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Speech–language pathology

Speech–language pathology (also known as speech and language pathology or logopedics) is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders, including expressive and mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, voice disorders, speech sound disorders, speech disfluency, pragmatic language impairments, and social communication difficulties, as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan. It is an allied health profession regulated by professional bodies including the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and Speech Pathology Australia. The field of speech-language pathology is practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP)[1] or a speech and language therapist (SLT)[2]. SLPs also play an important role in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often in collaboration with pediatricians and psychologists.

Speech-language pathology
Broca's area (speech production) and Wernicke's area (language comprehension)
MeSHD013066
[edit on Wikidata]

History edit

The development of speech-language pathology into a profession took different paths in the various regions of the world. Three identifiable trends influenced the evolution of speech-language pathology in the United States during the late 19th century to early 20th century: the elocution movement, scientific revolution, and the rise of professionalism.[3] Groups of "speech correctionists" formed in the early 1900s. The American Academy of Speech Correction was founded in 1925, which became ASHA in 1978.[4]

The profession edit

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide a wide range of services, mainly on an individual basis, but also as support for families, support groups, and providing information for the general public. SLPs work to assess levels of communication needs, make diagnoses based on the assessments, and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs.[5] Speech/language services begin with initial screening for communication and/or swallowing disorders and continue with assessment and diagnosis, consultation for the provision of advice regarding management, intervention, and treatment, and providing counseling and other followup services for these disorders. Services are provided in the following areas:

  • Developmental language and early feeding neurodevelopment and prevention;
  • cognitive aspects of communication (e.g., attention, memory, problem-solving, executive functions);
  • speech (phonation, articulation, fluency, resonance, and voice including aeromechanical components of respiration);
  • language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatic/social aspects of communication) including comprehension and expression in oral, written, graphic, and manual modalities; language processing; preliteracy and language-based literacy skills, phonological awareness;
  • augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for individuals with severe language and communication impairments;
  • swallowing or other upper aerodigestive functions such as infant feeding and aeromechanical events (evaluation of esophageal function is for the purpose of referral to medical professionals);
  • voice (hoarseness, dysphonia), poor vocal volume (hypophonia), abnormal (e.g., rough, breathy, strained) vocal quality. Research demonstrates voice therapy to be especially helpful with certain patient populations; individuals with Parkinson's Disease often develop voice issues as a result of their disease.[6]
  • sensory awareness related to communication, swallowing, or other upper aerodigestive functions.

Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as a stroke,[7] brain injury,[8] hearing loss,[9] developmental delay,[10] a cleft palate,[11] cerebral palsy,[12] or emotional issues.[13]

A common misconception is that speech–language pathology is restricted to the treatment of articulation disorders (e.g., helping English-speaking individuals enunciate the traditionally difficult r) and/or the treatment of individuals who stutter but, in fact, speech–language pathology is concerned with a broad scope of speech, language, literacy, swallowing, and voice issues involved in communication,[14] some of which include:

  • Word-finding and other semantic issues, either as a result of a specific language impairment (SLI) such as a language delay or as a secondary characteristic of a more general issue such as dementia.
  • Social communication difficulties involving how people communicate or interact with others (pragmatics).
  • Language impairments, including difficulties creating sentences that are grammatical (syntax) and modifying word meaning (morphology).
  • Literacy impairments (reading and writing) related to the letter-to-sound relationship (phonics), the word-to-meaning relationship (semantics), and understanding the ideas presented in a text (reading comprehension).
  • Voice difficulties, such as a raspy voice, a voice that is too soft, or other voice difficulties that negatively impact a person's social or professional performance.
  • Cognitive impairments (e.g. attention, memory, executive function) to the extent that they interfere with communication.
  • Parent, caregiver, and other communication partner coaching.

Primary pediatric speech and language disorders include: (i) receptive and (ii) expressive language disorders, (iii) speech sound disorders, (iv) childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), (v) stuttering, and (vi) language-based learning disabilities.[15] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with people of all ages.[16]

Swallowing disorders include difficulties in any phase of the swallowing process (i.e., oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), as well as functional dysphagia and feeding disorders. Swallowing disorders can occur at any age and can stem from multiple causes.[14]

Multi-discipline collaboration edit

SLPs collaborate with other health care professionals, often working as part of a multidisciplinary team. They can provide information and referrals to audiologists, physicians, dentists, nurses, nurse practitioners, occupational therapists, rehabilitation psychologists, dietitians, educators, behavior consultants (applied behavior analysis), and parents as dictated by the individual client's needs. For example, the treatment for patients with cleft lip and palate often requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Speech–language pathologists can be very beneficial in helping resolve speech problems associated with cleft lip and palate. Research has indicated that children who receive early language intervention are less likely to develop compensatory error patterns later in life, although speech therapy outcomes are usually better when surgical treatment is performed earlier.[17] Another area of collaboration relates to auditory processing disorders,[18] where SLPs can collaborate in assessments and provide intervention where there is evidence of speech, language, and/or other cognitive-communication disorders.

