Trans-Siberian Railway

For other uses, see Trans-Siberian (disambiguation).

The Trans-Siberian Railway,^[a] historically known as the Great Siberian Route^[b] and often shortened to Transsib,^[c] is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East.^[1] Spanning a length of over 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it is the longest railway line in the world.^[2] It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east.

Trans-Siberian Railway
VL85 container haul along the coast of Lake Baikal (2008)
Overview
Native name	Транссибирская магистраль (Russian)
Status	Operational
Owner	Government of Russia
Locale	Russia
Termini	Moscow Yaroslavsky Vladivostok
Service
Type	Regional commuter freight
System	FER, SZhD, V-SibZhD, Z-SibZhD, KrasZhD, SvZhD, ZabZhD
Operator(s)	Russian Railways
History
Commenced	March 9, 1891 (1891-03-09)
Opened	June 21, 1904 (1904-06-21)
Technical
Line length	9,289 km (5,772 mi)
Number of tracks	3
Character	Long-haul route
Track gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge
Electrification	3 kV DC/25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line
Operating speed	60–140 km/h (37–87 mph)
Route map Legend 0 km 0 mi Moscow Yaroslavsky Terminal 59 km 37 mi Khotkovo 73 km 45 mi Sergiyev Posad Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway Moscow Oblast Vladimir Oblast Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway 112 km 70 mi Alexandrov 130 km 81 mi Balakirevo Vladimir Oblast Yaroslavl Oblast 145 km 90 mi Berendeevo 165 km 103 mi Ryazantsevo 191 km 119 mi Silnitsi 200 km 124 mi Petrovskoye 210 km 130 mi Debolovskaya 224 km 139 mi Rostov-Yaroslavsky 239 km 149 mi Semibratovo 262 km 163 mi Kozmodemyansk 281 km 175 mi Yaroslavl 284 km 176 mi Yaroslavl-Glavny 289 km 180 mi Volga 356 km 221 mi Danilov to Vologda and Arkhangelsk Sot 394 km 245 mi Lyubim Seksha Yaroslavl Oblast Kostroma Oblast Brodni Korega to Vologda 450 km 280 mi Bui Rossolovo Khramki 501 km 311 mi Galich Krasilnikovo Loparevo Monakovo Antrolovo Nikkolo-Ugol Nikolo-Poloma Nomzha Yelenskiy Neva Nelsha Brantovka Petrushino Kostrikha 651 km 405 mi Manturovo Vocherovo Shekshema Varakinskiy Vetluga 698 km 434 mi Sharya Zeblyaki Yakshanga Burunduchikha Kostroma Oblast Kirov Oblast Suprotivniy Metil Gostovskaya Shabalino 818 km 508 mi Svetcha Yuma Kapidantsi Atsvezh Darovitsa to Nizhny Novgorod & Moscow 870 km 541 mi Kotelnich Vyatka Bistryagi Orichi Strizhi Lyangasovo Chukhlominskiy 957 km 595 mi Kirov 975 km 606 mi Pozdino Poloy 995 km 618 mi Bum-Kombinat Prosnitsa Ardashi Rekmino 1052 km 654 mi Zuevka to Verkhnekamskaya, Ivdel & Surgut Kosa Falenki to Verkhnekamskaya & Ukhta 1127 km 700 mi Yar Kirov Oblast Udmurtia Kozmil 1165 km 724 mi Glazov to Solkamsk, Serov, Demyanka & Surgut (with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electrification) 1194 km 742 mi Balyezino Pibanshur to Izhevsk 1221 km 759 mi Cheptsa 1223 km 760 mi Chepsta Kez Kabalud Kuzma Udmurtia Perm Krai Borodulino Subbotniki 1310 km 814 mi Vereshchagino Zyukay 1340 km 833 mi Mendeleevo Grigorevskaya 