The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Guru Gajaraj Mishra following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16.[1][2]
Sugauli Treaty
Bhimsen Thapa's Gorkha troops (right) at Segauli, (c. 1849)
Following the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of Sikkim in the east and, in the west, the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon. This brought them in conflict with the British, who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the Anglo-Nepalese War occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,[3][4] ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.[5][6]
Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present-day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the Kathmandu Valley, after which the Nepalese capitulated.[7][8]
Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present-day borders, to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative (or 'resident') in Kathmandu. The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital.[9]
Ongoing disputes
Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions.[10] The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border.
^Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
^Oakley, E. Sherman (1905), Holy Himalaya: The Religion, Traditions, and Scenery of a Himalayan Province (Kumaon and Garhwal), Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, pp. 124–125 – via archive.org
^Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005), p. 41-42: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."
^Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971), pp. 87–88: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."
^Stephen Groves (22 September 2014). "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Bibliography
Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) [first published 1884], The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) [first published 1884], The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
Chatterjee, Bishwa B. (January 1976), "The Bhotias of Uttarakhand", India International Centre Quarterly, 3 (1): 3–16, JSTOR 23001864
Cowan, Sam (2015), The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, School of Oriental and African Studies
Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa Bahadur (2014), "Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River", FPRC Journal, New Delhi: Foreign Policy Research Centre – via academia.edu
Manandhar, Mangal Siddhi; Koirala, Hriday Lal (June 2001), "Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary", Tribhuvan University Journal, 23 (1)
Rose, Leo E. (1971), Nepal – Strategy for Survival, University of California Press, ISBN978-0-520-01643-9
Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms", Asian Survey, 39 (1): 155–162, doi:10.2307/2645605, JSTOR 2645605
Schrader, Heiko (1988), Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas, Bow Historical Books, ISBN978-3-88156-405-2
Shrestha, Buddhi N. (2013), "Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal" (PDF), in Haim Srebro (ed.), International Boundary Making, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, pp. 149–182, ISBN978-87-92853-08-0
Upadhya, Sanjay (2012), Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India, Routledge, ISBN978-1-136-33550-1
Walton, H. G., ed. (1911), Almora: A Gazetteer, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, vol. 35, Government Press, United Provinces – via archive.org
Whelpton, John (2005), A History of Nepal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-80470-7
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of Sugauli
Indian-Nepalese Border
January 09, 2023
treaty, sugauli, also, spelled, sugowlee, sagauli, segqulee, treaty, that, established, boundary, line, nepal, signed, march, 1816, between, east, india, company, guru, gajaraj, mishra, following, anglo, nepalese, 1814, sugauli, treatybhimsen, thapa, gorkha, t. The Treaty of Sugauli also spelled Sugowlee Sagauli and Segqulee the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal was signed on 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Guru Gajaraj Mishra following the Anglo Nepalese War of 1814 16 1 2 Sugauli TreatyBhimsen Thapa s Gorkha troops right at Segauli c 1849 Drafted2 December 1815Signed4 March 1816LocationSugauli IndiaConditionone fourth of Nepalese controlled territory was ceded to British East India CompanyExpirationNoneSignatoriesParish Bradshaw Guru Gajaraj MishraPartiesEast India Company NepalLanguageEnglishFull textTreaty of Sugauli at WikisourceThe territorial effects of the Treaty of Sugauli 1816 Map of Hindostan or India 1814 by Mathew Carey Contents 1 Background 2 Terms 3 Ongoing disputes 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksBackground EditFollowing the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains conquering much of Sikkim in the east and in the west the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon This brought them in conflict with the British who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta A series of campaigns termed the Anglo Nepalese War occurred in 1814 1816 In 1815 the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River 3 4 ending their 12 year occupation which is remembered for its brutality and repression 5 6 Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal s territories corresponding roughly to its present day boundaries The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year targeting the Kathmandu Valley after which the Nepalese capitulated 7 8 Terms EditHistorian John Whelpton writes Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present day borders to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative or resident in Kathmandu The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital 9 Ongoing disputes EditAmong the border dispute of the Indo Nepal boundary the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions 10 The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo Nepal border See also Edit1950 Indo Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship Gurkha War Kingdom of Nepal Naya Muluk land in western Terai restored to Nepal in 1860 Prithvi Narayan Shah Sikkim Unification of NepalReferences Edit Original copies of both Sugauli Treaty and Nepal India Friendship Treaty are missing kathmandupost com Retrieved 27 May 2020 Treaty of Sagauli British Nepalese history 1816 Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 27 May 2020 Whelpton A History of Nepal 2005 p 41 42 Rose Nepal Strategy for Survival 1971 pp 83 85 Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British Whelpton A History of Nepal 2005 p 58 Oakley E Sherman 1905 Holy Himalaya The Religion Traditions and Scenery of a Himalayan Province Kumaon and Garhwal Oliphant Anderson amp Ferrier pp 124 125 via archive org Whelpton A History of Nepal 2005 p 41 42 The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital Rose Nepal Strategy for Survival 1971 pp 87 88 In 1816 With the collapse of the main defense line the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony s camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja Whelpton A History of Nepal 2005 p 42 Stephen Groves 22 September 2014 India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes The Diplomat Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved 28 March 2017 Bibliography EditAtkinson Edwin Thomas 1981 first published 1884 The Himalayan Gazetteer Volume 2 Part 2 Cosmo Publications via archive org Atkinson Edwin Thomas 1981 first published 1884 The Himalayan Gazetteer Volume 3 Part 2 Cosmo Publications via archive org Chatterjee Bishwa B January 1976 The Bhotias of Uttarakhand India International Centre Quarterly 3 1 3 16 JSTOR 23001864 Cowan Sam 2015 The Indian checkposts Lipu Lekh and Kalapani School of Oriental and African Studies Dhungel Dwarika Nath Pun Santa Bahadur 2014 Nepal India Relations Territorial Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River FPRC Journal New Delhi Foreign Policy Research Centre via academia edu Manandhar Mangal Siddhi Koirala Hriday Lal June 2001 Nepal India Boundary Issue River Kali as International Boundary Tribhuvan University Journal 23 1 Rose Leo E 1971 Nepal Strategy for Survival University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 01643 9 Rose Leo E January February 1999 Nepal and Bhutan in 1998 Two Himalayan Kingdoms Asian Survey 39 1 155 162 doi 10 2307 2645605 JSTOR 2645605 Schrader Heiko 1988 Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas Bow Historical Books ISBN 978 3 88156 405 2 Shrestha Buddhi N 2013 Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal PDF in Haim Srebro ed International Boundary Making Copenhagen International Federation of Surveyors pp 149 182 ISBN 978 87 92853 08 0 Upadhya Sanjay 2012 Nepal and the Geo Strategic Rivalry between China and India Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 33550 1 Walton H G ed 1911 Almora A Gazetteer District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh vol 35 Government Press United Provinces via archive org Whelpton John 2005 A History of Nepal Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80470 7External links Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article Treaty of Sugauli Treaty Text and Related Documents Indian Nepalese Border Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Sugauli amp oldid 1118581025, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
