings Corporation by establishing the new Port of Hastings Development Authority to oversee development of a new port in Hastings.[81] The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Bill 2011 was passed by the Parliament of Victoria in late 2011, and the authority began operations on 1 January 2012.

Safety regulation and investigation

The safety of rail operations in Melbourne is regulated by the 2006 Rail Safety Act, which applies to commercial passenger and freight operations and tourist and heritage railways.[82] The act created a framework of safety requirements for all rail-industry participants, and requires rail operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation before commencing operations. Accredited rail operators are required to have a safety-management system to guide their operations. Sanctions for violations of the safety requirements established by the Rail Safety Act are outlined in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983.[83]

Safety regulation of the bus and marine sectors is overseen by the Director, Transport Safety under the 2009 Bus Safety Act and the Marine Act 1988, respectively. The sectors are subject to a no-fault safety-investigation plan conducted by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety. The safety regulator for Melbourne's rail, bus and marine systems is Transport Safety Victoria, established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

Rail, bus and marine operators in Victoria can be subjected to no-fault investigations by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety or the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The chief investigator is charged by Part 7 of the Transport Integration Act 2010 with investigating rail, bus and marine safety matters, including incidents. The ATSB has jurisdiction over rail matters (on a designated interstate rail network), marine matters (if the ship(s) is under Australian or AMSA regulation) and bus-safety matters (by invitation of a jurisdiction).

Ticketing and conduct requirements

Ticketing requirements for rail, tram and bus service in Victoria are primarily contained in Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006[84] and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual.[85] Rules about safe and fair behaviour on trains and trams in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983[86] and Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.[87] Conduct requirements for buses are set out in that act and Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "How far do Australians go to get to work?". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b "PTUA – 'The Alternative to Melbourne's Freeway Explosion'". Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  3. ^ "Public Transport Victoria Annual report 2017-2018" (PDF). static.ptv.vic.gov.au. November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  4. ^ [1] 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ AUSmotive.com (11 December 2013). "Holden to cease local production in 2017". AUSmotive.com. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  6. ^ "Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go". ABC News (Australia). 23 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  7. ^ Hawthorne, Mark (10 February 2014). "Toyota to exit Australia, 30,000 jobs could go". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  8. ^ "More than two in three drive to work, Census reveals". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Melbourne traffic: Rise in car numbers keeping pace with population growth". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ (Press release). Minister for Transport. 12 June 2002. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  12. ^ . Dpc.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  13. ^ . Dpc.vic.gov.au. 29 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  14. ^ "Inner: Swanston RMIT to Melbourne University – Bicycle Victoria". Bv.com.au. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  15. ^ Lucas, Clay; Millar, Royce (3 March 2007). "Minister runs down cycle plan". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  16. ^ Millar, Royce; Lucas, Clay; Rood, David; Morton, Adam (3 April 2008). "$18 billion to link east and west". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  17. ^ Rail link way down the track from theage.com.au
  18. ^ Clay Lucas, Jason Dowling and Ben Schneiders (15 September 2008). "Strategy to ease the squeeze". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  19. ^ "Transport (Comliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983". Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  20. ^ Kate Stowell (6 June 2013). "Holding cells being built at Melbourne train stations" (Video upload). ABC. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Home | Level Crossing Removal Authority". levelcrossings.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  22. ^ "Home". metrotunnel.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  23. ^ Henriques-Gomes, Luke (22 July 2018). "Melbourne airport rail link: Daniel Andrews matches Turnbull's $5bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  24. ^ Henriques-Gomes, Luke (28 August 2018). "Massive Melbourne suburban train loop pledged by Victorian government". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  25. ^ "Transport Strategy Refresh - Public Transport" (PDF). Melbourne City Council. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  26. ^ "Facts & figures". Yarra Trams. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  27. ^ a b Gleeson, B., Curtis, C., & Low, N. (2003). 'Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Australia', in N. Low and B. Gleeson (eds.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 201–220.
  28. ^ New train, tram companies open for business, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 30 November 2009.
  29. ^ Lucas, Clay (9 December 2015). "Billions go to train and tram operators with little improvement". The Age. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  30. ^ Jacks, Timna (8 April 2018). "Melbourne's booming population takes its toll on city's trains". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  31. ^ "Melbourne's public transport patronage since 1947". Daniel Bowen. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  32. ^ Jacks, Clay Lucas, Timna (10 June 2019). "Big projects, bigger bills: Massive construction boom comes at a cost". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  33. ^ VISTA, Department of Transport (2018). "Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity".
  34. ^ "Melbourne buses: How do other cities compare?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  35. ^ "SmartBus branding may be scrapped in Transdev shake-up". Manningham Leader. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  36. ^ "Northern Roads Upgrade". Major Road Projects Authority. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  37. ^ "Bus lane removal short-sighted". Public Transport Users Association. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  38. ^ "Free Community Bus". Port Phillip City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  39. ^ "Saturday Community Bus". Nillumbik City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  40. ^ "Darebin Council Community Transport: "Door-to-Door"". Darebin City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  41. ^ Clure, Elias (19 May 2017). "Melbourne's trams among slowest in the world". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  42. ^ "City Circle Tram". Yarra Trams. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  43. ^ Lucas, Clay (3 April 2010). "Melbourne trains fail world 'metro' test". The Age. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  44. ^ . ptv.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013.