1387 km 862 mi Chaikovskaya Shabunichi 1410 km 876 mi Overyata Kurya 1432 km 890 mi Kama 1436 km 892 mi Perm to Solikamsk & Nizhny Tagil 1452 km 902 mi Ferma Mulyanka Yug Yergach 1534 km 953 mi Kungur Kishert Shumkovo Tulumbasi Kordon Perm Krai Sverdlovsk Oblast Shamary 1672 km 1039 mi Shalya Sarga Sabik 1729 km 1074 mi Kuzino 1770 km 1100 mi Pervouralsk 1777 km 1104 mi Europe Asia Iset from Kazan to Nizhny Tagil 1816 km 1128 mi Yekaterinburg Shartash Putevka Kosulino Gagarskiy Bazhenovo Gryaznovskaya 1912 km 1188 mi Bogdanovich to Serov Pishminskaya Yelansky 1955 km 1215 mi Kamyshlov Aksarikha Oshchepkovo Proselok 2033 km 1263 mi Talitsa 2064 km 1283 mi Yushala Bahkmetskoye Tugulym Karmak Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast 2144 km 1332 mi Tyumen Voynovka to Tobolsk & Surgut Ozero Andreyevskoya Vinzili Bogdaninskaya 2222 km 1381 mi Yalutorovsk Tobol Zavodoukovsk Novaya Zaimka Vagay Omutinskaya Lamyenskaya Golishmanovo Karasulskaya 2431 km 1511 mi Ishim Ishim Maslyanskaya Novo Andreyevskiy Tyumen Oblast Omsk Oblast Mangut 2565 km 1594 mi Nazyvayevsk Dragunskaya Lyubinskaya 2706 km 1681 mi Irtysh 2712 km 1685 mi Omsk Kormilovka 2760 km 1715 mi Kalachinsk Ivanovka Omsk Oblast Novosibirsk Oblast Karatkansk 2885 km 1793 mi Tatarsk Kabakly Chany Ozero Karachinskoye Koshkul Tebisskaya 3040 km 1889 mi Barabinsk Kozhurla Ubinskaya Kargat Kokoshino 3212 km 1996 mi Chulym Duplenskaya Lesnaya Polyana Chik 3322 km 2064 mi Ob 3332 km 2070 mi Ob 3335 km 2072 mi Novosibirsk Mochische Oyash Chebula 3463 km 2152 mi Bolotnaya Novosibirsk Oblast Kemerovo Oblast 3491 km 2169 mi Yurga Tom Talmenka Yashkino Kholkino to Tomsk 3570 km 2218 mi Tayga Likhtach 3602 km 2238 mi Anzhero-Sudzhensk Yaya Izhmorsk Berikulsk Antibesskiy to Asino, Bely Yar, Nizhnevartovsk & Surgut 3715 km 2308 mi Mariinsk Suslovo Tyazhin Itat Kemerovo Oblast Krasnoyarsk Krai 3849 km 2392 mi Bogotol Kritovo Chulym 3917 km 2434 mi Achinsk to Lesosibirsk & Dudinka 3960 km 2461 mi Chernorechsk Kozulka Zeledeyevo Kacha Minino 4098 km 2546 mi Krasnoyarsk 4101 km 2548 mi Yenisey Zlobino Zikovo Sorokino Kamarchaga Balay 4227 km 2627 mi Uyar 4262 km 2648 mi Zaozyornaya Kamala Solyanka Boshnyakovo 4343 km 2699 mi Kansk-Yeniseysky 4375 km 2718 mi Ilanskaya Ingashiskaya Tinskaya Reshoti to Yarki Klyuchi Krasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast Yurti Tayshet diversion line to Kostomarovo (Baikal-Amur Mainline) Biryusinsk 4516 km 2806 mi Tayshet 4520 km 2809 mi Baikal–Amur Mainline 4555 km 2830 mi Razgon Alzamay 4631 km 2878 mi Kamyshet Uk 4680 km 2908 mi Nizhneudinsk Khingoy Khudoyelanskaya Sheberta Utay 4794 km 2979 mi Tulun Shuba Tulyushka 4875 km 3029 mi Kuytun Kharik Kimeltey 4940 km 3070 mi Zima Tiret Zalari Irkutsk Oblast Ust-Ordynsky Golovinskaya 5027 km 3124 mi Kutulik Zabituy Ust-Ordynsky Irkutsk Oblast 5061 km 3145 mi Cheremkhovo 5087 km 3161 mi Polovina Belaya 5124 km 3184 mi Usolye-Sibirskoye 5133 km 3189 mi Telma Kitoy 5160 km 3206 mi Angarsk 5170 km 3212 mi Meget 5178 km 3217 mi Irkutsk-Sort 5185 km 3222 mi Irkutsk Kaya