Working environments edit

SLPs work in a variety of clinical and educational settings. SLPs work in public and private hospitals, private practices, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, hospice,[19] and home healthcare. SLPs may also work as part of the support structure in the education system, working in both public and private schools, colleges, and universities.[20] Some SLPs also work in community health, providing services at prisons and young offenders' institutions or providing expert testimony in applicable court cases.[21]

 
Some SLPs’ working environments include one-on-one time with the client.

Following ASHA’s 2005 approval of the delivery of speech/language services via video conference or telepractice, SLPs in the United States have begun to use this service model.[22]

Children with speech, language, and communication needs (SLCN) are particularly at risk of not being heard because of communication challenges. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can explain the significance of supporting communication as a tool for the child to shape and influence choices available to them in their lives, even though it is advised that children with SLCN can and should be actively involved as equal partners in decision-making about their communication needs. Building these skills is especially crucial for SLPs working in settings related to traditional education.[23]

Research edit

SLPs conduct research related to communication sciences and disorders, swallowing disorders, or other upper aerodigestive functions.

Experimental, empirical, and scientific methodologies that build on hypothesis testing and logical, deductive reasoning have dominated research in speech-language pathology. The definition of innovation should be explicitly considered by speech-language pathologists. Other types of research in the field are complemented by qualitative research, which has also led to new insights, techniques, and research methods as well as new approaches in ways that are responsive to our customers and communities.[24]

Education and training edit

United States edit

In the United States, speech–language pathologists must hold a master's degree from an ASHA-accredited program. Following graduation and passing a nation-wide board exam, SLPs typically begin their Clinical Fellowship Year, during which they are granted a provisional license and receive guidance from their supervisor. At the end of this process, SLPs may choose to apply for ASHA's Certificate of Clinical Competence and apply for full state licensure. SLPs may additionally choose to earn advanced degrees such as a clinical doctorate in speech–language pathology, PhD, or EdD.

Methods of assessment edit

Many approaches exist to assess language, communication, speech and swallowing. Two main aspects of assessment can be to determine the extent of breakdown (impairment-level), or how communication can be supported (functional level). When evaluating impairment-based level of breakdown, therapists are trained to use a cognitive neuropsychological approach to assessment, to precisely determine what aspect of communication is impaired. Some therapists use assessments that are based on historic anatomical models of language, that have since been shown to be unreliable. These tools are often preferred by therapists working within a medical model, where medics request a 'type' of impairment, and a 'severity' rating. The broad tools available allow clinicians to precisely select the aspect of communication that they wish to assess.

Because school-based speech therapy is run under state guidelines and funds, the process of assessment and qualification is more strict. To qualify for in-school speech therapy, students must meet the state's criteria on language testing and speech standardization. Due to such requirements, some students may not be assessed in an efficient time frame or their needs may be undermined by criteria. For a private clinic, students are more likely to qualify for therapy because it is a paid service with more availability.

Clients and patients edit

Speech–language pathologists work with clients and patients who may present with a wide range of issues.

Infants and children edit

United States edit

In the US, some children are eligible to receive speech therapy services, including assessment and lessons through the public school system. If not, private therapy is readily available through personal lessons with a qualified speech–language pathologist or the growing field of telepractice.[30] Teleconferencing tools such as Skype are being used more commonly as a means to access remote locations in private therapy practice, such as in the geographically diverse south island of New Zealand.[31] More at-home or combination treatments have become readily available to address specific types of articulation disorders. The use of mobile applications in speech therapy is also growing as an avenue to bring treatment into the home.

United Kingdom edit

In the UK, children are entitled to an assessment by local NHS speech- and language-therapy teams, usually after referral by health visitors or education settings, but parents are also entitled to request an assessment directly.[32] If treatment is appropriate, an educational plan will be drawn up. Speech therapists often play a role in multi-disciplinary teams when a child has speech delay or disorder as part of a wider health condition. The Children's Commissioner for England reported in June 2019 that there was a postcode lottery; £291.65 a year per head was spent on services in some areas, while the budget in some areas was £30.94 or less. In 2018, 193,971 children in English primary schools were on the special educational needs register needing speech-therapy services.[33] Speech and language therapists work in acute settings and are often integrated into the MDT in multiple areas of speciality for neonatal, children and adult services. Areas include but not limited to; neonatal care, respiratory, , ENT, gastrointestinal , stroke, Neurology,ICU, oncology and geriatric care