  45. ^ "Refunds and replacements". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  46. ^ . Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  47. ^ Carey, Adam (10 November 2017). "A bridge too far: warning bigger ships won't be able to reach Port of Melbourne". The Age. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  48. ^ "Getting freight back on track in Victoria" (PDF). Rail Futures Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  49. ^ . Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  50. ^ "More than two in three drive to work, Census reveals". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  51. ^ "Urban Australia: Where most of us live". Eoc.csiro.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  52. ^ Lucas, Clay (17 March 2009). "Hard times just the ticket for public transport". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  53. ^ Butt, Craig (24 October 2017). "Cars continue to rule Melbourne roads, census shows". The Age. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  54. ^ "Top 10 suburbs for bike commuters". Facebook. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  55. ^ Pojani, Dorina; Butterworth, Elizabeth; Cooper, Jim; Corcoran, Jonathan; Sipe, Neil (5 February 2018). "Australian cities are far from being meccas for walking and cycling". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Fast-tracking 40 kilometres of new bike lanes in Melbourne - City of Melbourne". www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  57. ^ ""Lessons have been learned": Fourth time lucky for bike share?". www.cbdnews.com.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  58. ^ "Council powers ahead with Lime and Neuron e-scooter trial - City of Melbourne". www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  59. ^ Clay Lucas: Share scheme out of the blocks for city cyclists in The Age 1 June 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  60. ^ ABC: Melbourne bike share not a sure thing. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  61. ^ Koob, Simone Fox (30 August 2019). "Goodbye blue bikes: Melbourne's bike share scheme canned". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  62. ^ The Weekly Review: oBikes brings dockless bicycle sharing to Melbourne
  63. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  64. ^ The Age: When it comes to bike sharing, yellow is the new blue
  65. ^ ABC: oBike says bicycles found up trees and in river are 'teething issue' for sharing scheme
  66. ^ The Age: 'Illegally dumped rubbish': Council removes oBikes blocking Melbourne footpaths
  67. ^ "Taxis and hire vehicles – Structure of the taxi industry". Doi.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  68. ^ "Melbourne's yellow taxis get a makeover to increase competition". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  69. ^ "About Us". Commercial Passenger Vehicles Victoria. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  70. ^ shebah.com.au
  71. ^ Fels, Allan (17 July 2016). "Ride-sharing needs the right set of rules to support its growth". The Age. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  72. ^ "Ferries". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  73. ^ "Governance". Transport for Victoria. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  74. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  75. ^ Lucas, Clay (15 November 2010). "Baillieu revives airport rail link". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
  76. ^ See the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011.
  77. ^ "Hoddle Street expressway plan ditched". Herald Sun. Australia: News. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  78. ^ "A Simpler, More Coordinated Transport System For Victoria". Premier of VIctoria. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  79. ^ Carey, Adam (14 December 2016). "Like dominoes, one part of train system falls over and everything collapses". The Age. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  80. ^ Premier of Victoria, media release, 28 March 2011.
  81. ^ Dr Denis Napthine, Minister for Ports, press release, "Big Plans for Port of Hastings", 30 March 2011.
  82. ^ Official copy of the Rail Safety Act from the Victorian Government legislation web site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt3.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/6D4190C62DE6207FCA257761002C568A/$FILE/06-9a016.pdf
  83. ^ See Part 7 of the Act. Official copy of the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 from the official Victorian Government legislation site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/7BB774D3E0245B77CA2577CE00030B90/$FILE/83-9921a153.pdf
  84. ^ "Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  85. ^ Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria. . Metlinkmelbourne.com.au. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  86. ^ "Victorian Law Today Act". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  87. ^ "Victorian Law Today Statutory Rule". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.

Further reading

  • Davison, Graeme (2004), Car Wars: How the Car Won Our Hearts and Conquered Our Cities, Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin, ISBN 9781741142075
  • Dodson, Jago; Sipe, Neil (December 2005), Oil Vulnerability in the Australian City, Queensland, Australia: Urban Research Program, Griffith University, ISBN 1-920952-50-0

External links

  • Victorian Department of Transport
  • Transport for Melbourne - An advocacy alliance for improved public transport planning in Melbourne that publicly launched in 2016.

transport, melbourne, state, capital, victoria, australia, consists, several, interlinking, modes, melbourne, intercity, intracity, regional, travel, road, based, transport, accounts, most, trips, across, many, parts, city, facilitated, australia, largest, fre. Transport in Melbourne the state capital of Victoria Australia consists of several interlinking modes Melbourne is a hub for intercity intracity and regional travel Road based transport accounts for most trips across many parts of the city 1 facilitated by Australia s largest freeway network 2 Public transport including the world s largest tram network trains and buses also forms a key part of the transport system Other dominant modes include walking cycling and commercial passenger vehicle services such as taxis The PTV public transport roundels used in Melbourne Left to right train tram bus V Line coach Skybus and ferry Yarra Trams Z class tram beside a Melbourne Bus Link Scania bus with a Metro Trains X Trapolis 100 passing above Road map of the Melbourne metropolitan area by OpenStreetMap Melbourne is a busy regional transport hub for the statewide passenger rail network coaches and interstate rail services to New South Wales and South Australia Freight transport also makes up a significant proportion of trips made on the network from the Port of Melbourne Melbourne Airport and industrial areas across the city According to the 2016 Australian census Melbourne has the second highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities for travel to work at 19 percent second to Sydney s 27 percent 1 In 2017 2018 565 million