Goncharovo B. Lug Podkamennaya Kultuk 5312 km 3301 mi Slyudyanka Utulik 5358 km 3329 mi Baykalsk Murino Irkutsk Oblast Buryatia 5390 km 3349 mi Vydrino 5426 km 3372 mi Tankhoi Pereyemnaya 5477 km 3403 mi Mysovaya 5530 km 3436 mi Posolskaya Timlyuy 5562 km 3456 mi Selenginsk Talovka Tataurovo Selenga 5642 km 3506 mi Ulan-Ude 5655 km 3514 mi Trans-Mongolian Railway Talitsi 5675 km 3526 mi Onokhoy Zaigraevo Chelutay Ilka 5734 km 3563 mi Novoilinski Kizma Buryatia Zabaykalsky Krai 5784 km 3594 mi Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky Balyaga Tarbagatai Novo-Pavlovka Tolbaga Khokhotay 5884 km 3656 mi Bada Zhipkhegen 5932 km 3686 mi Khilok Khushenga Kharagun 6053 km 3761 mi Mogzon Khilok 6093 km 3786 mi Sokhondo 6125 km 3806 mi Yablonovaya Lesnoy Ingoda Chernovskaya Kadala 6199 km 3852 mi Chita Peschanka Atamanovka Novaya Makkaveyevo 6265 km 3893 mi Darasun 6293 km 3910 mi Karaymskaya 6312 km 3922 mi Chinese Eastern Railway Urulga Zubarevo Razmakhnino Solntsevaya 6417 km 3987 mi Onon 6446 km 4005 mi Shilka-Pass Kholbon 6496 km 4036 mi Priiskavaya Nerchinsk 6532 km 4059 mi Kuenga branch to Sretensk 6593 km 4097 mi Chernyshevsky-Zabaikalski 6629 km 4119 mi Bushuley Khoktonga 6670 km 4145 mi Zilovo Ulyakan Uryum Sbega 6789 km 4218 mi Ksenevskaya Kislyy Klug Arteushka Razdolnoye 6906 km 4291 mi Mogocha Taptugari Semiozernyy 7010 km 4356 mi Amazar Zhanna 7075 km 4396 mi Zabaykalsky Krai ⁄ Amur Oblast 7119 km 4424 mi Yerofei Pavlovich 7211 km 4481 mi Urusha 7266 km 4515 mi Takhtamigda Bamovskaya 7273 km 4519 mi Amur–Yakutsk Mainline 7306 km 4540 mi Skovorodino 7323 km 4550 mi Bolshoy Never Taladan Gonzha 7501 km 4661 mi Magdagachi Sulus Tigda 7602 km 4724 mi Ushumun Sivaki Mukhinskaya Bereya 7723 km 4799 mi Shimanovskaya 7772 km 4829 mi Ledyanaya Buzuli 7815 km 4856 mi Svobodny Zeya M. Chesnokovskaya Serishevo 7873 km 4892 mi Belogorsk 7875 km 4893 mi to Blagoveshchensk Vozhayevka Pozdeyevka Yekaterinoslavka 7992 km 4966 mi Zavitaya 8037 km 4994 mi Bureya Domikan 8088 km 5026 mi Arkhara Rachi Kundur-Khabarovskiy Amur Jewish Autonomous Oblast 8198 km 5094 mi Obluchye Kimkan to Novy Urgal 8234 km 5116 mi Izvestkovaya Birakan Teploye Ozero Londoko 8306 km 5161 mi Bira 8351 km 5189 mi Birobidzhan In 8480 km 5269 mi Volochayevka Komsomolsk–Dezhnyovka railway line to Komsomolsk-on-Amur Dezhnevka Nikolayevka 8512 km 5289 mi Priamurskaya 8515 km 5291 mi Amur Jewish Aut. Oblast Khabarovsk Krai 8523 km 5296 mi Khabarovsk Korfovskaya to Nakhodka, Imbo, Selikhino & De-Kastri 8598 km 5343 mi Verino 8621 km 5357 mi Khor Dormidontovka 8642 km 5370 mi Vyazemskaya Rozengartovka 8756 km 5441 mi Bikin Khabarovsk Krai Primorsky Krai Zvenevoi Burlit-Volochayevskiy Luchegorsk Guberovo 8890 km 5524 mi Dalnerechensk 8900 km 5530 mi Lazo Ruzhino Lesozavodsk Shmakovka Sviyagino 9050 km 5623 mi Spassk-Dalny Muchnaya 9109 km 5660 mi Sibirtsevo Ipplolitovka Ozernaya Pad Dubininskiy 9177 km 5702 mi Ussuriysk Baranovsky Baranovsky–Khasan line to Khasan & Rajin Nadezdinskaya to Nakhodka 9255 km 5751 mi Ugolnaya 9289 km 5772 mi Vladivostok

