Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them.[1] The term dissident was used in the Soviet Union in the period from the mid-1960s until the fall of communism.[2] It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose challenges, from modest to radical to the Soviet regime, met protection and encouragement from correspondents[3] and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.[4] As dissenters began self-identifying as dissidents, the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.[5][6][7] The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement.
Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and, with rare exceptions, of little consequence,[8] primarily because it was instantly crushed with brute force. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights and organizing in defense of those rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses.[9]
Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code[10] and the choice between exile abroad (with revocation of their Soviet citizenship), the mental hospital, or the labor camp.[11]Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g., violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g., "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g., "sluggish schizophrenia").[12]
In the 1950s, Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in Moscow.[13] In the 1960s, Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights, possessed by everyone regardless of race, religion and nationality.[14] In August 1969, for instance, the Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials.[15]
Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included:
Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow, where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated; some of these public readings were dispersed by the police;
The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky (later known as Joseph Brodsky, the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature) who was charged with 'parasitism' for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile; he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi-dissident circles, mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova
The trial and sentencing of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co-authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile; opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people, many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement
Silent demonstrations on Moscow's Pushkin Square initiated by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec. 5, 1965, with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution
Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin's terror after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin's personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy
The launch, in April 1968, of the underground periodical, 'Chronicle of Current Events', documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union
The publication in the West of Andrei Sakharov's first political essay 'Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom' in the spring and summer of 1968
Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time. But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness. (Vladimir Voinovich)[16]
The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s.[17] The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments.[18] The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution.[19] Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression.[20] According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch, Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters.[21] 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned.[22] Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975[23] and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975[24] and 1976.[25][26]
According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics, the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds.[37][38] On the grounds that political dissenters in the Soviet Union were psychotic and deluded, they were locked away in psychiatric hospitals and treated with neuroleptics.[39] Confinement of political dissenters in psychiatric institutions had become a common practice.[40] That technique could be called the "medicalization" of dissidence or psychiatric terror, the now familiar form of repression applied in the Soviet Union to Leonid Plyushch, Pyotr Grigorenko, and many others.[41] Finally, many persons at that time tended to believe that dissidents were abnormal people whose commitment to mental hospitals was quite justified.[34]: 96 [42] In the opinion of the Moscow Helsinki Group chairwoman Lyudmila Alexeyeva, the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960–1980s.[43] At that time Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky wrote A New Mental Illness in the USSR: The Opposition published in French,[44] German,[45] Italian,[46] Spanish[47] and (coauthored with Semyon Gluzman) A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian,[48] English,[49] French,[50] Italian,[51] German,[52] Danish.[53]
In 1977-1979 and again in 1980-1982, the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Erevan by launching large-scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison, labor camp, internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment.
From the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group, 1978 saw its members Yuri Orlov, Vladimir Slepak and Anatoly Shcharansky sentenced to lengthy labor camp terms and internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" and treason. Another wave of arrests followed in the early 1980s: Malva Landa, Viktor Nekipelov, Leonard Ternovsky, Feliks Serebrov, Tatiana Osipova, Anatoly Marchenko, and Ivan Kovalev.[54]: 249 Soviet authorities offered some activists the "opportunity" to emigrate. Lyudmila Alexeyeva emigrated in 1977. The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak, Vitaly Rubin also emigrated, and Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad.[55]
The Lithuanian Helsinki Group saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities and "organization of religious processions": Viktoras Petkus was sentenced in 1978; others followed in 1980-1981: Algirdas Statkevičius, Vytautas Skuodys, Mečislovas Jurevičius, and Vytautas Vaičiūnas.[54]: 251–252
Starting in the 1960s, the early years of the Brezhnev stagnation, dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns. The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression, freedom of conscience, freedom to emigrate, punitive psychiatry, and the plight of political prisoners. It was characterized by a new openness of dissent, a concern for legality, the rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle.[57]
Throughout the 1960s-1980s, those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities: The documentation of political repression and rights violations in samizdat (unsanctioned press); individual and collective protest letters and petitions; unsanctioned demonstrations; mutual aid for prisoners of conscience; and, most prominently, civic watch groups appealing to the international community. Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in labor camps and being subjected to punitive psychiatry.
Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a "legalist" approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues. Following several landmark political trials, coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common. This activity eventually led to the founding of the Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968. The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR.[58]
The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns, and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as Andrei Sakharov. Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during détente (Helsinki Accords), those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West (next to refuseniks).
Movements of deported nations
In 1944 THE WHOLE OF OUR PEOPLE was slanderously accused of betraying the Soviet Мotherland and was forcibly deported from the Crimea. [...] [O]n 5 September 1967, there appeared a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet which cleared us of the charge of treason but described us not as Crimean Tatars but as "citizens of Tatar nationality formerly resident in the Crimea", thus legitimizing our banishment from our home country and liquidating us as a nation.
We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately. After it was published, several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled. The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered, as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us. The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases.
Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution.
– Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion, Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 (30 June 1968)[60]
The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations. The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea, even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned. Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957.[61] In the early 1960s, the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled. Led by Mustafa Dzhemilev, they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization, considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union.[62]: 131 [63]: 7
The emigration movements in the Soviet Union included the movement of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel and of the Volga Germans to emigrate to West Germany.