passenger trips were made on Melbourne s metropolitan public transport network 3 Melbourne has the most road space per capita of any Australian city with its freeway network being comparable to Los Angeles and Atlanta in terms of its size and scale 4 Much of Australia s automotive industry was located in Melbourne until all manufacturing ceased at the end of 2017 5 6 7 The state government as part of the release of the Melbourne 2030 planning strategy in 2002 set a target for modal share of cars to decrease to 80 percent by 2020 However increases in car usage since this target was set has not shown the decline that was initially predicted 8 9 Contents 1 Timeline 2 Mode share and patronage 3 Public transport 3 1 Bus 3 2 Tram 3 3 Metropolitan rail 3 4 Regional rail 3 5 Fares 4 Rail freight 5 Airports 6 Roads 7 Bicycles 8 Taxis 9 Ferries 10 Legislation and regulation 10 1 Transport Integration Act 10 2 Governing bodies 10 2 1 Public Transport Victoria 10 2 2 Transport for Victoria 10 2 3 Taxi Services Commission 10 2 4 Port of Hastings Development Authority 10 3 Safety regulation and investigation 10 4 Ticketing and conduct requirements 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksTimeline Edit1837 The Hoddle Grid Melbourne s first street system is laid out 1844 Princes Bridge on St Kilda Road a toll bridge and the first over the Yarra River opens 1849 Melbourne s main streets are paved 1850 Tolls are removed from Princes Bridge 1854 Flinders Street railway station and the first rail line to Sandridge Port Melbourne open 1858 The Spencer Street station is built connecting Melbourne to the rest of Victoria 1885 First cable tram to Hawthorn 1889 First electric tram between Doncaster and Box Hill 1890 Doncaster railway line first proposed 1891 Flinders Street Viaduct opens as a single then double track link between Flinders Street and Spencer Street stations 1910 Present Flinders Street station opens as the main suburban railway terminus 1919 Electrification of the suburban rail network commences continuing to this day 1920s Flinders Street station declared the world s busiest station several times 1940 The Ashworth Improvement Plan details proposed improvements to suburban rail in the inner city 1966 St Kilda Junction remodelled and Queens Way underpass created for new highways at Dandenong Road and Punt Road 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan released planning numerous freeways and railways 1970 The West Gate Bridge collapses and the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Authority is established 1971 The Melbourne Underground Rail Loop project begins 1977 First section of Eastern Freeway opens with land reserved for a Doncaster railway line The 202 million toll West Gate Bridge opens Hoddle Highway is created from a four lane widening of Hoddle Street and the demolition of buildings on the east side of Hoddle Street 1980 The Lonie Report recommends replacing half the tram system with buses as well as several railway lines in Melbourne and Victoria to be closed but no tram routes were closed and only 2 rail lines were closed to be replaced by trams 1981 First stage of the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop opens 1982 A transport bill is introduced in the Victorian Parliament 1983 Transport Act 1983 receives royal assent on 23 June and becomes effective on 1 July The act creates the State Transport Authority the Metropolitan Transit Authority the Road Construction Authority and the Road Traffic Authority Victorian Railways the Melbourne amp Metropolitan Tramways Board and the Country Roads Board are abolished 1985 Tolls removed from the West Gate Bridge 1987 St Kilda and Port Melbourne railway lines replaced by trams 1989 Construction of the 631 million Western Ring Road begins The Public Transport Corporation and VicRoads replace the State Transport Authority Metropolitan Transit Authority Road Construction Authority and Road Traffic Authority on 1 July 1992 A new government is elected in October under Premier Jeff Kennett Alan Brown is appointed Minister for Public Transport and Bill Baxter Minister for Roads and Ports The Ministry of Transport is replaced by the Department of Transport and transport administration functions are transferred from the Public Transport Corporation to the secretary of the Department of Transport 1994 Free City Circle Tram begins 1995 The Dandenong to Cranbourne rail electrification opens reinstating passenger service after several years and the Public Transport Competition Act is passed by Parliament 1996 Construction of the 2 billion CityLink tollway begins and the Rail Corporations Act is passed by Parliament 1997 Design of the franchising of the public transport network begins 1998 Legislation establishes the Director of Public Transport to manage public transport service and VicTrack to own public transport land and assets 1999 The Western Ring Road and the Bolte Bridge the second major road over the Yarra River open The state government commissions the Linking Victoria study 10 The Director of Public Transport VicTrack and the franchising of services begin 2002 Transport Minister Peter Batchelor announces that the airport rail link to Tullamarine would not viable for another 10 years and commits to upgrading SkyBus service to the airport 11 The state government commissions a Melbourne 2030 planning report aimed at addressing population growth of up to a million new residents With recommendations for transport including the expansion of major activity centres such as Dandenong and Camberwell with access to public transport and tripling of the Dandenong line the document aimed for 20 of trips in Melbourne to be made by public transport by 2020 2003 The 23 million Box Hill tram light rail extension opens 12 2004 The Linking Melbourne Metropolitan Transport Plan summarised findings of the Inner West Integrated Transport Study North East Integrated Transport Study Outer Western Suburbs Transport Strategy Whittlesea Strategic Transport Infrastructure Study and Northern Central City Corridor Strategy recommending 1 5 billion in investment The Southern Cross Station redevelopment which ran late and over budget Docklands light rail extension and the Regional Fast Train system were planned for the Commonwealth Games The 30 5 million Vermont South tram extension begins 13 Southern Cross Station 2005 The 2 5 billion EastLink Freeway project begins 2006 The state government releases Meeting our Transport Challenges a 10 billion plan to improve public transport and roads It includes a Think Tram project to reduce tram travel times and recommendations for a delayed SmartBus system for the eastern suburbs The Rail Safety Act Victoria s first rail safety statute becomes effective on 1 August New transport ticketing regulations begin The state s first independent rail and bus safety regulator and rail bus and marine safety investigator begin on 1 August 2007 Myki a new public transport ticketing system which was delayed and over budget is scheduled to be introduced The state government commissions an east west transport plan Public transport ticketing zone 3 is abolished An accreditation scheme for taxi bus and other commercial passenger vehicle drivers and for taxi industry licence holders