Children and adults edit

Adults edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Brady, Marian C.; Kelly, Helen; Godwin, Jon; Enderby, Pam; Campbell, Pauline (1 June 2016). "Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (6): CD000425. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000425.pub4. hdl:1893/26112. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8078645. PMID 27245310.
  2. ^ "Speech and language therapy". RCSLT. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  3. ^ Duchan, Judy (16 September 2021). "Judy Duchan's History of Speech-Language Pathology". Judy Duchan's History of Speech-Language Pathology. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  4. ^ Duchan, Judith (1 December 2002). "What Do You Know About Your Profession's History? And Why Is It Important?". The ASHA Leader. 7 (23). doi:10.1044/leader.FTR.07232002.4 – via ASHAWire.
  5. ^ "Speech–Language Pathologists". ASHA.org. American Speech–Language–Hearing Association. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  6. ^ Factor, Stewart; Weiner, William (2008). Parkinson's disease: Diagnosis & clinical management (2nd ed.). Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 77–83. ISBN 9781933864006.
  7. ^ Richards, Emma (June 2012). "Communication and swallowing problems after stroke". Nursing and Residential Care. 14 (6): 282–286. doi:10.12968/nrec.2012.14.6.282.
  8. ^ Zasler, Nathan D.; Katz, Douglas I.; Zafonte, Ross D.; Arciniegas, David B.; Bullock, M. Ross; Kreutzer, Jeffrey S., eds. (2013). Brain injury medicine principles and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Demos Medical. pp. 1086–1104, 1111–1117. ISBN 9781617050572.
  9. ^ Ching, Teresa Y. C. (2015). "Is early intervention effective in improving spoken language outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss?". American Journal of Audiology. 24 (3): 345–348. doi:10.1044/2015_aja-15-0007. PMC 4659415. PMID 26649545.
  10. ^ The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. "Developmental Delay: An Information Guide for Parents" (PDF). The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  11. ^ Bauman-Waengler, Jacqueline (2011). Articulatory and phonological impairments: a clinical focus (4th ed., International ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. pp. 378–385. ISBN 9780132719957.
  12. ^ "Speech and Language Therapy". CerebralPalsy.org. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  13. ^ Cross, Melanie (2011). Children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and communication problems: there is always a reason (2nd ed.). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  14. ^ a b "Scope of Practice in Speech–Language Pathology". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2016. doi:10.1044/policy.SP2016-00343.
  15. ^ Weeks, Katie (12 July 2016). "Speech and Language Disorders". Speech SF.
  16. ^ "Who Are Speech–Language Pathologists, and What Do They Do?". ASHA.org. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  17. ^ Frățilă, Mihaela; Urtilă, Emil; Ștefănescu, Maria (October 2011). [Speech therapy — criteria for determining the time of the surgical operation in surgery of labio-palato-velars cleft]. Revista de chirurgie oro-maxilo-facială și implantologie (in Romanian). 2 (2): 21–23. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
  18. ^ DeBonis, David A.; Moncrieff, Deborah (February 2008). "Auditory Processing Disorders: An Update for Speech–Language Pathologists". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 17 (1): 4–18. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/002). PMID 18230810. S2CID 1520146.
  19. ^ Pollens, Robin (October 2004). "Role of the Speech–Language Pathologist in Palliative Hospice Care". Journal of Palliative Medicine. 7 (5): 694–702. doi:10.1089/jpm.2004.7.694. PMID 15588361.[needs update]
  20. ^ "Health Careers". Health Careers.
  21. ^ "Speech and language therapy". Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists.
  22. ^ "ASHA Telepractice Position Statement". ASHA.org. American Speech–Language–Hearing Association. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  23. ^ Gallagher, Aoife L.; Tancredi, Haley; Graham, Linda J. (2018). "Advancing the human rights of children with communication needs in school". International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 20 (1): 128–132. doi:10.1080/17549507.2018.1395478. hdl:10344/7789. PMID 29143564. S2CID 3473633.
  24. ^ Hersh, Deborah (2022). "New perspectives, theory, method, and practice: Qualitative research and innovation in speech-language pathology". International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 24 (5): 449–459. doi:10.1080/17549507.2022.2029942. PMID 35172643. S2CID 246902770. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  25. ^ Bellani, M.; Moretti, A.; Perlini, C.; Brambilla, P. (December 2011). "Language disturbances in ADHD". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 20 (4): 311–315. doi:10.1017/S2045796011000527. PMID 22201208.
  26. ^ "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010". World Health Organisation. 2010.
  27. ^ . www.nidcd.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  28. ^ . www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  29. ^ Ogata, Y. (1997). "The Speech Therapy of Cleft Palate Patients as an Oral Rehabilitation". Journal of Dentistry Indonesia. 4 (3): 46–47. doi:10.14693/jdi.v4i3.758 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  30. ^ "Telepractice for SLPs and Audiologists". American Speech–Language–Hearing Association. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  31. ^ "Speech Therapy Wellington - Vocalsaints LTD". Vocalsaints. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  32. ^ "Help your baby learn to talk". nhs.uk. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  33. ^ "Postcode lottery for speech therapy, says commissioner". BBC News. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  34. ^ Ritter, Michaela J. (June 2009). "The Speech–Language Pathologist and Reading: Opportunities to Extend Services for the Children We Serve". Perspectives on School-Based Issues. 10 (2): 38–44. doi:10.1044/sbi10.2.38.
  35. ^ "The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist". dyslexiahelp.umich.edu.
  36. ^ Richard, Gail J. (July 2011). "The Role of the Speech–Language Pathologist in Identifying and Treating Children With Auditory Processing Disorder". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 42 (3): 241–245. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2011/09-0090). PMID 21757563.
  37. ^ "Speech Therapy Wellington | Vocalsaints LTD". VocalSaints.
  38. ^ "BiblioBoard". openresearchlibrary.org. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  39. ^ Bryan, Karen; Maxim, Jane (January 2002). "Letter to the Editor". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 37 (2): 215–222. doi:10.1080/13682820110119205. PMID 12012617.
  40. ^ Schulz, Geralyn M; Grant, Megan K (January 2000). "Effects of speech therapy and pharmacologic and surgical treatments on voice and speech in Parkinson's disease". Journal of Communication Disorders. 33 (1): 59–88. doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00025-8. PMID 10665513.
  41. ^ Wilkinson, Ray (3 July 2014). "Intervening With Conversation Analysis in Speech and Language Therapy: Improving Aphasic Conversation". Research on Language and Social Interaction. 47 (3): 219–238. doi:10.1080/08351813.2014.925659. S2CID 143521296.
  42. ^ Adler, Richard K.; Hirsch, Sandy; Mordaunt, Michelle (2012). Voice and Communication Therapy for the Transgender/Transsexual Client: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide. San Diego: Plural Publishing. ISBN 9781597564700.[page needed]