Soviet Jews were routinely denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.[64] A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s, which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture. The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West.
Citizens of German origin who lived in the Baltic states prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of the eighteenth-century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union.[62]: 132 [65]: 67 In 1972, the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6000 and 8000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade. As a result, almost 70000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid-1980s.[65]: 67
Similarly, Armenians achieved a small emigration. By the mid-1980s, over 15000 Armenians had emigrated.[65]: 68
Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social, economic, and political spheres. Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual.[66]
The religious movements in the USSR included Russian Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant movements. They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs.[63]: 8
The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small. The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement. Protestant groups which opposed the anti-religious state directives included the Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, and the Pentecostals. Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements, many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration.
National movements
The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, and Armenia.
Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union, the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement. Its aspiration was to resist the Russification of Ukraine and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic.[63]: 7
In Lithuania, the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement.[63]: 7
Literary and cultural
TASS press release on the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., A. Solzhenitsyn has been deprived of his citizenship for systematic actions incompatible with being a citizen of the U.S.S.R. and for damaging the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Solzhenitsyn's family may join him when they consider it necessary. Izvestia, 15 February 1974.[67]
In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called Philosophers' ships.[69] Later, figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents.[63]: 327
Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the wide field of Soviet Nonconformist Art, such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group, and artists active in the "Second Culture".
Other groups
Other groups included the Socialists, the movements for socioeconomic rights (especially the independent unions), as well as women's, environmental, and peace movements.[62]: 132 [63]: 3–18
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact signed the Helsinki Final Act in August 1975. The "third basket" of the Act included extensive human rights clauses.[70]: 99–100
When Jimmy Carter entered office in 1976, he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US–Soviet détente. He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as Charter 77, and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents Aleksandr Ginzburg and Andrei Sakharov. In 1977, Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky in the White House, asserting that he did not intend "to be timid" in his support of human rights.[71]: 73
In 1979, the US Helsinki Watch Committee was established, funded by the Ford Foundation. Founded after the example of the Moscow Helsinki Group and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc, it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Accords and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc. It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union, and lobbied policy-makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders.[72]: 460
US President Ronald Reagan attributed to the view that the "brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia."[73] On 14 November 1988, he held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is "completely eliminated."[74] Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U.S. Embassy, Reagan's agenda was one of freedom to travel, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.[75]
Dissidents about their dissent
Andrei Sakharov said, "Everyone wants to have a job, be married, have children, be happy, but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt. When I look at my situation and my family's situation and that of my country, I realize that things are getting steadily worse."[76] Fellow dissident and one of the founders of the Moscow Helsinki GroupLyudmila Alexeyeva wrote:
What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive.[63]: 275
According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff, totalitarian system has no mechanisms that could change the behavior of the ruling group from within.[77] Any attempts to change this are immediately suppressed through repression.[77] Dissidents appealed to international human rights organizations, foreign governments, and there was a result.[77]
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^Taras, Raymond, ed. (2015) [1992]. The road to disillusion: from critical Marxism to post-communism in Eastern Europe (2 ed.). Routledge. p. 62. ISBN978-1317454793.
^Universal Declaration of Human Rights General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), United Nations, 10 December 1948
^Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968), United Nations, May 1968
^CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975 2011-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
^Barber, John (October 1997). "Opposition in Russia". Government and Opposition. 32 (4): 598–613. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x. S2CID 145793949.
^Rosenthal, Abe (2 June 1989). "Soviet dissenters used to die for speaking out". The Dispatch. p. 5.
^Stone, Alan (1985). Law, psychiatry, and morality: essays and analysis. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 5. ISBN978-0880482097.
^Singer, Daniel (2 January 1998). "Socialism and the Soviet Bloc". The Nation.
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^Shirk, Susan (Winter 1977–1978). "Human rights: what about China?". Foreign Policy (29): 109–127. doi:10.2307/1148534. JSTOR 1148534.
^Bergman, Jay (July 1992). "Soviet dissidents on the Holocaust, Hitler and Nazism: a study of the preservation of historical memory". The Slavonic and East European Review. 70 (3): 477–504. JSTOR 4211013.
^Yakobson, Anatoly; Yakir, Pyotr; Khodorovich, Tatyana; Podyapolskiy, Gregory; Maltsev, Yuri; et al. (21 August 1969). "An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights". The New York Review of Books.
^Vasilyev, Yuri (27 September 2012). "The post-Soviet optimistic pessimism of Vladimir Voinovich". The Atlantic.
^Horvath, Robert (November 2007). ""The Solzhenitsyn effect": East European dissidents and the demise of the revolutionary privilege". Human Rights Quarterly. 29 (4): 879–907. doi:10.1353/hrq.2007.0041. S2CID 144778599.
^Fox, Karen; Skorobogatykh, Irina; Saginova, Olga (September 2005). "The Soviet evolution of marketing thought, 1961–1991: from Marx to marketing". Marketing Theory. 5 (3): 283–307. doi:10.1177/1470593105054899. S2CID 154474714.
^Glazov, Yuri (1985). The Russian mind since Stalin's death. D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 105. ISBN978-9027719690.
^Binder, David (Summer 1977). "The quiet dissident: East Germany's Reiner Kunze". The Wilson Quarterly. 1 (4): 158–160. JSTOR 40255268.