operators and network service providers begins on 1 July Australia s first Copenhagen style cycleways are implemented in Swanston Street Carlton 14 Tim Pallas rejects a Melbourne City Council plan for a Copenhagen style cycleway on St Kilda Road 15 The Accident Towing Services Act is passed by Parliament 2008 The Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project a dredging project to deepen Melbourne s shipping channels begins The 18 billion Eddington Transport Report aimed at reducing traffic congestion focuses on East West routes and includes a controversial 18 kilometre road tunnel and 17 kilometre rail tunnel and a new rail line from Werribee to Deer Park Victoria but does not address greenhouse emissions 16 Eastlink opens and the Monash CityLink West Gate freeway upgrade begins The Department of Transport Victoria 2008 13 replaces the Department of Infrastructure The Australian Greens Victoria transport plan is released Public Transport Minister Lynne Kosky postpones an airport link 20 years 17 The Victorian Transport Plan the state government s fourth long term transport statement since 2002 is released 18 New Melbourne Lord Mayor Robert Doyle proposes returning vehicle traffic to Swanston Street 2009 The Accident Towing Services Act mandates new standards for tow truck operations including licence holders and drivers on 1 January The Transport Integration Bill later the Transport Integration Act is introduced in the Victorian Parliament on 10 December Myki is introduced in late December on suburban trains The Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009 speeding planning consents and delivery of rail road and port projects is passed by Parliament and begins on 1 September 2010 A Fair Fines package begins on 1 February as part of Transport Infringements Regulations 2010 with infringement penalties for minors reduced by two thirds and a graduated penalties programme eliminated The Transport Integration Act is passed by the Victorian Parliament in February and becomes law on 1 July Melbourne Bike Share a public bicycle hire service is planned for mid year The Transport Act 1983 is renamed the Transport Compliance and Miscellaneous Act 1983 on 1 July 19 Public transport and marine safety regulators merge to create the Director Transport Safety on 1 July after the merger of Director Public Transport Safety Public Transport Safety Victoria and Director Marine Safety Marine Safety Victoria The Victorian Regional Channels Authority and the Port of Hastings Corporation are merged with the Port of Melbourne Corporation on 1 September The new state government elected on 27 November under Premier Ted Baillieu with Terry Mulder as Minister for Public Transport and Minister for Roads Denis Napthine as Minister for Ports and Edward O Donoghue as Parliamentary Secretary for Transport promises to create the Victorian Public Transport Development Authority to plan and manage public transport in Victoria and Melbourne The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Marine Safety Act 2010 are passed by the Victorian Parliament The Bus Safety Act begins on 31 December 2011 Terry Mulder announces the government s intention in March to hold a Taxi Industry Inquiry which begins in late May headed by Allan Fels The Transport Legislation Amendment Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 29 June empowering the Taxi Industry Inquiry and creating the Taxi Services Commission which begins operations on 19 July The Transport Legislation Amendment Port of Hastings Development Authority Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 16 August creating the Port of Hastings Development Authority The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Tourist and Heritage Railways Regulations 2011 become effective on 1 October the Transport Legislation Amendment Public Transport Development Authority Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 27 October empowering Public Transport Victoria which begins operations on 15 December The Port Management Amendment Port of Melbourne Licence Fee Bill 2011 introduced in the Victorian Parliament in early December proposes a 75 million annual fee to be paid by the Port of Melbourne Corporation to the Victorian government 2012 The Port of Hastings Development Authority begins operations on 1 January reversing the merger of the former Port of Hastings Corporation and the Port of Melbourne Corporation The Public Transport Development Authority now known as Public Transport Victoria takes over train tram and bus service in Victoria on 2 April in accordance with the Transport Legislation Amendment Public Transport Development Authority Act 2011 The extension of the Epping railway line to South Morang is completed in April The Port of Melbourne Corporation becomes liable on 1 July for a 75 million licence fee to the government in accordance with the Port Management Amendment Port of Melbourne Licence Fee Act 2012 The Marine Safety Act 2010 begins on 1 July setting new standards for commercial and recreational vessels the Marine Act 1988 is repealed Strict drug controls for anyone in charge of a vessel and zero blood alcohol controls introduced for commercial vessel operators are introduced by the Transport Legislation Amendment Drug and Alcohol Controls and Other Matters Act 2012 on 1 December The federal government approves plans for Avalon Airport to become Melbourne s second international airport The Metcard ticketing system ends in December leaving Myki Melbourne s sole public transport ticketing system Laws are enacted late in the year to support the opening and operation of the Peninsula Link freeway 2013 The Peninsula Link freeway opens in January A 78 million handover area building project begins at train stations 20 The Director of Public Transport and the Transport Ticketing Authority are abolished on 1 July and their functions become part of Public Transport Victoria The Taxi Services Commission becomes the state s taxi and hire car regulator on 1 July replacing the Victorian Taxi Directorate which was abolished 2015 The Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources DEDJTR replaces the Department of Transport Planning and Local Infrastructure as the department responsible for transport policy 2015 The Regional Rail Link opens in June separating regional Ballarat Bendigo and Geelong service from the suburban service Two new stations are built at Tarneit and Wyndham Vale 2016 The government began removing level crossings and running the rail under or over the roads Along the Cranbourne Pakenham line from Caulfield to Dandenong the rail was elevated the entire length 21 2017 Work began on Metro Tunnel which would increase the capacity on the City Loop 22 2017 Transport for Victoria is formed within DEDJTR by an amendment to the Transport Integration Act to plan and coordinate the transport network 2018 The federal and state governments announced that they would be funding a connection to the airport as part of the existing rail network 23 2018 The state government announces plans for the Suburban Rail Loop a new heavy rail line to connect existing train corridors in non CBD locations to facilitate cross suburban travel 24 2019 The Department of Transport is separated from DEDJTR