During the period of the Russian Empire, government ministers—personally appointed by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II—supervised the building of the railway network between 1891 and 1916. Even before its completion, the line attracted travelers who documented their experiences.^[3] Since 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok. As of 2021^[update], expansion projects remain underway, with connections being built to Russia's neighbors (namely Mongolia, China, and North Korea).^[4][5] Additionally, there have been proposals and talks to expand the network to Tokyo, Japan, with new bridges or tunnels that would connect the mainland railway through the Russian island of Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido.^[4]

Route

 

Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal–Amur Mainline in green

The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects many large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At a Moscow–Vladivostok track length of 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles),^[6] it spans a record eight time zones.^[7] Taking eight days to complete the journey, it was the third-longest single continuous service in the world,^[when?] after the Moscow–Pyongyang service 10,267 kilometers (6,380 mi)^[8] and the former Kyiv (Kiev)–Vladivostok service 11,085 kilometers (6,888 mi),^[9] both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes.^[10]

The main route begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal, runs through Yaroslavl or Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia. A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km (7 mi) east of Karymskoye, in Chita Oblast), about 1,000 km (621 mi) east of Lake Baikal. From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin Harbin–Manzhouli railway and Mudanjiang Harbin–Suifenhe railway in China's Northeastern provinces (from where a connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow–Beijing trains), joining the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok.

The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaanbaatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. In 1991, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk), and reaches the Tatar Strait at Sovetskaya Gavan.^[10]

History

Demand and design

In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region and with the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route, roads suitable for wheeled transport were rare. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport. During winter, cargo and passengers traveled by horse-drawn sledges over the winter roads, many of which were the same rivers but frozen.^[11]

The first steamboat on the River Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844. However early innovation had proven to be difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping had begun major development on the Ob system. Steamboats began operation on the Yenisei in 1863, and on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s. While the comparative flatness of Western Siberia was served by good river systems, the major river systems Ob–Irtysh–Tobol–Chulym of Eastern Siberia had difficulties. The Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River below Bratsk which was not easily navigable because of the rapids, and the Lena, were mostly navigable only in the north–south direction, making west–east transportation difficult. An attempt to partially remedy the situation by building the Ob–Yenisei Canal had not yielded great success. These issues in the region created the need for a railway to be constructed.^[10]

The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway in 1851.^[12] One of the first was the Irkutsk–Chita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River, and consequently the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, was anxious to advance Russian colonization of the now Russian Far East, but his plans were unfeasible due to colonists importing grain and food from China and Korea.^[13] It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted.

Before 1880, the central government had virtually ignored these projects, due to weaknesses in Siberian enterprises, an inefficient bureaucracy, and financial risk. By 1880, there was a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways in order to connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not Eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia a pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the actual route constructed, alternative projects were proposed:

• Southern route: via Kazakhstan, Barnaul, Abakan and Mongolia.
• Northern route: via Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk and the modern Baikal Amur Mainline or even through Yakutsk.

The line was divided into seven sections, most or all of which was simultaneously worked on by 62,000 workers. With financial support provided by leading European financier, Baron Henri Hottinguer of the Parisian bankers Hottinger & Cie, the total cost estimated at £35 million was raised with the first section (Chelyabinsk to the River Ob) and finished at a cost of £900,000 lower than anticipated.^[14] Railwaymen argued against suggestions to save funds, such as installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased.

Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities that required transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such a priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. However, due to the swampy banks of the Ob River near Tomsk, (The largest settlement at the time), the idea to construct a bridge was rejected.