^Хельсинкский аккорд [Helsinki Accord] (in Russian). Radio Liberty. 1 August 2015.
^Prisoners of conscience in the USSR: Their treatment and conditions(PDF, immediate download). London: Amnesty International Publications. 1975. p. 118. ISBN978-0900058134.
^Political Prisoners in the U.S.S.R. New York: The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners. 1975.
^Inside Soviet prisons. Documents of the struggle for human and national rights in the USSR(PDF). New York: The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners. 1976. OCLC 3514696. (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2015.
^The abuse of psychiatry in the USSR: Soviet dissenters in psychiatric prisons. New York: The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners. 1976. ASIN B00CRZ0EAC.
^ abHowell, John (Spring 1983). "The Carter human rights policy as applied to the Soviet Union". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 13 (2): 286–295. JSTOR 27547926.
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^Marder, Murrey (19 February 1977). "Carter firm as Soviets assail support of dissidents". The Washington Post.
^Dean, Richard (January–March 1980). "Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union". Universal Human Rights. 2 (1): 47–65. doi:10.2307/761802. JSTOR 761802.
^Snyder, Sarah (2011). Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN978-1139498920.
^Volkogonov, Dmitri; Shukman, Harold (1998). Autopsy for an empire: the seven leaders who built the Soviet regime. Simon & Schuster. p. 342. ISBN978-0684834207.
^Yankelevich, Tatyana (1985). "Silence is the crime". Human Rights. 13 (13): 40.
^ abShlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). Soviet intellectuals and political power: the post-Stalin era. I.B.Tauris. ISBN978-1850432845.
^Sharlet, Robert (1978). "Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev" (PDF). International Journal. 33, n.4 (4): 766. doi:10.2307/40201689. JSTOR 40201689 – via JSTOR.
^Ерошок, Зоя (13 February 2015). Людмила Алексеева: "Я — человек, склонный быть счастливым" [Lyudmila Alexeyeva, "I am a man prone to be happy"]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). No. 15.
^Sharlet, Robert (Autumn 1978). "Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev". International Journal. 33 (4): 763–795. doi:10.2307/40201689. JSTOR 40201689.
^Shlapentokh, Vladimir (March 1990). "The justification of political conformism: the mythology of Soviet intellectuals". Studies in Soviet Thought. 39 (2): 111–135. doi:10.1007/BF00838027. JSTOR 20100501. S2CID 143908122.
^ abc. Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. November 1982. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. Archived from the original (PDF, immediate download) on 22 December 2015.
^Snyder, Sarah (2011). Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network. Human rights in history. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN978-1107645103.
^Zinkevych, Osyp (1993). "Ukrainian Helsinki Group". In Kubiĭovych, Volodymyr; Struk, Danylo (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 5. University of Toronto Press. pp. 387–388. ISBN978-0802030108.
^Daniel, Alexander (2002). Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР [Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR]. Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration] (in Russian). 1 (21).
^Horvath, Robert (2005). The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 70–129. ISBN978-0415333207.
^Thomas, Daniel (2001). The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of communism. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0691048581.
^A Chronicle of Current Events, No 2 (30 June 1968) – 2.4 Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion
^ abcGerlant, Uta (2010). ""The law is our only language": Soviet dissidents and human rights". Human rights and history: a challenge for education. Berlin: Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft". pp. 130–141. ISBN978-3-9810631-9-6.
^ abcCracraft, James; Rubenstein, Joshua (1988). "Dissent". The Soviet Union Today: An Interpretive Guide. pp. 64–75. ISBN978-0-226-22628-6.
^Ivakhnyuk, Irina. "Russians and Migrant Workers Want to Leave Russia to Work and Live in the West." Russia, edited by Viqi Wagner, Detroit, MI, Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link-gale-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/EJ3010232247/ OVIC?u=live10669&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=e561da75. Accessed 27 Sept. 2021. Originally published in International Symposium on International Migrationand Development, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social
^Stratman, David (July 1975). "Political and lumpen prisoners, the question of compliance, and socioliterary investigation". Stanford Law Review. 27 (6): 1629–1641. doi:10.2307/1228187. JSTOR 1228187.
^Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало) [Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning)]. Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review] (in Russian) (66). 2004.
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^ abcГальперович, Данила (21 October 2015). Для выхода "Хроники текущих событий" в России опять пришло время [Time is ripe again for issuing A Chronicle of Current Events in Russia] (in Russian). Voice of America.
Further reading
Very long list
Outsiders' works
"Chomsky signs statement hitting Soviet repression". The Harvard Crimson. 31 October 1973.
Civil dissent in the USSR: the Ford and Carter administrations' treatment of human rights during the era of the Moscow Helsinki Group. University of Scranton. 2012.
De la dissidence à la démocratie: passé, présent, avenir de la Russie: actes du colloque consacré à la mémoire de Vladimir Maximov [From dissent to democracy: past, present and future of Russia: proceedings of a symposium dedicated to commemoration of Vladimir Maximov] (in French). Paris: Éditions du Rocher. 1996. ISBN978-2268024301.
Dissenso cristiano in URSS [Christian dissent in the USSR] (in Italian). Bologna: Editrice Missionaria Italiana. 1974. OCLC 64387170.
Dissent, ethnonationalism, and the politics of coercion in the USSR. Carleton University. 1990.