as the department responsible for transport policy Mode share and patronage Edit Chart showing annual public transport patronage in Melbourne by mode 2016 journey to work trips in Greater Melbourne Public transport 16 Car 67 2017 CBD trips 25 Public transport 56 Car 32 Walking 6 Bicycle 4 Other 2 Public transport EditMelbourne s public transport system includes rail tram and bus services Its tram network is the largest in the world 26 Almost 300 bus routes and 16 rail lines serve Greater Melbourne Since World War II Melbourne has become a dispersed car oriented city leading to a decline in public transport use 27 The original transport patterns of urban development are still reflected Melbourne s prewar areas 27 The operation of Melbourne s public transport system was privatised by the government in 1999 Under this arrangement rail and tram operations are contracted to private companies while the infrastructure remained under government control Several operators have been awarded contracts since its commencement including Connex Melbourne M gt Train and Keolis Downer 28 Despite initial plans that government subsidies would decrease to zero by 2015 payments to private companies have instead increased significantly 29 Since the mid 2000s patronage has grown steadily on Melbourne s public transport system particularly the metropolitan train and tram networks leading to significant investment in the system and a number of major infrastructure projects 30 31 32 According to the 2018 Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel amp Activity Melbourne s public transport accounted for 8 5 of all trips within Greater Melbourne and Geelong with 19 of journeys to work within Melbourne occurring on public transport across the three main modes 33 Bus Edit A Ventura bus operating route 670 in Melbourne s Eastern suburbs Main article Buses in Melbourne See also List of Melbourne bus routes and List of bus operating companies Victoria The bus network consists of about 50 bus companies under a franchise agreement with the state Government Approximately 300 routes are in operation including twenty one night bus routes that operate on Friday and Saturday nights Bus patronage is low compared to similar cities around Australia which some experts have attributed to the presence of the tram network servicing many trips that would normally be taken by bus 34 Several SmartBus routes were introduced in the late 2000s in an attempt to improve parts of the system with improved bus priority and frequencies and span of service hours better than most other bus routes at the time Despite its success at significantly increasing bus patronage the service has not been expanded and some bus lanes were removed 35 36 37 Although all Melbourne buses use the myki ticketing system the SkyBus between Melbourne Airport and Southern Cross railway station is a non myki bus service Several local government councils also operate free community bus services in their local areas including Port Phillip 38 Nillumbik 39 and Darebin 40 Tram Edit D1 class tram operated by Yarra TramsMain article Trams in Melbourne See also List of Melbourne tram routes Melbourne has the world s largest tram network consisting of 250 kilometres 160 mi of double track nearly 500 trams on 24 routes and 1 763 tram stops It is operated by Yarra Trams Two partial light rail routes are also part of the network Most of the remaining track is mixed with vehicle traffic which makes it one of the slowest tram networks in the world 41 Trams operate mostly in the inner suburbs and generally provide for short to medium length trips Trams are free to ride within the central business district Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD 42 Metropolitan rail Edit X Trapolis 100 train operated by Metro Trains MelbourneMain article Railways in Melbourne See also List of Melbourne railway stations Melbourne has a 16 line urban heavy rail network operated by Metro Trains Melbourne and serviced by a fleet of 326 EMU trains With the exception of the Stony Point line the entire urban rail network is electrified The metropolitan network is considered to be a hybrid commuter and rapid transit system serving both the inner city and outer commuter suburbs with high frequencies in peak periods but lower frequencies at other times 43 Flinders Street railway station is the city s main metropolitan station while Southern Cross railway station is the main interchange station for regional and interstate railway services Regional rail Edit A V Line VLocity diesel train at Wyndham Vale railway station in PTV livery Main article Rail transport in Victoria Melbourne is the centre of a statewide railway network consisting of lines used for freight and passenger service Intrastate passenger services are operated by the government owned V Line corporation with a fleet of locomotive hauled trains and diesel multiple units Seven passenger railway lines connect Melbourne to towns and cities in Victoria Portions of lines which are part of the V Line network and cover the metropolitan area are also covered by myki tickets The city is also connected to Sydney by the NSW TrainLink XPT and to Adelaide by Great Southern Rail s The Overland Fares Edit Melbourne has a fully integrated ticketing system across all modes of public transport in the metropolitan area through the Myki contactless smart card system This requires passengers to touch the card to a reader at each entry and exit point 44 Myki s rollout began on 29 December 2009 on the rail network It was then progressively rolled out to trams buses and regional rail It completely replaced the old magnetic stripe card Metcard system on 30 June 2013 45 Melbourne s public transport system is divided into two zones in addition to the free tram zone in the central business district and some surrounding areas Myki has two forms of tickets myki money in which money is loaded on a myki and the system selects the best fare and the myki pass where commuters pre purchase tickets or passes Rail freight Edit Pacific National locomotive at the Melbourne Steel Terminal June 2006 Main article Freight railways in Melbourne The Port of Melbourne is Australia s largest container and general cargo port handling 33 percent of Australia s container trade 46 47 Shipping lines operate to about 300 cities around the world and 3 200 ships visit the port each year The port is in Melbourne s inner west near the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra Rivers Container crane and ship at Swanson Dock East Melbourne has an extensive network of railway lines and yards to serve freight traffic The lines have two gauges 5 ft 3 in 1 600 mm broad gauge and 4 ft 8 1 2 in 1 435 mm standard gauge and are not electrified Freight trains have their own lines in the city s inner western suburbs but in other areas trains are required to share the tracks with Metro Trains Melbourne and V Line passenger service Most freight terminals are in the inner suburbs near the port between Melbourne s central business district and Footscray A number of suburban stations had their own goods yards with freight trains running on the suburban network until the 1980s 48 Airports Edit Melbourne Airport Melbourne Airport located in the north western suburb