The railway was laid 70 km (43 mi) to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk); a dead-end branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade.^[10]

Construction

 

Clearing on the right-of-way of the Eastern Siberian Railway, 1895

 

Construction work being performed by convicts on the Eastern Siberian Railway near Khabarovsk, 1895

On 9 March 1891, the Russian government issued an imperial rescript in which it announced its intention to construct a railway across Siberia.^[15] Tsarevich Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) inaugurated the construction of the railway in Vladivostok on 19 May that year.^[16]

Lake Baikal is more than 640 kilometers (400 miles) long and more than 1,600 meters (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The ice-breaking train ferry SS Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in about 1900 made the four-hour crossing to link the two railheads.^[17][18]

The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov (1849–1904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle upon Tyne, by Armstrong Whitworth. They were "knock down" vessels; that is, each ship was bolted together in the United Kingdom, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them.^[18] Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg^[18] and transported to Listvyanka to be installed. Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and was 64 meters (210 ft) long. it could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on the middle deck. Angara was smaller, with two funnels.^[17][18]

Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916. Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War^[17][18] but Angara survives. It has been restored and is permanently moored at Irkutsk where it serves as an office and a museum.^[17]

In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that, to this day, is the world's second longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 metric tons (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons). There were expectations upon electrification that it would increase rail traffic on the line by 40 percent.^[19]

The entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway was double track by 1939.^[20]

Effects

 

Siberian peasants watching a train at a station, 1902

Siberian agriculture began to send cheap grain westwards beginning around 1869.^{[citation needed]} Agriculture in Central Russia was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom, which was formally abolished in 1861. To defend the central territory and prevent possible social destabilization, the Tsarist government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff-break (Челябинский тарифный перелом) in 1896, a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the nature of export: mills emerged to produce bread from grain in Altai Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk, and many farms switched to corn (maize) production.

The railway immediately filled to capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 metric tons (494,005 long tons; 553,285 short tons) (30,643,000 pood) of grain and flour annually.^[21] During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, military traffic to the east disrupted the flow of civil freight.

The Trans-Siberian Railway brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine.^[22] Between 1906 and 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia.^[23]

Historian Christian Wolmar argues that the railroad was a failure, because it was built for narrow political reasons, with poor supervision and planning. The costs were vastly exaggerated to enrich greedy bureaucrats. The planners hoped it would stimulate settlement, but the Siberian lands were too infertile and cold and distant. There was little settlement beyond 30 miles from the line. The fragile system could not handle the heavy traffic demanded in wartime, so the Japanese in 1904 knew they were safe in their war with Russia. Wolmar concludes:

The railway, which was single track throughout, with the occasional passing loop, had, unsurprisingly, been built to a deficient standard in virtually every way. The permanent way was flimsy, with lightweight rails that broke easily, insufficient ballast, and railroad ties often carved from green wood that rotted in the first year of use. The small bridges were made of soft pine and rotted easily. The embankments were too shallow and narrow, often just 10 ft wide instead of the 16 ft prescribed in the design, and easily washed away. There were vicious gradients and narrow curves that wore out the fringe flanges on the wheels of the rolling stock after as little as six weeks use.^[24]

War and revolution

 

Trans-Siberian Railway, c. 1904

In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the strategic importance and limitations of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to Russia's defeat in the war. As the line was single track, transit was slower as trains had to wait in crossing sidings for opposing trains to cross. This limited the capacity of the line and increased transit times. A troop train or a train carrying injured personnel traveling from east to west would delay the arrival of troops or supplies and ammunition in a train traveling from west to east. The supply difficulties meant the Russian forces had limited troops and supplies while Japanese forces with shorter lines of communication were able to attack and advance.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War. These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, based in Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front. The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita.^[25]

There was traveling the leader of legions politician Milan Rastislav Stefanik^[26] from Moscow to Vladivostok in March and August 1918, on his journey to Japan and United States of America.^[27] The Trans-Siberian Railway also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armored trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I.^[28] As one of the few fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia.