Further reading edit

  • Fisher, S. E.; Scharff, C. (April 2009). "FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language". Trends in Genetics. 25 (4): 166–77. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.002. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CA31-7. PMID 19304338.
  • "Discussion Meeting Issue 'Language in developmental and acquired disorders: converging evidence for models of language representation in the brain' - Table of Contents". Royal Society Publishing. 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  • Nelson, H. D. (1 February 2006). "Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force". Pediatrics. 117 (2): e298–e319. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1467. PMID 16452337.
  • Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from stuttering. New York: Psychology Press / Taylor Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-84872-916-2. OCLC 814245820.
  • Janes, Tina Leann; Zupan, Barbra; Signal, Tania (2021-02). "Community awareness of speech pathology: A regional perspective". Australian Journal of Rural Health.[1]

External links edit

  • American Speech–Language–Hearing Association (ASHA) – Communication for a Lifetime
  • National Institutes of Health – Voice, Speech, and Language
  • The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists
  • Speech-Language Pathologists – O*Net Online
  1. ^ Janes, Tina Leann; Zupan, Barbra; Signal, Tania (February 2021). "Community awareness of speech pathology: A regional perspective". Australian Journal of Rural Health. 29 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1111/ajr.12680. ISSN 1038-5282.

speech, language, pathology, speech, therapy, redirects, here, album, speech, therapy, album, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged. Speech therapy redirects here For the album see Speech Therapy album This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Speech language pathology news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Speech language pathology also known as speech and language pathology or logopedics is a healthcare and academic discipline concerning the evaluation treatment and prevention of communication disorders including expressive and mixed receptive expressive language disorders voice disorders speech sound disorders speech disfluency pragmatic language impairments and social communication difficulties as well as swallowing disorders across the lifespan It is an allied health profession regulated by professional bodies including the American Speech Language Hearing Association ASHA and Speech Pathology Australia The field of speech language pathology is practiced by a clinician known as a speech language pathologist SLP 1 or a speech and language therapist SLT 2 SLPs also play an important role in the screening diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder ASD often in collaboration with pediatricians and psychologists Speech language pathologyBroca s area speech production and Wernicke s area language comprehension MeSHD013066 edit on Wikidata Contents 1 History 2 The profession 2 1 Multi discipline collaboration 2 2 Working environments 2 3 Research 2 4 Education and training 2 4 1 United States 3 Methods of assessment 4 Clients and patients 4 1 Infants and children 4 1 1 United States 4 1 2 United Kingdom 4 2 Children and adults 4 3 Adults 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory editThe development of speech language pathology into a profession took different paths in the various regions of the world Three identifiable trends influenced the evolution of speech language pathology in the United States during the late 19th century to early 20th century the elocution movement scientific revolution and the rise of professionalism 3 Groups of speech correctionists formed in the early 1900s The American Academy of Speech Correction was founded in 1925 which became ASHA in 1978 4 The profession editSpeech language pathologists SLPs provide a wide range of services mainly on an individual basis but also as support for families support groups and providing information for the general public SLPs work to assess levels of communication needs make diagnoses based on the assessments and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs 5 Speech language services begin with initial screening for communication and or swallowing disorders and continue with assessment and diagnosis consultation for the provision of advice regarding management intervention and treatment and providing counseling and other followup services for these disorders Services are provided in the following areas Developmental language and early feeding neurodevelopment and prevention cognitive aspects of communication e g attention memory problem solving executive functions speech phonation articulation fluency resonance and voice including aeromechanical components of respiration language phonology morphology syntax semantics and pragmatic social aspects of communication including comprehension and expression in oral written graphic and manual modalities language processing preliteracy and language based literacy skills phonological awareness augmentative and alternative communication