of Tullamarine is Australia s second busiest airport It serves over 30 airlines and 22 million international and domestic passengers annually 49 The airport is a hub for passenger airlines Qantas Jetstar and Virgin Australia and cargo airlines Qantas Freight and Toll Priority Melbourne s second major passenger airport Avalon Airport Melbourne Avalon is south west of the city and north east of Geelong Avalon Airport primarily used by Jetstar operates flights to Brisbane Sydney and Perth AirAsia X began low cost flights from Avalon to Kuala Lumpur in December 2018 giving Melbourne a second international airport unique among Australia s capital cities The city s first major airport Essendon Airport is no longer used for scheduled international flights Although a small number of regional airlines operate from there it is primarily used for general aviation and is also home to Victoria s air ambulance Moorabbin Airport south of Melbourne is primarily used for recreational flying and flying lessons It has some regional airline service notably to King Island Tasmania Moorabbin is a Class D airport and its ICAO airport code is YMMB RAAF Williams Point Cook where the Royal Australian Air Force originated is located near Melbourne s south western limits Roads EditSee also Roads in Victoria Road infrastructure in Melbourne Freeways in Australia and List of road routes in Victoria numeric The Eastern Freeway looking towards Melbourne Melbourne is one of the world s most car dependent cities with 74 percent of all trips to and from work or education being done by car 50 Its freeway network is the largest in Australia 2 with an extensive grid of arterial roads dating back to Melbourne s initial surveying The city s total road length is 21 381 km 13 286 mi 51 The freeway network began with the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan which included a grid of freeways which would cover the metropolitan area The plans were reviewed four years later and many inner city projects were cancelled Freeways built during the 1960s and 1970s include the South Eastern Arterial now part of the Monash Freeway the Tullamarine Freeway the Lower Yarra Freeway now the West Gate Freeway and the Eastern Freeway Expansion took place over the next thirty years with the Monash Freeway CityLink and the Western Ring Road all being constructed during this time The period also saw freeway expansion into the suburbs with the Mornington Peninsula Freeway an extension of the Eastern Freeway and the South Gippsland Freeway In 2008 the EastLink toll freeway opened and existing freeways were further extended Despite government figures indicating slowed growth in road travel since 2006 zero growth in 2008 09 52 and the government s goal to reduce road use to 80 percent of all motorised trips the State Government have announced several large scale road infrastructure investments to complete many projects from the original 1969 Plan including Peninsula Link East West Link and North East Link This road construction has continued to increase the use of cars and direct investment away from other transport projects 53 Bicycles Edit Cyclists next to a tram on Swanston Street in the Melbourne CBD Main article Cycling in Melbourne Melbourne has an extensive network of bicycle paths and bike lanes which are used for recreation and commuting Five of Australia s top 10 suburbs for bicycle mode share for journeys to work are located in Melbourne 54 A series of major off road paths shared with pedestrians caters for bike riders in the inner suburbs but infrastructure tends to be less extensive further away into surrounding suburbs 55 In 2020 the City of Melbourne Council sought to add 40km of new protected cycling lanes for the inner city as a response to the COVID 19 pandemic 56 Inner Melbourne currently has a dock less e bike and e scooter sharing program provided by private company Lime and an e scooter sharing program provided by Neuron 57 58 Melbourne previously had a government owned bicycle sharing system called Melbourne Bike Share that ran from 2010 to 2019 and was ended due to low ridership 59 60 61 Singaporean bike sharing company oBike briefly entered the Melbourne market in mid 2017 but abandoned its program in 2018 following extensive complaints and issues with its business practices 62 63 64 65 66 Taxis Edit A Melbourne taxi Main articles Taxicabs of Australia Victoria and Transport Legislation Amendment Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters Act 2011 Taxis in Melbourne have since 1 July 2013 been regulated by the Taxi Services Commission which began operation on 19 July The Taxi Industry Inquiry resulted in major reforms to Victoria s taxi industry significantly impacting taxi service in Melbourne 67 Taxis were required to be painted canary yellow until this requirement was abolished in 2013 68 Melbourne has 4 660 licensed metered taxis including 443 wheelchair accessible cabs 69 Vehicle for hire companies such as Uber DiDi Shofer Taxify GoCatch Shebah 70 and Ola Cabs also operate in Melbourne 71 Ferries EditPublic Transport Victoria oversees three ferry services in Victoria 72 the Westgate Punt between Spotswood and Fishermans Bend the French Island Ferry which operates between the Stony Point railway station French Island and Cowes on Phillip Island and Port Phillip Ferries which operates between Docklands Geelong and Portarlington Port Phillip FerryLegendh mm0 00 Docklands Port Phillip Bay 1 50 Geelong Waterfront 1 10 Portarlington PierMost ferries betweenGeelong amp Docklandsoperate via Portarlington Western Port FerryLegendh mm0 00 Stony Point Jetty 0 20 Tankerton Jetty French Island Western Port Bay0 45 Cowes Jetty Phillip Island Westgate PuntLegendh mm0 00 Spotswood Jetty Yarra River 0 10 Westgate Landing Cruise ships and ferries including the Spirit of Tasmania which crosses Bass Strait to Tasmania dock at Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay Privately run ferries and other vessels also travel from Southbank along the Yarra River to Williamstown and across Port Phillip Bay Legislation and regulation EditTransport Integration Act Edit The main transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010 which establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing transport and managing the state s transport system The Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources is responsible for the integration and coordination of Victoria s transport system However other departments and agencies also have a coordination and implementation role in transport Other key state agencies are Transport for Victoria Public Transport Victoria VicRoads V Line VicTrackGoverning bodies Edit There are several agencies and organisations tasked with coordinating and delivering transport in Victoria Many fall within the purview of Transport for Victoria but others are run from other departments or are independent government organisations 73 Public Transport Victoria Edit In 2010 the state government resolved to create a new independent agency to coordinate and oversee all aspects of the state s public transport 74 75 According to the government the authority would plan co ordinate manage and administer metropolitan trams and metropolitan and regional buses and