"Dissent, psychiatry, and the Soviet Union". The Lancet. 1 (7854): 419–420. 9 March 1974. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93195-x. PMID 11643587.
"Human rights: the dissidents v. Moscow". Time. Vol. 109, no. 8. 21 February 1977. p. 28.
Il dissenso culturale nell'URSS: documenti leterari edel samizdat [The cultural dissent in the USSR: literary documents of samizdat] (in Italian). La biennale di Venezia. 1977.
Politics and deviance: the social control of dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1965–78. University of Essex. 1980.
"Sakharov case spotlights Soviet efforts against dissidents". The Hour. 26 May 1984.
Slavophiles and westernizers in Soviet dissent. Wellesley College. 1975.
"Solzhenitsyn urges Slavic nation to replace U.S.S.R.: dissent: exiled writer launches a vehement attack on Gorbachev's policies. His article will be distributed widely in the Soviet Union". Los Angeles Times. 19 September 1990.
Soviet dissent and the American national interest. Defense Technical Information Center. 1986.
Soviet dissident scientists, 1966–78: a study. Defense Technical Information Center. 1979.
"Soviet dissidents and Jimmy Carter". Memorial. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
"Soviet dissidents: another taken". Nature. 288 (5788): 206. 20 November 1980. Bibcode:1980Natur.288R.206.. doi:10.1038/288206b0. S2CID 27945544.
Information, Reed Business (2 June 1977). "Soviet dissidents seek paper support". New Scientist. 74 (1054): 517. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
"Soviet Union: bad days for dissidents". Time. 26 April 1976.
"Soviet Union: crackdown on dissent". Time. 18 December 1972.
"Soviet Union: dissent = insanity". Time. 19 December 1969.
"Soviet Union: exile for dissenters". Time. 20 August 1973.
"Soviet Union: music of dissent". Time. 7 September 1970.
"Soviet Union: smothering dissent". Time. 11 February 1974.
Our Washington Correspondent (28 September 1973). "Soviet Union: support for dissent". Nature. 245 (5422): 178. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..178O. doi:10.1038/245178a0. S2CID 4099440.
"Soviet Union, the war: asylums or prisons?". Time. 7 February 1972.
The human rights movement and dissidents in the Soviet Union: can their demand for legality prevent arbitrariness?. University of Maine School of Law. 1985.
(in English and Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-05-21.
Information, Reed Business (5 January 1978). "US science academy supports dissident scientists". New Scientist. 77 (1084): 3. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
Information, Reed Business (6 March 1980). "Western pressure for Soviet dissidents continues". New Scientist. 85 (1197): 720. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
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February 27, 2023
soviet, dissidents, were, people, disagreed, with, certain, features, soviet, ideology, with, entirety, were, willing, speak, against, them, term, dissident, used, soviet, union, period, from, 1960s, until, fall, communism, used, refer, small, groups, marginal. Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them 1 The term dissident was used in the Soviet Union in the period from the mid 1960s until the fall of communism 2 It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose challenges from modest to radical to the Soviet regime met protection and encouragement from correspondents 3 and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities Following the etymology of the term a dissident is considered to sit apart from the regime 4 As dissenters began self identifying as dissidents the term came to refer to an individual whose non conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society 5 6 7 The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and with rare exceptions of little consequence 8 primarily because it was instantly crushed with brute force Instead an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries about violation of laws and human rights and organizing in defense of those rights Over time the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses 9 Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code 10 and the choice between exile abroad with revocation of their Soviet citizenship the mental hospital or the labor camp 11 Anti Soviet political behavior in particular being outspoken in opposition to the authorities demonstrating for reform writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act e g violation of Articles 70 or 190 1 a symptom e g delusion of reformism and a diagnosis e g sluggish schizophrenia 12 Contents 1 The 1950s 1960s 2 The 1970s 2 1 Repression of the Helsinki Watch Groups 3 Currents of dissidence 3 1 Civil and human rights movement 3 2 Movements of deported nations 3 3 Emigration movements 3 4 Religious movements 3 5 National movements 3 6 Literary and cultural 3 7 Other groups 4 Dissidents and the Cold War 5 Dissidents about their dissent 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8 1 Outsiders works 8 2 Insiders works 9 Audiovisual materialThe 1950s 1960s EditIn the 1950s Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in Moscow 13 In the 1960s Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights possessed by everyone regardless of race religion and nationality 14 In August 1969 for instance the Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials 15 Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated some of these public readings were dispersed by the police The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky later known as Joseph Brodsky the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature who was charged with parasitism for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi dissident circles mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova The trial and sentencing of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement Silent demonstrations on Moscow s Pushkin Square initiated by Alexander Yesenin Volpin on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec 5 1965 with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin s terror after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin s personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy The launch in April 1968 of the underground periodical Chronicle of Current Events documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union The publication in the West of Andrei Sakharov s first political essay Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom in the spring and summer of 1968 The rally of protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring was held on