AAC for individuals with severe language and communication impairments swallowing or other upper aerodigestive functions such as infant feeding and aeromechanical events evaluation of esophageal function is for the purpose of referral to medical professionals voice hoarseness dysphonia poor vocal volume hypophonia abnormal e g rough breathy strained vocal quality Research demonstrates voice therapy to be especially helpful with certain patient populations individuals with Parkinson s Disease often develop voice issues as a result of their disease 6 sensory awareness related to communication swallowing or other upper aerodigestive functions Speech language and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes such as a stroke 7 brain injury 8 hearing loss 9 developmental delay 10 a cleft palate 11 cerebral palsy 12 or emotional issues 13 A common misconception is that speech language pathology is restricted to the treatment of articulation disorders e g helping English speaking individuals enunciate the traditionally difficult r and or the treatment of individuals who stutter but in fact speech language pathology is concerned with a broad scope of speech language literacy swallowing and voice issues involved in communication 14 some of which include Word finding and other semantic issues either as a result of a specific language impairment SLI such as a language delay or as a secondary characteristic of a more general issue such as dementia Social communication difficulties involving how people communicate or interact with others pragmatics Language impairments including difficulties creating sentences that are grammatical syntax and modifying word meaning morphology Literacy impairments reading and writing related to the letter to sound relationship phonics the word to meaning relationship semantics and understanding the ideas presented in a text reading comprehension Voice difficulties such as a raspy voice a voice that is too soft or other voice difficulties that negatively impact a person s social or professional performance Cognitive impairments e g attention memory executive function to the extent that they interfere with communication Parent caregiver and other communication partner coaching Primary pediatric speech and language disorders include i receptive and ii expressive language disorders iii speech sound disorders iv childhood apraxia of speech CAS v stuttering and vi language based learning disabilities 15 Speech language pathologists SLPs work with people of all ages 16 Swallowing disorders include difficulties in any phase of the swallowing process i e oral pharyngeal esophageal as well as functional dysphagia and feeding disorders Swallowing disorders can occur at any age and can stem from multiple causes 14 Multi discipline collaboration edit SLPs collaborate with other health care professionals often working as part of a multidisciplinary team They can provide information and referrals to audiologists physicians dentists nurses nurse practitioners occupational therapists rehabilitation psychologists dietitians educators behavior consultants applied behavior analysis and parents as dictated by the individual client s needs For example the treatment for patients with cleft lip and palate often requires multidisciplinary collaboration Speech language pathologists can be very beneficial in helping resolve speech problems associated with cleft lip and palate Research has indicated that children who receive early language intervention are less likely to develop compensatory error patterns later in life although speech therapy outcomes are usually better when surgical treatment is performed earlier 17 Another area of collaboration relates to auditory processing disorders 18 where SLPs can collaborate in assessments and provide intervention where there is evidence of speech language and or other cognitive communication disorders Working environments edit SLPs work in a variety of clinical and educational settings SLPs work in public and private hospitals private practices skilled nursing facilities SNFs long term acute care LTAC facilities hospice 19 and home healthcare SLPs may also work as part of the support structure in the education system working in both public and private schools colleges and universities 20 Some SLPs also work in community health providing services at prisons and young offenders institutions or providing expert testimony in applicable court cases 21 nbsp Some SLPs working environments include one on one time with the client Following ASHA s 2005 approval of the delivery of speech language services via video conference or telepractice SLPs in the United States have begun to use this service model 22 Children with speech language and communication needs SLCN are particularly at risk of not being heard because of communication challenges Speech language pathologists SLPs can explain the significance of supporting communication as a tool for the child to shape and influence choices available to them in their lives even though it is advised that children with SLCN can and should be actively involved as equal partners in decision making about their communication needs Building these skills is especially crucial for SLPs working