trains replacing the previous structure of multiple agencies The authority was established in late 2011 76 and was expected to be fully operational by mid 2012 77 Public Transport Victoria assumed the rail tram and bus responsibilities of the former Director of Public Transport and the activities of the Transport Ticketing Authority and MetLink which were abolished Transport for Victoria Edit In 2016 the state government established a new coordinating agency for transport in the state It serves as an umbrella agency overseeing the activities of several other transport organisations and agencies across multiple modes of transport This includes VicRoads Public Transport Victoria and V Line The agency was established in 2017 and operates under the Department of Economic Development Jobs Transport and Resources 78 79 Taxi Services Commission Edit The government announced a Taxi Industry Inquiry and the establishment of a Taxi Services Commission TSC in early 2011 80 The inquiry headed by Allan Fels was conducted by the TSC The government introduced the Transport Legislation Amendment Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters Act 2011 which was enacted in late June 2011 to empower the inquiry The TSC established on 19 July 2011 became the state s taxi and hire car regulator on 1 July 2013 Port of Hastings Development Authority Edit The government reversed the late 2010 merger of the Port of Melbourne Corporation PMC and the Port of Hastings Corporation by establishing the new Port of Hastings Development Authority to oversee development of a new port in Hastings 81 The Transport Legislation Amendment Port of Hastings Development Authority Bill 2011 was passed by the Parliament of Victoria in late 2011 and the authority began operations on 1 January 2012 Safety regulation and investigation Edit The safety of rail operations in Melbourne is regulated by the 2006 Rail Safety Act which applies to commercial passenger and freight operations and tourist and heritage railways 82 The act created a framework of safety requirements for all rail industry participants and requires rail operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation before commencing operations Accredited rail operators are required to have a safety management system to guide their operations Sanctions for violations of the safety requirements established by the Rail Safety Act are outlined in the Transport Compliance and Miscellaneous Act 1983 83 Safety regulation of the bus and marine sectors is overseen by the Director Transport Safety under the 2009 Bus Safety Act and the Marine Act 1988 respectively The sectors are subject to a no fault safety investigation plan conducted by the Chief Investigator Transport Safety The safety regulator for Melbourne s rail bus and marine systems is Transport Safety Victoria established under the Transport Integration Act 2010 Rail bus and marine operators in Victoria can be subjected to no fault investigations by the Chief Investigator Transport Safety or the Australian Transport Safety Bureau ATSB The chief investigator is charged by Part 7 of the Transport Integration Act 2010 with investigating rail bus and marine safety matters including incidents The ATSB has jurisdiction over rail matters on a designated interstate rail network marine matters if the ship s is under Australian or AMSA regulation and bus safety matters by invitation of a jurisdiction Ticketing and conduct requirements Edit Ticketing requirements for rail tram and bus service in Victoria are primarily contained in Transport Ticketing Regulations 2006 84 and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual 85 Rules about safe and fair behaviour on trains and trams in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport Compliance and Miscellaneous Act 1983 86 and Transport Conduct Regulations 2005 87 Conduct requirements for buses are set out in that act and Transport Passenger Vehicles Regulations 2005 See also Edit Australia portal Transport portalTransportation in AustraliaReferences Edit a b How far do Australians go to get to work Australian Bureau of Statistics 22 May 2018 Retrieved 19 October 2018 a b PTUA The Alternative to Melbourne s Freeway Explosion Retrieved 26 July 2007 Public Transport Victoria Annual report 2017 2018 PDF static ptv vic gov au November 2018 Retrieved 10 January 2019 1 Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine AUSmotive com 11 December 2013 Holden to cease local production in 2017 AUSmotive com Retrieved 11 December 2013 Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants 1 200 jobs to go ABC News Australia 23 May 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Hawthorne Mark 10 February 2014 Toyota to exit Australia 30 000 jobs could go The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 19 February 2014 More than two in three drive to work Census reveals Australian Bureau of Statistics 23 October 2017 Retrieved 19 October 2018 Melbourne traffic Rise in car numbers keeping pace with population growth Australian Broadcasting Corporation 20 February 2016 Retrieved 19 October 2018 Archived copy Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 Retrieved 3 April 2008 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link World Class Airport Bus Service To Slash Travel Time Press release Minister for Transport 12 June 2002 Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 Retrieved 21 July 2018 Media Release Melbourne S New Tramline Unveiled Dpc vic gov au Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Media Release Vermont South Tram Extension One Step Closer Dpc vic gov au 29 January 2004 Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Inner Swanston RMIT to Melbourne University Bicycle Victoria Bv com au 29 April 2008 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Lucas Clay Millar Royce 3 March 2007 Minister runs down cycle plan The Age Melbourne Australia Millar Royce Lucas Clay Rood David Morton Adam 3 April 2008 18 billion to link east and west The Age Melbourne Australia Retrieved 23 May 2011 Rail link way down the track from theage com au Clay Lucas Jason Dowling and Ben Schneiders 15 September 2008 Strategy to ease the squeeze The Age Melbourne Australia Retrieved 15 September 2008 Transport Comliance and Miscellaneous Act 1983 Retrieved 21 July 2018 Kate Stowell 6 June 2013 Holding cells being built at Melbourne train stations Video upload ABC Retrieved 7 June 2013 Home Level Crossing Removal Authority levelcrossings vic gov au Retrieved 29 August 2018 Home metrotunnel vic gov au Retrieved 29 August 2018 Henriques Gomes Luke 22 July 2018 Melbourne airport rail link Daniel Andrews matches Turnbull s 5bn The Guardian Retrieved 29 August 2018 Henriques Gomes Luke 28 August 2018 Massive Melbourne suburban train loop pledged by Victorian government The Guardian Retrieved 29 August 2018 Transport Strategy Refresh Public Transport PDF Melbourne City Council Retrieved 17 October 2018 Facts amp figures Yarra Trams Retrieved 19 October 2018 a b Gleeson B Curtis C amp Low N 2003 Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Australia in N Low and B Gleeson eds Making Urban Transport Sustainable Palgrave Macmillan New York pp 201 220 New train tram companies open for business