August 25 1968 on Moscow s Red Square by eight dissidents including Viktor Fainberg Natalya Gorbanevskaya Pavel Litvinov Vladimir Dremlyuga and others The founding of the Initiative on Human Rights in 1969The 1970s Edit Moscow Helsinki Group members Yuliya Vishnevskya Lyudmila Alexeyeva Dina Kaminskaya Kronid Lyubarsky in Munich 1978 Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness Vladimir Voinovich 16 The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s 17 The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union Czechoslovakia Hungary and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments 18 The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution 19 Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression 20 According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters 21 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned 22 Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975 23 and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975 24 and 1976 25 26 US President Jimmy Carter in his inaugural address on 20 January 1977 announced that human rights would be central to foreign policy during his administration 27 In February Carter sent Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov a letter expressing his support for the latter s stance on human rights 27 28 In the wake of Carter s letter to Sakharov the USSR cautioned against attempts to interfere in its affairs under a thought up pretext of defending human rights 29 Because of Carter s open show of support for Soviet dissidents the KGB was able to link dissent with American imperialism through suggesting that such protest is a cover for American espionage in the Soviet Union 30 The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all on the basis of existing law 31 According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik Vladimir Bukovsky Vyacheslav Chornovil Zviad Gamsakhurdia Alexander Ginzburg Natalya Gorbanevskaya Pyotr Grigorenko Anatoly Shcharansky and others 32 If we accept human rights violations as just their way of doing things then we are all guilty Andrei Sakharov 33 A Chronicle of Current Events No 11 31 December 1968 front cover Voluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers Valentin Turchin Georgi Vladimov Vladimir Voinovich Lev Kopelev Vladimir Maximov Naum Korzhavin Vasily Aksyonov psychiatrist Marina Voikhanskaya and others 34 194 35 A Chronicle of Current Events covered 424 political trials in which 753 people were convicted and no one of the accused was acquitted in addition 164 people were declared insane and sent to compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital 36 According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds 37 38 On the grounds that political dissenters in the Soviet Union were psychotic and deluded they were locked away in psychiatric hospitals and treated with neuroleptics 39 Confinement of political dissenters in psychiatric institutions had become a common practice 40 That technique could be called the medicalization of dissidence or psychiatric terror the now familiar form of repression applied in the Soviet Union to Leonid Plyushch Pyotr Grigorenko and many others 41 Finally many persons at that time tended to believe that dissidents were abnormal people whose commitment to mental hospitals was quite justified 34 96 42 In the opinion of the Moscow Helsinki Group chairwoman Lyudmila Alexeyeva the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960 1980s 43 At that time Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky wrote A New Mental Illness in the USSR The Opposition published in French 44 German 45 Italian 46 Spanish 47 and coauthored with Semyon Gluzman A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian 48 English 49 French 50 Italian 51 German 52 Danish 53 Repression of the Helsinki Watch Groups Edit Main articles Moscow Helsinki Group Ukrainian Helsinki Group and Lithuanian Helsinki GroupIn 1977 1979 and again in 1980 1982 the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow Kiev Vilnius Tbilisi and Erevan by launching large scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison labor camp internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment From the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group 1978 saw its members Yuri Orlov Vladimir Slepak and Anatoly Shcharansky sentenced to lengthy labor camp terms and internal exile for anti Soviet agitation and propaganda and treason Another wave of arrests followed in the early 1980s Malva Landa Viktor Nekipelov Leonard Ternovsky Feliks Serebrov Tatiana Osipova Anatoly Marchenko and Ivan Kovalev 54 249 Soviet authorities offered some activists the opportunity to emigrate Lyudmila Alexeyeva emigrated in 1977 The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam Alexander Korchak Vitaly Rubin also emigrated and Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad 55 The Ukrainian Helsinki Group suffered severe repressions throughout 1977 1982 with at times multiple labor camp sentences handed out to Mykola Rudenko Oleksy Tykhy Myroslav Marynovych Mykola Matusevych Levko Lukyanenko Oles Berdnyk Mykola Horbal Zinovy Krasivsky Vitaly Kalynychenko Vyacheslav Chornovil Olha Heyko Vasyl Stus Oksana Meshko Ivan Sokulsky Ivan Kandyba Petro Rozumny Vasyl Striltsiv Yaroslav Lesiv Vasyl Sichko Yuri Lytvyn Petro Sichko 54 250 251 By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members of whom 22 were in prison camps 5 were in exile 6 emigrated to the West 3 were released and were living in Ukraine 1 Mykhailo Melnyk committed suicide 56 The Lithuanian Helsinki Group saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti Soviet activities and organization of religious processions Viktoras Petkus was sentenced in 1978 others followed in 1980 1981 Algirdas Statkevicius Vytautas Skuodys Mecislovas Jurevicius and Vytautas Vaiciunas 54 251 252 Currents of dissidence EditCivil and human rights movement Edit Yelena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov after their arrival for the conferment of the honorary doctorate in law from the University of Groningen 15 June 1989 Main article Human rights movement in the Soviet UnionStarting in the 1960s the early years of the Brezhnev stagnation dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression freedom of conscience freedom to emigrate punitive psychiatry and the plight of political prisoners It was characterized by a new openness of dissent a concern for legality the rejection of any underground and violent struggle 57 Throughout the 1960s 1980s those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities The documentation