in settings related to traditional education 23 Research edit SLPs conduct research related to communication sciences and disorders swallowing disorders or other upper aerodigestive functions Experimental empirical and scientific methodologies that build on hypothesis testing and logical deductive reasoning have dominated research in speech language pathology The definition of innovation should be explicitly considered by speech language pathologists Other types of research in the field are complemented by qualitative research which has also led to new insights techniques and research methods as well as new approaches in ways that are responsive to our customers and communities 24 Education and training edit United States edit In the United States speech language pathologists must hold a master s degree from an ASHA accredited program Following graduation and passing a nation wide board exam SLPs typically begin their Clinical Fellowship Year during which they are granted a provisional license and receive guidance from their supervisor At the end of this process SLPs may choose to apply for ASHA s Certificate of Clinical Competence and apply for full state licensure SLPs may additionally choose to earn advanced degrees such as a clinical doctorate in speech language pathology PhD or EdD Methods of assessment editMany approaches exist to assess language communication speech and swallowing Two main aspects of assessment can be to determine the extent of breakdown impairment level or how communication can be supported functional level When evaluating impairment based level of breakdown therapists are trained to use a cognitive neuropsychological approach to assessment to precisely determine what aspect of communication is impaired Some therapists use assessments that are based on historic anatomical models of language that have since been shown to be unreliable These tools are often preferred by therapists working within a medical model where medics request a type of impairment and a severity rating The broad tools available allow clinicians to precisely select the aspect of communication that they wish to assess Because school based speech therapy is run under state guidelines and funds the process of assessment and qualification is more strict To qualify for in school speech therapy students must meet the state s criteria on language testing and speech standardization Due to such requirements some students may not be assessed in an efficient time frame or their needs may be undermined by criteria For a private clinic students are more likely to qualify for therapy because it is a paid service with more availability Clients and patients editSpeech language pathologists work with clients and patients who may present with a wide range of issues Infants and children edit Premature infants are at higher risk of feeding and later language needs and SLTS work with this cohort to prevent and support development of https www rcslt org speech and language therapy clinical information neonatal care section 2 Infants with injuries due to complications at birth feeding and swallowing difficulties including dysphagia Children with mild moderate or severe Genetic disorders that adversely affect speech language and or cognitive development including cleft palate Down syndrome DiGeorge syndrome Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 25 26 Autism spectrum disorders 27 including Asperger syndrome 28 Developmental delay Feeding disorders including oral motor deficits Cranial nerve damage Hearing loss Craniofacial anomalies that adversely affect speech language and or cognitive development Language delay Specific language impairment Specific difficulties in producing sounds called articulation disorders including vocalic r and lisps Pediatric traumatic brain injury Developmental verbal dyspraxia Cleft palate 29 United States edit In the US some children are eligible to receive speech therapy services including assessment and lessons through the public school system If not private therapy is readily available through personal lessons with a qualified speech language pathologist or the growing field of telepractice 30 Teleconferencing tools such as Skype are being used more commonly as a means to access remote locations in private therapy practice such as in the geographically diverse south island of New Zealand 31 More at home or combination treatments have become readily available to address specific types of articulation disorders The use of mobile applications in speech therapy is also growing as an avenue to bring treatment into the home United Kingdom edit In the UK children are entitled to an assessment by local NHS speech and language therapy teams usually after referral by health visitors or education settings but parents are also entitled to request an assessment directly 32 If treatment is appropriate an educational plan will be drawn up Speech therapists often play a role in multi disciplinary teams when a child has speech delay or disorder as part of a wider health condition The Children s Commissioner for England reported in June 2019 that there was a postcode lottery 291 65 a year per head was spent on services in some areas while the budget in some areas was 