Australian Broadcasting Corporation 30 November 2009 Lucas Clay 9 December 2015 Billions go to train and tram operators with little improvement The Age Retrieved 19 October 2018 Jacks Timna 8 April 2018 Melbourne s booming population takes its toll on city s trains The Age Retrieved 13 July 2022 Melbourne s public transport patronage since 1947 Daniel Bowen 23 December 2018 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Jacks Clay Lucas Timna 10 June 2019 Big projects bigger bills Massive construction boom comes at a cost The Age Retrieved 13 July 2022 VISTA Department of Transport 2018 Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity Melbourne buses How do other cities compare Australian Broadcasting Corporation 16 February 2017 Retrieved 19 October 2018 SmartBus branding may be scrapped in Transdev shake up Manningham Leader 11 December 2014 Retrieved 19 October 2018 Northern Roads Upgrade Major Road Projects Authority Retrieved 19 October 2018 Bus lane removal short sighted Public Transport Users Association 10 April 2011 Retrieved 19 October 2018 Free Community Bus Port Phillip City Council Retrieved 16 October 2018 Saturday Community Bus Nillumbik City Council Retrieved 16 October 2018 Darebin Council Community Transport Door to Door Darebin City Council Retrieved 16 October 2018 Clure Elias 19 May 2017 Melbourne s trams among slowest in the world Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 19 October 2018 City Circle Tram Yarra Trams Retrieved 19 October 2018 Lucas Clay 3 April 2010 Melbourne trains fail world metro test The Age Retrieved 19 October 2018 Touching on and off Public Transport Victoria ptv vic gov au Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 Refunds and replacements Public Transport Victoria Retrieved 2 July 2013 DoI media release GOVERNMENT OUTLINES VISION FOR PORT OF MELBOURNE FREIGHT HUB 14 August 2006 Archived from the original on 17 September 2007 Retrieved 26 July 2007 Carey Adam 10 November 2017 A bridge too far warning bigger ships won t be able to reach Port of Melbourne The Age Retrieved 24 October 2018 Getting freight back on track in Victoria PDF Rail Futures Institute Retrieved 24 October 2018 Melbourne Airport Statistics Archived from the original on 5 July 2007 Retrieved 26 July 2007 More than two in three drive to work Census reveals Australian Bureau of Statistics 23 October 2017 Retrieved 16 October 2018 Urban Australia Where most of us live Eoc csiro au Retrieved 23 May 2011 Lucas Clay 17 March 2009 Hard times just the ticket for public transport The Age Melbourne Australia Butt Craig 24 October 2017 Cars continue to rule Melbourne roads census shows The Age Retrieved 16 October 2018 Top 10 suburbs for bike commuters Facebook Australian Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 Retrieved 24 October 2018 Pojani Dorina Butterworth Elizabeth Cooper Jim Corcoran Jonathan Sipe Neil 5 February 2018 Australian cities are far from being meccas for walking and cycling The Conversation Retrieved 24 October 2018 Fast tracking 40 kilometres of new bike lanes in Melbourne City of Melbourne www melbourne vic gov au Retrieved 13 July 2022 Lessons have been learned Fourth time lucky for bike share www cbdnews com au Retrieved 13 July 2022 Council powers ahead with Lime and Neuron e scooter trial City of Melbourne www melbourne vic gov au Retrieved 13 July 2022 Clay Lucas Share scheme out of the blocks for city cyclists in The Age 1 June 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2010 ABC Melbourne bike share not a sure thing Retrieved 7 June 2010 Koob Simone Fox 30 August 2019 Goodbye blue bikes Melbourne s bike share scheme canned The Age Retrieved 13 July 2022 The Weekly Review oBikes brings dockless bicycle sharing to Melbourne oBike About Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 Retrieved 11 September 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link The Age When it comes to bike sharing yellow is the new blue ABC oBike says bicycles found up trees and in river are teething issue for sharing scheme The Age Illegally dumped rubbish Council removes oBikes blocking Melbourne footpaths Taxis and hire vehicles Structure of the taxi industry Doi vic gov au Archived from the original on 26 May 2009 Retrieved 11 December 2010 Melbourne s yellow taxis get a makeover to increase competition Australian Broadcasting Corporation 10 September 2013 Retrieved 16 October 2018 About Us Commercial Passenger Vehicles Victoria Retrieved 24 July 2018 shebah com au Fels Allan 17 July 2016 Ride sharing needs the right set of rules to support its growth The Age Retrieved 22 July 2016 Ferries Public Transport Victoria Retrieved 14 September 2014 Governance Transport for Victoria Retrieved 24 October 2018 Date PDF Archived from the original PDF on 7 August 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Lucas Clay 15 November 2010 Baillieu revives airport rail link The Age Melbourne Australia See the Transport Legislation Amendment Public Transport Development Authority Act 2011 Hoddle Street expressway plan ditched Herald Sun Australia News 21 March 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2011 A Simpler More Coordinated Transport System For Victoria Premier of VIctoria 27 June 2016 Retrieved 24 October 2018 Carey Adam 14 December 2016 Like dominoes one part of train system falls over and everything collapses The Age Retrieved 24 October 2018 Premier of Victoria media release 28 March 2011 Dr Denis Napthine Minister for Ports press release Big Plans for Port of Hastings 30 March 2011 Official copy of the Rail Safety Act from the Victorian Government legislation web site http www legislation vic gov au Domino Web Notes LDMS LTObject Store LTObjSt3 nsf DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571 6D4190C62DE6207FCA257761002C568A FILE 06 9a016 pdf See Part 7 of the Act Official copy of the Transport Compliance and Miscellaneous Act 1983 from the official Victorian Government legislation site http www legislation vic gov au Domino Web Notes LDMS LTObject Store LTObjSt5 nsf DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571 7BB774D3E0245B77CA2577CE00030B90 FILE 83 9921a153 pdf Transport Ticketing Regulations 2006 PDF Retrieved 23 May 2011 Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual Metlink Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria Metlinkmelbourne com au Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Victorian Law Today Act Legislation vic gov au Retrieved 23 May 2011 Victorian Law Today Statutory Rule Legislation vic gov au Retrieved 23 May 2011 Further reading EditDavison Graeme 2004 Car Wars How the Car Won Our Hearts and Conquered Our Cities Sydney Australia Allen and Unwin ISBN 9781741142075 Dodson Jago Sipe Neil December 2005 Oil Vulnerability in the Australian City Queensland Australia Urban Research Program Griffith University ISBN 1 920952 50 0External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in Melbourne Victorian Department of Transport Transport for Melbourne An advocacy alliance for improved public transport planning in Melbourne that publicly launched in 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transport in Melbourne amp oldid 1153529518, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.