of political repression and rights violations in samizdat unsanctioned press individual and collective protest letters and petitions unsanctioned demonstrations mutual aid for prisoners of conscience and most prominently civic watch groups appealing to the international community Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in labor camps and being subjected to punitive psychiatry Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a legalist approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues Following several landmark political trials coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common This activity eventually led to the founding of the Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968 The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR 58 During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s the rights based strategy of dissent incorporated human rights ideas and rhetoric The movement included figures such as Valery Chalidze Yuri Orlov and Lyudmila Alexeyeva Special groups were founded such as the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR 1969 and the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR 1970 The signing of the Helsinki Accords 1975 containing human rights clauses provided rights campaigners with a new hope to use international instruments This led to the creation of dedicated Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow Moscow Helsinki Group Kiev Ukrainian Helsinki Group Vilnius Lithuanian Helsinki Group Tbilisi and Erevan 1976 77 59 159 194 The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as Andrei Sakharov Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during detente Helsinki Accords those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West next to refuseniks Movements of deported nations Edit In 1944 THE WHOLE OF OUR PEOPLE was slanderously accused of betraying the Soviet Motherland and was forcibly deported from the Crimea O n 5 September 1967 there appeared a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet which cleared us of the charge of treason but described us not as Crimean Tatars but as citizens of Tatar nationality formerly resident in the Crimea thus legitimizing our banishment from our home country and liquidating us as a nation We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately After it was published several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 30 June 1968 60 See also Population transfer in the Soviet UnionSeveral national or ethnic groups who had been deported under Stalin formed movements to return to their homelands In particular the Crimean Tatars aimed to return to Crimea the Meskhetian Turks to South Georgia and ethnic Germans aimed to resettle along the Volga River near Saratov The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957 61 In the early 1960s the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled Led by Mustafa Dzhemilev they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union 62 131 63 7 Emigration movements Edit Further information RefusenikThe emigration movements in the Soviet Union included the movement of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel and of the Volga Germans to emigrate to West Germany Soviet Jews were routinely denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc 64 A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West Citizens of German origin who lived in the Baltic states prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of the eighteenth century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union 62 132 65 67 In 1972 the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6000 and 8000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade As a result almost 70000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid 1980s 65 67 Similarly Armenians achieved a small emigration By the mid 1980s over 15000 Armenians had emigrated 65 68 Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social economic and political spheres Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual 66 Religious movements Edit For broader coverage of this topic see Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union The religious movements in the USSR included Russian Orthodox Catholic and Protestant movements They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs 63 8 The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement Protestant groups which opposed the anti religious state directives included the Baptists the Seventh day Adventists and the Pentecostals Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration National movements Edit The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine Lithuania Latvia Estonia Georgia and Armenia Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement Its aspiration was to resist the Russification of Ukraine and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic 63 7 In Lithuania the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement 63 7 Literary and cultural Edit TASS press release on the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U S S R A Solzhenitsyn has been deprived of his citizenship for systematic actions incompatible with being a citizen of the U S S R and for damaging the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Solzhenitsyn s family may join him when they consider it necessary Izvestia 15 February 1974 67 Several landmark examples of dissenting writers played a significant role for the wider dissident movement These include the persecutions of Osip Mandelshtam Boris Pasternak Mikhail Bulgakov and Joseph Brodsky as well as the publication of The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn In literary world there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident movement including Vasily Aksyonov Arkadiy Belinkov Leonid Borodin Joseph Brodsky Georgi Vladimov Vladimir Voinovich Aleksandr Galich Venedikt Yerofeyev Alexander Zinoviev Lev Kopelev Naum Korzhavin Vladimir Maximov Viktor Nekrasov Andrei Sinyavsky Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Varlam Shalamov 68 In the early Soviet Union non conforming academics were exiled via so called Philosophers ships 69 Later figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents 63 327 Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the wide field of Soviet Nonconformist Art such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group and artists active in the Second Culture Other groups Edit Other groups included the Socialists the movements for socioeconomic rights especially the independent unions as well as women s environmental and peace movements 62 132 63 3 18 Dissidents