World War II

Main article: Pacific Route

During World War II, the Trans-Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe. In 1939–1941 it was a source of rubber for Germany thanks to the USSR-Germany pact. While Germany's merchant shipping was shut down, the Trans-Siberian Railway (along with its Trans-Manchurian branch) served as the essential link between Germany and Japan, especially for rubber. By March 1941, 300 metric tons (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of this material would, on average, traverse the Trans-Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany.^[29]

At the same time, a number of Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian Railway to escape Europe, including the mathematician Kurt Gödel and Betty Ehrlich Löwenstein, mother of British actor, director and producer Heinz Bernard.^[30] Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Curaçao visas issued by the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk^[31] and the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul, Chiune Sugihara, in Kaunas, Lithuania. Typically, they took the TSR to Vladivostok, then by ship to US. Until June 1941, pro-Nazi ethnic Germans from the Americas used the TSR to go to Germany.^[32]

The situation reversed after 22 June 1941. By invading the Soviet Union, Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan. Instead, it had to use fast merchant ships and later large oceanic submarines to evade the Allied blockade. On the other hand, the USSR received Lend-Lease supplies from the US. Even after Japan went to war with the US, despite German complaints, Japan usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between the US and Vladivostok unmolested.^[33] As a result, the Pacific Route – via northern Pacific Ocean and the TSR – became the safest connection between the US and the USSR.^{[citation needed]}

Accordingly, it accounted for as much freight as the North Atlantic–Arctic and Iranian routes combined, though cargoes were limited to raw materials and non-military goods. From 1941 to 1942 the TSR also played an important role in relocating Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in the face of the German invasion. The TSR also transported Soviet troops west from the Far East to take part in the Soviet counter-offensive in December 1941.

In 1944–45 the TSR was used to prepare for the Soviet–Japanese War of August 1945; see Pacific Route. When an Anglo-American delegation visited Moscow in October 1944 to discuss the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, Alanbrooke was told by General Antonov and Stalin himself that the line capacity was 36 pairs of trains per day, but only 26 could be counted on for military traffic; see Pacific Route. The capacity of each train was from 600 to 700 tons.^[34]

Although the Japanese estimated that an attack was not likely before Spring 1946, Stavka had planned for a mid-August 1945 offensive, and had concealed the buildup of a force of 90 divisions; many had crossed Siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link.^[35]

Post World War II

 

The Trans-Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East.

A trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg, via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo transit times are usually significantly longer^[36] and typical cargo transit time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days.^[37]

According to a 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900 km (559 mi) per day, at a maximum operating speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). In early 2009; however, Russian Railways announced an ambitious "Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" plan. According to this plan, $11 billion will be invested over the next five years to make it possible for goods traffic to cover the same 9,000 km (5,592 mi) distance in just seven days. The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90 km/h (56 mph) in 2010–2012, and, at least on some sections, to 100 km/h (62 mph) by 2015. At these speeds, goods trains will be able to cover 1,500 km (932 mi) per day.^[38]

Developments in shipping

Main article: Trans-Eurasia Logistics

On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg.^[39]

The railway can typically deliver containers in 1⁄3 to 1⁄2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates.^{[citation needed]} With its 2009 rate schedule, the Trans-Siberian Railway will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $2,820, or from Busan for $2,154.^[40]

Trans-Siberian route in seven days

In 2008, the Russian Railways JSC (state company) launched a program for the accelerated delivery of containers cargo by block trains from the Far-Eastern ports (Vladivostok, Nakhodka and others) to the western borders of Russia, called "Transsib in 7 days". Within the framework of the program it is planned to decrease the cargo delivery time from the Far East from 11 days in 2008 to seven days in 2015.^{[needs update]} The length of the routes is about 10,000 km (6,200 mi). The speed of delivery via the block trains should increase from 900 km (560 mi) per day in 2008 to 1,500 km (930 mi) per day in 2015. The first accelerated experimental block-train was launched in February 2009 from Vladivostok to Moscow. The length of the route was about 9,300 km (5,800 mi), the actual time of the experimental train's delivery was 7 days and 5 hours, and the average route speed was up to 1,289 km (801 mi) per day. The maximum route speed of the train was 1,422 km (884 mi) per day.

