Thomas Shelton (translator)

Not to be confused with Thomas Shelton (stenographer).

Thomas Shelton (fl. 1604–1620) was a translator of Don Quixote. Shelton's translation of the first part of the novel into English was published in London in 1612. It was the first translation into any language.

Life

Shelton was a Roman Catholic from Dublin. He may have been educated in Spain, where a "Thomas Shelton, Dublinensis" was listed as a student in Salamanca.^[1]

Shelton's activities in Ireland brought him to the attention of the English intelligence service. He seems to have been employed in carrying letters to persons in England from Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam at Dublin Castle. However, evidence emerged that he was hostile to the English crown: a letter was intercepted in which he offered his services to Florence MacCarthy, who was seeking to arrange a military intervention by the king of Spain^[2]—the Spanish sent an expedition to Kinsale, Ireland in 1601.

In 1600 a spy reported that Shelton and one Richard Nugent were at the headquarters of the Irish rebel Tyrone.^[3] Shelton and Nugent were reported to be planning to travel to Scotland, but they changed their destination to Spain. Whether they arrived in Spain is not clear as they both ended up in Flanders. Nugent was to claim he left Ireland because he was neglected in love, publishing Cynthia, containing direful sonnets, madrigalls and passionate intercourses, describing his repudiate affections expressed in loves owne language.^[1][4]

Shelton's dedication of his major literary work to Theophilus Howard has led to speculation as to the connection between them. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests they could have met in the Low Countries in 1610. Another suggestion is that the connection was via Lady Suffolk, Theophilus' mother. According to Alexander T. Wright, in a paper published in October 1898, Lady Suffolk had three relatives bearing the name Thomas Shelton, and the author may therefore have been related. Moreover, Lady Suffolk received money from the King of Spain on the recommendation of the Spanish ambassador.^[5] She was of interest to the Spanish because of her perceived influence on the Earl of Salisbury.

Shelton at one time hoped to obtain a pardon from the English authorities, but so far as is known spent his final years on the continent where he became a Franciscan.^[1]

The life of Thomas Shelton inspired the biographical novel Behind the Tapestry by Lenny McGee, now translated and published in Italian as Dietro l'arazzo by Coazinzola Press.^[6]

Publications

 

Cover of Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of Don Quixote

Shelton's first publication was a poem in Cynthia (London 1604), a book of lyric verse mentioned above in which the author, Nugent, included several pieces by his friends. Shelton wrote a sonnet prefixed to the Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (Antwerp 1605) of Richard Verstegan.^[2]

The Quixote translation

In the dedication of The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-Errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha (1612) he explains to his patron, Lord Howard de Walden, afterwards 2nd Earl of Suffolk,^{[7]: xxxiii–xxxiv} that he "Translated some five or six yeares agoe, The Historie of Don-Quixote, out of the Spanish tongue, into the English ... in the space of forty daies: being therunto more than half enforced, through the importunitie of a very deere friend, that was desirous to understand the subject."^[7]: 3

As source, Shelton did not use either of the authorized 1605 editions of the First Part of Cervantes' masterpiece, but an edition published in Brussels, in the Spanish Netherlands, in 1607.^{[7]: xxx–xxxiii} Shelton's translation of the First Part of the novel was published while Cervantes was still alive. On the appearance of the Brussels imprint of the Second Part of Don Quixote in 1616, the year of Cervantes's death, Shelton translated that also into English, completing his task in 1620, and printing at the same time a revised edition of the First Part.^[2]

His performance has become a classic among English translations for its racy, spirited rendering of the original,^[2] but was faulted by translators such as John Ormsby (who had a fondness for it), for being so literal that certain words and phrases are completely mistranslated. ("Gustos", for example, means "delights" or "likings", but Shelton renders it as "gusts", and "dedos", which literally means "fingers", is rendered as such by Shelton, although the word can also mean "inches", which is the way Cervantes intends it.) Ormsby states, in his introduction to his own 1885 translation, that Shelton failed to recognize that a Spanish word can have more than one shade of meaning, and accuses Shelton of not having had a good knowledge of Spanish. In his introduction to the Tudor Translations (1896) reprint of Shelton's translations, James Fitzmaurice-Kelly sees the performance otherwise: "Shelton's title to remembrance is based upon the broadest grounds. He had no sympathy for the arid accuracy that juggles with a gerund or toys with the crabbed subjunctive. From the subtleties of syntax, as from the bonds of prosody he sallies free; and the owls of pedantry have bitterly resented his arrogant disdain for them and theirs. And they have sought to avenge themselves, after their manner, by reproaching him with taking a disjunctive for an interjection, and with confounding of predicate and subject. They act after their kind. But Shelton's view of his function was ampler and nobler than the hidebound grammarian's. He appeals to the pure lover of literature; and as a man of letters he survives."^[7]: xlii

Both parts of Shelton's Don Quixote are available in Fitzmaurice-Kelly's 4-volume reprint for the Tudor Translations (1896), which itself was reprinted by AMS Press in 1967,^[7] and the First Part was also included in the famous Harvard Classics; the translation of the complete novel is reproduced in Macmillan's "Library of English Classics" with an introduction by A. W. Pollard, who incorporates the suggestions made by A. T. Wright in his Thomas Shelton, Translator.^[2]

References

1. Kelly, L. G.. "Shelton, Thomas (fl. 1598–1629)." L. G. Kelly in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed., edited by Lawrence Goldman, January 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25318 (accessed 22 November 2014).
2.   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Shelton, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 833–834.
3. Thomas Shelton, Translator of Don Quixote Edwin B. Knowles. Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 5, (1958), pp. 160–175 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America Article doi:10.2307/2856982. Accessed via JSTOR (subscription required) Article Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856982
4. The Nugent who wrote "Cynthia" has been claimed to be the son of the chief solicitor of Ireland and second baron of the Exchequer, Nicholas Nugent (died 1582), as argued most prominently by Colm Lennon in ODNB, or was a different Richard Nugent (c. 1574–1604), the son of William Nugent.
5. "Howard, Thomas (1561–1626)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
6. Lenny McGee, Dietro l'arazzo, tr.it. R. Duranti, Mompeo (RI): Coazinzola Press 2017
7. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James (1967 reprint). The History of Don Quixote of The Mancha: Translated from the Spanish of Miguel De Cervantes by Thomas Shelton: Annis 1612, 1620: With Introductions by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Volume 1. New York: AMS Press.