and the Cold War Edit In 1977 Jimmy Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky at the White House Responding to the issue of refuseniks in the Soviet Union the United States Congress passed the Jackson Vanik amendment in 1974 The provision in United States federal law intended to affect U S trade relations with countries of the Communist bloc that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact signed the Helsinki Final Act in August 1975 The third basket of the Act included extensive human rights clauses 70 99 100 When Jimmy Carter entered office in 1976 he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US Soviet detente He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as Charter 77 and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents Aleksandr Ginzburg and Andrei Sakharov In 1977 Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky in the White House asserting that he did not intend to be timid in his support of human rights 71 73 In 1979 the US Helsinki Watch Committee was established funded by the Ford Foundation Founded after the example of the Moscow Helsinki Group and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Accords and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union and lobbied policy makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders 72 460 In 1988 Ronald Reagan held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House US President Ronald Reagan attributed to the view that the brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia 73 On 14 November 1988 he held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is completely eliminated 74 Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U S Embassy Reagan s agenda was one of freedom to travel freedom of speech and freedom of religion 75 Dissidents about their dissent EditAndrei Sakharov said Everyone wants to have a job be married have children be happy but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt When I look at my situation and my family s situation and that of my country I realize that things are getting steadily worse 76 Fellow dissident and one of the founders of the Moscow Helsinki Group Lyudmila Alexeyeva wrote What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights If one person did it he would become a martyr if two people did it they would be labeled an enemy organization if thousands of people did it the state would have to become less oppressive 63 275 According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff totalitarian system has no mechanisms that could change the behavior of the ruling group from within 77 Any attempts to change this are immediately suppressed through repression 77 Dissidents appealed to international human rights organizations foreign governments and there was a result 77 See also EditA Chronicle of Current Events Anarchism in Russia Anti Leninism Anti Stalinist left Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania Dissident movement in the People s Republic of Poland Dubravlag Human rights movement in the Soviet Union Left communism Perm 36 Parallels Events People 36 parts 2013 documentary by Natella Boltyanskaya Refusenik 2007 documentary by Laura Bialis Samizdat They Chose Freedom 4 parts 2005 documentary by Vladimir Kara Murza Jr Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dissidents from the Soviet Union Portals Soviet Union Russia Society Politics Freedom of speechReferences Edit Carlisle Rodney Golson Geoffrey 2008 The Reagan era from the Iran crisis to Kosovo ABC CLIO p 88 ISBN 978 1851098859 Chronicle of Current Events samizdat in Russian Smith Stephen 2014 The Oxford handbook of the history of communism OUP Oxford p 379 ISBN 978 0199602056 Taras Raymond ed 2015 1992 The road to disillusion from critical Marxism to post communism in Eastern Europe 2 ed Routledge p 62 ISBN 978 1317454793 Universal Declaration of Human Rights General Assembly resolution 217 A III United Nations 10 December 1948 Proclamation of Tehran Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights Teheran 22 April to 13 May 1968 U N Doc A CONF 32 41 at 3 1968 United Nations May 1968 CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT Helsinki 1 aug 1975 Archived 2011 05 31 at the Wayback Machine Barber John October 1997 Opposition in Russia Government and Opposition 32 4 598 613 doi 10 1111 j 1477 7053 1997 tb00448 x S2CID 145793949 Rosenthal Abe 2 June 1989 Soviet dissenters used to die for speaking out The Dispatch p 5 Stone Alan 1985 Law psychiatry and morality essays and analysis American Psychiatric Pub pp 5 ISBN 978 0880482097 Singer Daniel 2 January 1998 Socialism and the Soviet Bloc The Nation Report of the U S Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry Schizophrenia Bulletin 15 4 Suppl 1 219 1989 doi 10 1093 schbul 15 suppl 1 1 PMID 2638045 Shirk Susan Winter 1977 1978 Human rights what about China Foreign Policy 29 109 127 doi 10 2307 1148534 JSTOR 1148534 Bergman Jay July 1992 Soviet dissidents on the Holocaust Hitler and Nazism a study of the preservation of historical memory The Slavonic and East European Review 70 3 477 504 JSTOR 4211013 Yakobson Anatoly Yakir Pyotr Khodorovich Tatyana Podyapolskiy Gregory Maltsev Yuri et al 21 August 1969 An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights The New York Review of Books Vasilyev Yuri 27 September 2012 The post Soviet optimistic pessimism of Vladimir Voinovich The Atlantic Horvath Robert November 2007 The Solzhenitsyn effect East European dissidents and the demise of the revolutionary privilege Human Rights Quarterly 29 4 879 907 doi 10 1353 hrq 2007 0041 S2CID 144778599 Fox Karen Skorobogatykh Irina Saginova Olga September 2005 The Soviet evolution of marketing thought 1961 1991 from Marx to marketing Marketing Theory 5 3 283 307 doi 10 1177 1470593105054899 S2CID 154474714 Glazov Yuri 1985 The Russian mind since Stalin s death D Reidel Publishing Company p 105 ISBN 978 9027719690 Binder David Summer 1977 The quiet dissident East Germany s Reiner Kunze The Wilson Quarterly 1 4 158 160 JSTOR 40255268 Helsinki pact said abused The Spokesman Review 28 November 1976 p A11 Helsinkskij akkord Helsinki Accord in Russian Radio Liberty 1 August 2015 Prisoners of conscience in the USSR Their treatment and conditions PDF immediate download London Amnesty International Publications 1975 p 118 ISBN 978 0900058134 Political Prisoners in the U S S R New York The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners 1975 Inside Soviet prisons Documents of the struggle for human and national rights in the USSR PDF New York The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners 1976 OCLC 3514696 Archived