Gallery

•  
  Start of Trans-Siberian railway in Moscow
•  
  Bashkir switchman near the town Ust' Katav on the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Chelyabinsk in the Ural Mountains region, c. 1910
•  
  View from the rear platform of the Simskaia railway station of the Samara–Zlatoust Railway, c. 1910
•  
  Almost every station on Trans-Siberian Railway has food sellers, often local vendors who sell local food such as fish (like Baikal omul), pirozhki, and potatoes. Besides food stands, there are also small kiosks
•  
  Snow in late April at Nazyvayevsk station, Siberia
•  
  The train ferry SS Baikal in service on Lake Baikal
•  
  Train entering a Circum-Baikal tunnel west of Kultuk
•  
  Vladivostok terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway
•  
  The marker for kilometer 9,288 (mile 5,771.3) at the end of the Trans-Siberian Railway at Vladivostok railway station
•  
  Bridge over the Kama River, near Perm, built in 1912

Routes

Trans-Siberian line

A commonly used main line route is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No. 002M, Moscow–Vladivostok.^[6]

Location	Distance	Travel Time	Time Zone	Notes
Moscow, Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal	0 km (0 mi)		Moscow Time (MT)
Vladimir	210 km (130 mi)		MT
Nizhny Novgorod	461 km (286 mi)	6 hours	MT	on the Volga River
Kirov	917 km (570 mi)	13 hours	MT	on the Vyatka River
Perm	1,397 km (868 mi)	20 hours	MT+2	on the Kama River
Yekaterinburg	1,816 km (1,128 mi)	1 day 2 hours	MT+2	in the Urals, still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in most timetables
Tyumen	2,104 km (1,307 mi)		MT+2
Omsk	2,676 km (1,663 mi)	1 day 14 hours	MT+3	on the Irtysh River
Novosibirsk	3,303 km (2,052 mi)	1 day 22 hours	MT+4	on the Ob River; Turk-Sib railway branches from here
Krasnoyarsk	4,065 km (2,526 mi)	2 days 11 hours	MT+4	on the Yenisei River
Taishet	4,483 km (2,786 mi)		MT+5	junction with the Baikal-Amur Mainline
Irkutsk	5,153 km (3,202 mi)	3 days 4 hours	MT+5	near Lake Baikal's southern extremity
Ulan Ude	5,609 km (3,485 mi)	3 days 12 hours	MT+5	eastern shore of Lake Baikal
Junction with the Trans-Mongolian line	5,622 km (3,493 mi)
Chita	6,166 km (3,831 mi)	3 days 22 hours	MT+6
Junction with the Trans-Manchurian line at Tarskaya	6,274 km (3,898 mi)		MT+6
Birobidzhan	8,312 km (5,165 mi)	5 days 13 hours	MT+7	capital of the Jewish Autonomous Region
Khabarovsk	8,493 km (5,277 mi)	5 days 15 hours	MT+7	on the Amur River
Ussuriysk	9,147 km (5,684 mi)		MT+7	junction with the Trans-Manchurian line and Korea branch; located in Baranovsky, 13 km (8 miles) from Ussuriysk
Vladivostok	9,289 km (5,772 mi)	6 days 4 hours	MT+7	on the Pacific Ocean
Services to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via:
Primorskaya station	9,257 km (5,752 mi)	6 days 14 hours	MT+7
Khasan	9,407 km (5,845 mi)	6 days 19 hours	MT+7	border with North Korea
Tumangang	9,412 km (5,848 mi)	7 days 10 hours	MT+6	North Korean side of the border
Pyongyang	10,267 km (6,380 mi)	9 days 2 hours	MT+6

There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example:

 

Circum-Baikal railway

• Some trains would leave Moscow from Kazansky Rail Terminal instead of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal; this would save some 20 km (12 mi) off the distances, because it provides a shorter exit from Moscow onto the Nizhny Novgorod main line.
• One can take a night train from Moscow's Kursky Rail Terminal to Nizhny Novgorod, make a stopover in the Nizhny and then transfer to a Siberia-bound train
• From 1956 to 2001 many trains went between Moscow and Kirov via Yaroslavl instead of Nizhny Novgorod. This would add some 29 km (18 mi) to the distances from Moscow, making the total distance to Vladivostok at 9,288 km (5,771 mi).
• Other trains get from Moscow (Kazansky Terminal) to Yekaterinburg via Kazan.
• Between Yekaterinburg and Omsk it is possible to travel via Kurgan Petropavlovsk (in Kazakhstan) instead of Tyumen.
• One can bypass Yekaterinburg altogether by traveling via Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk and Petropavlovsk; this was historically the earliest configuration.

Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km (a few dozen miles).