30 94 or less In 2018 193 971 children in English primary schools were on the special educational needs register needing speech therapy services 33 Speech and language therapists work in acute settings and are often integrated into the MDT in multiple areas of speciality for neonatal children and adult services Areas include but not limited to neonatal care respiratory ENT gastrointestinal stroke Neurology ICU oncology and geriatric care Children and adults edit Puberphonia Neonatal care Respiratory ENT Cerebral palsy Head injury Traumatic brain injury Hearing loss and impairments Learning difficulties including Dyslexia 34 35 Specific language impairment SLI Auditory processing disorder 36 Physical disabilities Speech disorders such as oral dyspraxia Stammering stuttering disfluency Stroke Voice disorders dysphonia Language delay 37 Motor speech disorders dysarthria or developmental verbal dyspraxia Naming difficulties anomia Dysgraphia agraphia Cognitive communication disorders Pragmatics Laryngectomies Tracheostomies Oncology ear nose or throat cancer Adults edit Adults with aphasia Adults with mild moderate or severe eating feeding and swallowing difficulties including dysphagia Adults recovering from significant tumors in the bronchus lung oropharynx breast and brain 38 Adults with mild moderate or severe language difficulties as a result of Motor neuron diseases Alzheimer s disease Dementia 39 Huntington s disease Hearing loss Multiple sclerosis Parkinson s disease 40 Traumatic brain injury Mental health issues Stroke Progressive neurological conditions such as cancer of the head neck and throat including laryngectomy Aphasic 41 Adults seeking transgender specific voice training including voice feminization and voice masculinization 42 See also editAll India Institute of Speech and Hearing AIIMS Applied linguistics Communicative disorders assistant List of university speech language pathology departments List of voice disorders Motor theory of speech perception Neurolinguistics Online speech therapy Oral myology Origin of speech Speech acquisition Speech Buddies Speech perception Speech processing Speech repetitionReferences edit Brady Marian C Kelly Helen Godwin Jon Enderby Pam Campbell Pauline 1 June 2016 Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016 6 CD000425 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD000425 pub4 hdl 1893 26112 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 8078645 PMID 27245310 Speech and language therapy RCSLT Retrieved 27 January 2024 Duchan Judy 16 September 2021 Judy Duchan s History of Speech Language Pathology Judy Duchan s History of Speech Language Pathology Retrieved 3 October 2022 Duchan Judith 1 December 2002 What Do You Know About Your Profession s History And Why Is It Important The ASHA Leader 7 23 doi 10 1044 leader FTR 07232002 4 via ASHAWire Speech Language Pathologists ASHA org American Speech Language Hearing Association Retrieved 6 April 2015 Factor Stewart Weiner William 2008 Parkinson s disease Diagnosis amp clinical management 2nd ed Demos Medical Publishing pp 77 83 ISBN 9781933864006 Richards Emma June 2012 Communication and swallowing problems after stroke Nursing and Residential Care 14 6 282 286 doi 10 12968 nrec 2012 14 6 282 Zasler Nathan D Katz Douglas I Zafonte Ross D Arciniegas David B Bullock M Ross Kreutzer Jeffrey S eds 2013 Brain injury medicine principles and practice 2nd ed New York Demos Medical pp 1086 1104 1111 1117 ISBN 9781617050572 Ching Teresa Y C 2015 Is early intervention effective in improving spoken language outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss American Journal of Audiology 24 3 345 348 doi 10 1044 2015 aja 15 0007 PMC 4659415 PMID 26649545 The Royal Children s Hospital Melbourne Developmental Delay An Information Guide for Parents PDF The Royal Children s Hospital Melbourne Retrieved 2 May 2016 Bauman Waengler Jacqueline 2011 Articulatory and phonological impairments a clinical focus 4th ed International ed Harlow Pearson Education pp 378 385 ISBN 9780132719957 Speech and Language Therapy CerebralPalsy org Retrieved 2 May 2016 Cross Melanie 2011 Children with social emotional and behavioural difficulties and communication problems there is always a reason 2nd ed London Jessica Kingsley Publishers a b Scope of Practice in Speech Language Pathology American Speech Language Hearing Association 2016 doi 10 1044 policy SP2016 00343 Weeks Katie 12 July 2016 Speech and Language Disorders Speech SF Who Are Speech Language Pathologists and What Do They Do ASHA org Retrieved 3 May 2018 Frățilă Mihaela Urtilă Emil Ștefănescu Maria October 2011 Logopedia criteriu de stabilire a momentului operator in chirurgia despicăturilor labio palato velare Speech therapy criteria for determining the time of the surgical operation in surgery of labio palato velars cleft Revista de chirurgie oro maxilo facială și implantologie in Romanian 2 2 21 23 Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 DeBonis David A Moncrieff Deborah February 2008 Auditory Processing Disorders An Update for Speech Language Pathologists American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 17 1 4 18 doi 10 1044 1058 0360 2008 002 PMID 18230810 S2CID 1520146 Pollens