Trans-Manchurian line

Main article: Chinese Eastern Railway

The Trans–Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow–Beijing^[41] follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China:

• Branch off from the Trans-Siberian-line at Tarskaya (6,274 km (3,898 mi) from Moscow)
• Zabaikalsk (6,626 km (4,117 mi)), Russian border town; there is a break-of-gauge
• Manzhouli (6,638 km (4,125 mi) from Moscow, 2,323 km (1,443 mi) from Beijing), Chinese border city
• Harbin (7,573 km (4,706 mi), 1,388 km) Chinese city
• Changchun (7,820 km (4,859 mi) from Moscow) Chinese city
• Beijing (8,961 km (5,568 mi) from Moscow) the Chinese capital

The express train (No. 020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days. There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical (gauge break) inconveniences of crossing the border twice. Assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, however, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin, Grodekovo and Ussuriysk).^{[citation needed]}

Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east:

• Harbin (7,573 km (4,706 mi) from Moscow)
• Mudanjiang (7,928 km (4,926 mi))
• Suifenhe (8,121 km (5,046 mi)), the Chinese border station
• Grodekovo (8,147 km (5,062 mi)), Russia
• Ussuriysk (8,244 km (5,123 mi))
• Vladivostok (8,356 km (5,192 mi))

Trans-Mongolian line

Main article: Trans-Mongolian Railway

 

Trans–Mongolian Railway

The Trans–Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude, and then follows this route to Mongolia and China:

• Branch off from the Trans-Siberian line (5,655 km (3,514 mi) from Moscow)
• Naushki (5,895 km (3,663 mi), MT+5), Russian border town
• Russian–Mongolian border (5,900 km (3,666 mi), MT+5)
• Sükhbaatar (5,921 km (3,679 mi), MT+5), Mongolian border town
• Ulaanbaatar (6,304 km (3,917 mi), MT+5), the Mongolian capital
• Zamyn-Üüd (7,013 km (4,358 mi), MT+5), Mongolian border city
• Erenhot (842 km (523 mi) from Beijing, MT+5), Chinese border city
• Datong (371 km (231 mi), MT+5) Chinese city
• Beijing (MT+5) the Chinese capital

Highest point

The highest point of Trans–Siberian Railroad is at Yablonovy pass at an altitude of 1070m situated in the Yablonoi Mountains, in Transbaikal (mainly in Zabaykalsky Krai), Siberia, Russia. The Trans–Siberian Railroad passes the mountains at Chita and runs parallel to the range before going through a tunnel to bypass the heights.^[42]

See also

•  Siberia portal
•  Railways portal

• Baikal–Amur Mainline
• Famous trains
• History of Siberia
• Russian gauge
  • Broad gauge
• Russian Railways
• Sibirjak
• Starlight Express, a train musical in which a character is modeled on the Trans-Siberian Express.
• Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama

Notes

1. Транссибирская магистраль, pronounced [trənsːʲɪˈbʲirskəjə məɡʲɪˈstralʲ]
2. Великий Сибирский Путь, pronounced [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj sʲɪˈbʲirʲsʲkʲɪj putʲ]
3. /ˈtrænsɪb/ TRAN-sib; Транссиб, pronounced [trɐnˈsːʲip]

References

1. (PDF). Lonely Planet Publications. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2012.
2. Thomas, Bryn; McCrohan, Daniel (2019). Trans-Siberian Handbook: The Guide to the World's Longest Railway Journey with 90 Maps and Guides to the Route, Cities and Towns in Russia, Mongolia and China (10 ed.). Trailblazer Publications. ISBN 978-1912716081. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
3. Meakin, Annette, A Ribbon of Iron (1901), reprinted in 1970 as part of the Russia Observed series (Arno Press/New York Times)(OCLC 118166).
4. "Russia offers a bridge across history to connect Tokyo to the Trans-Siberian railway". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
5. "New 8,400 mile train journey will connect London to Tokyo". The Independent. September 8, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
6. "CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok". Archived from the original on December 3, 2009.
7. Moscow is at UTC+3, Vladivostok is at UTC+10; therefore the line passes through 8 time zones; see map
8. "CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Pyongyang". Archived from the original on December 3, 2009.
9. "CIS railway timetable, route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok". Archived from the original on December 3, 2009.

January 01, 1970