Robin October 2004 Role of the Speech Language Pathologist in Palliative Hospice Care Journal of Palliative Medicine 7 5 694 702 doi 10 1089 jpm 2004 7 694 PMID 15588361 needs update Health Careers Health Careers Speech and language therapy Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists ASHA Telepractice Position Statement ASHA org American Speech Language Hearing Association Retrieved 15 April 2010 Gallagher Aoife L Tancredi Haley Graham Linda J 2018 Advancing the human rights of children with communication needs in school International Journal of Speech Language Pathology 20 1 128 132 doi 10 1080 17549507 2018 1395478 hdl 10344 7789 PMID 29143564 S2CID 3473633 Hersh Deborah 2022 New perspectives theory method and practice Qualitative research and innovation in speech language pathology International Journal of Speech Language Pathology 24 5 449 459 doi 10 1080 17549507 2022 2029942 PMID 35172643 S2CID 246902770 Retrieved 10 October 2022 Bellani M Moretti A Perlini C Brambilla P December 2011 Language disturbances in ADHD Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20 4 311 315 doi 10 1017 S2045796011000527 PMID 22201208 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ICD 10 Version for 2010 World Health Organisation 2010 Autism and Communication NIDCD Health Information www nidcd nih gov Archived from the original on 27 October 2011 Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINDS www ninds nih gov Archived from the original on 5 December 2004 Retrieved 15 January 2022 Ogata Y 1997 The Speech Therapy of Cleft Palate Patients as an Oral Rehabilitation Journal of Dentistry Indonesia 4 3 46 47 doi 10 14693 jdi v4i3 758 inactive 31 January 2024 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of January 2024 link Telepractice for SLPs and Audiologists American Speech Language Hearing Association Retrieved 19 December 2018 Speech Therapy Wellington Vocalsaints LTD Vocalsaints Retrieved 19 December 2018 Help your baby learn to talk nhs uk 21 December 2017 Retrieved 19 December 2018 Postcode lottery for speech therapy says commissioner BBC News 11 June 2019 Retrieved 20 July 2019 Ritter Michaela J June 2009 The Speech Language Pathologist and Reading Opportunities to Extend Services for the Children We Serve Perspectives on School Based Issues 10 2 38 44 doi 10 1044 sbi10 2 38 The Role of the Speech Language Pathologist dyslexiahelp umich edu Richard Gail J July 2011 The Role of the Speech Language Pathologist in Identifying and Treating Children With Auditory Processing Disorder Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools 42 3 241 245 doi 10 1044 0161 1461 2011 09 0090 PMID 21757563 Speech Therapy Wellington Vocalsaints LTD VocalSaints BiblioBoard openresearchlibrary org Retrieved 25 October 2023 Bryan Karen Maxim Jane January 2002 Letter to the Editor International Journal of Language amp Communication Disorders 37 2 215 222 doi 10 1080 13682820110119205 PMID 12012617 Schulz Geralyn M Grant Megan K January 2000 Effects of speech therapy and pharmacologic and surgical treatments on voice and speech in Parkinson s disease Journal of Communication Disorders 33 1 59 88 doi 10 1016 s0021 9924 99 00025 8 PMID 10665513 Wilkinson Ray 3 July 2014 Intervening With Conversation Analysis in Speech and Language Therapy Improving Aphasic Conversation Research on Language and Social Interaction 47 3 219 238 doi 10 1080 08351813 2014 925659 S2CID 143521296 Adler Richard K Hirsch Sandy Mordaunt Michelle 2012 Voice and Communication Therapy for the Transgender Transsexual Client A Comprehensive Clinical Guide San Diego Plural Publishing ISBN 9781597564700 page needed Further reading editFisher S E Scharff C April 2009 FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language Trends in Genetics 25 4 166 77 doi 10 1016 j tig 2009 03 002 hdl 11858 00 001M 0000 0012 CA31 7 PMID 19304338 Discussion Meeting Issue Language in developmental and acquired disorders converging evidence for models of language representation in the brain Table of Contents Royal Society Publishing 2014 Retrieved 31 December 2013 Nelson H D 1 February 2006 Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force Pediatrics 117 2 e298 e319 doi 10 1542 peds 2005 1467 PMID 16452337 Howell Peter 2011 Recovery from stuttering New York Psychology Press Taylor Francis Group ISBN 978 1 84872 916 2 OCLC 814245820 Janes Tina Leann Zupan Barbra Signal Tania 2021 02 Community awareness of speech pathology A regional perspective Australian Journal of Rural Health 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speech and language pathology American Speech Language Hearing Association ASHA Communication for a Lifetime National Institutes of Health Voice Speech and Language The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Speech Language Pathologists O Net Online Janes Tina Leann Zupan Barbra Signal Tania February 2021 Community awareness of speech pathology A regional perspective Australian Journal of Rural Health 29 1 61 70 doi 10 1111 ajr 12680 ISSN 1038 5282 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Speech language pathology amp oldid 1214922417, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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