PDF from the original on 5 November 2015 The abuse of psychiatry in the USSR Soviet dissenters in psychiatric prisons New York The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners 1976 ASIN B00CRZ0EAC a b Howell John Spring 1983 The Carter human rights policy as applied to the Soviet Union Presidential Studies Quarterly 13 2 286 295 JSTOR 27547926 Mydans Seth 18 February 1977 Sakharov gets personal letter from Carter Schenectady Gazette Vol LXXXIV no 121 Marder Murrey 19 February 1977 Carter firm as Soviets assail support of dissidents The Washington Post Dean Richard January March 1980 Contacts with the West the dissidents view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union Universal Human Rights 2 1 47 65 doi 10 2307 761802 JSTOR 761802 Snyder Sarah 2011 Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War a transnational history of the Helsinki network Cambridge University Press p 73 ISBN 978 1139498920 Volkogonov Dmitri Shukman Harold 1998 Autopsy for an empire the seven leaders who built the Soviet regime Simon amp Schuster p 342 ISBN 978 0684834207 Yankelevich Tatyana 1985 Silence is the crime Human Rights 13 13 40 a b Shlapentokh Vladimir 1990 Soviet intellectuals and political power the post Stalin era I B Tauris ISBN 978 1850432845 Sharlet Robert 1978 Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe changing patterns since Khrushchev PDF International Journal 33 n 4 4 766 doi 10 2307 40201689 JSTOR 40201689 via JSTOR Eroshok Zoya 13 February 2015 Lyudmila Alekseeva Ya chelovek sklonnyj byt schastlivym Lyudmila Alexeyeva I am a man prone to be happy Novaya Gazeta in Russian No 15 Murray Thomas June 1983 Genetic screening in the workplace ethical issues Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 25 6 451 454 doi 10 1097 00043764 198306000 00009 PMID 6886846 Reich Walter August 1978 Diagnosing Soviet dissidents Courage becomes madness and deviance disease Harper s Magazine 257 1539 31 37 PMID 11662503 Bowers Leonard 2003 The social nature of mental illness Routledge p 135 ISBN 978 1134587278 Shapiro Leon 1971 Soviet Union American Jewish Year Book 72 72 400 410 JSTOR 23605325 Sharlet Robert Autumn 1978 Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe changing patterns since Khrushchev International Journal 33 4 763 795 doi 10 2307 40201689 JSTOR 40201689 Shlapentokh Vladimir March 1990 The justification of political conformism the mythology of Soviet intellectuals Studies in Soviet Thought 39 2 111 135 doi 10 1007 BF00838027 JSTOR 20100501 S2CID 143908122 Vystupleniya P D Tishenko B G Yudina A I Antonova A G Gofmana V N Krasnova B A Voskresenskogo Speeches by P D Tishchenko B G Yudin A I Antonov A G Gofman V N Krasnov B A Voskresensky Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal The Independent Psychiatric Journal in Russian 2 2004 ISSN 1028 8554 Retrieved 14 January 2012 Boukovsky 1971 Bukowski 1971 Bukovskij 1972 Bukovsky 1972 Bukovsky amp Gluzman 1975a Bukovsky and Gluzman 1975b 1975c 1975d Boukovsky amp Glouzmann 1975 Bukovskij Gluzman amp Leva 1979 Bukowski amp Gluzman 1976 Bukovskiĭ amp Gluzman 1975e a b c Appendix B Imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe November 1982 Washington D C U S Government Printing Office 1982 Archived from the original PDF immediate download on 22 December 2015 Snyder Sarah 2011 Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War a transnational history of the Helsinki network Human rights in history New York Cambridge University Press p 75 ISBN 978 1107645103 Zinkevych Osyp 1993 Ukrainian Helsinki Group In Kubiĭovych Volodymyr Struk Danylo eds Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol 5 University of Toronto Press pp 387 388 ISBN 978 0802030108 Daniel Alexander 2002 Istoki i korni dissidentskoj aktivnosti v SSSR Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR Neprikosnovennyj zapas Emergency Ration in Russian 1 21 Horvath Robert 2005 The legacy of Soviet dissent dissidents democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia London amp New York Routledge pp 70 129 ISBN 978 0415333207 Thomas Daniel 2001 The Helsinki effect international norms human rights and the demise of communism Princeton N J Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691048581 A Chronicle of Current Events No 2 30 June 1968 2 4 Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion Natella Boltyanskaya 30 December 2013 Dvadcat chetvertaya seriya Istoriya krymskih tatar Part twenty four History of the Crimean Tatars Voice of America in Russian Parallels Events People a b c Gerlant Uta 2010 The law is our only language Soviet dissidents and human rights Human rights and history a challenge for education Berlin Stiftung Erinnerung Verantwortung und Zukunft pp 130 141 ISBN 978 3 9810631 9 6 a b c d e f g Alexeyeva Ludmilla 1987 Soviet dissent contemporary movements for national religious and human rights Middletown Connecticut Wesleyan University Press p 275 ISBN 978 0 8195 6176 3 Azbel Mark Forbes Grace 1981 Refusenik trapped in the Soviet Union Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978 0395302262 a b c Cracraft James Rubenstein Joshua 1988 Dissent The Soviet Union Today An Interpretive Guide pp 64 75 ISBN 978 0 226 22628 6 Ivakhnyuk Irina Russians and Migrant Workers Want to Leave Russia to Work and Live in the West Russia edited by Viqi Wagner Detroit MI Greenhaven Press 2009 Opposing Viewpoints Gale in Context Opposing Viewpoints link gale com lpclibrary idm oclc org apps doc EJ3010232247 OVIC u live10669 amp sid bookmark OVIC amp xid e561da75 Accessed 27 Sept 2021 Originally published in International Symposium on International Migration and Development Population Division Department of Economic and Social Stratman David July 1975 Political and lumpen prisoners the question of compliance and socioliterary investigation Stanford Law Review 27 6 1629 1641 doi 10 2307 1228187 JSTOR 1228187 Pisateli dissidenty biobibliograficheskie stati nachalo Dissident writers bibliographic articles beginning Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie New Literary Review in Russian 66 2004 Gregory Paul Spring 2009 The ship of philosophers how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals The Independent Review 13 4 485 492 Thomas Daniel 2001 The Helsinki effect international norms human rights and the demise of Communism Princeton N J Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691048598 Mitchell Nancy 2011 The Cold War and Jimmy Carter In Melvyn P Leffler Odd Arne Westad eds Volume III Endings The Cambridge History of the Cold War Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 66 88 ISBN 978 0 521 83721 7 Foot Rosemary 2011 The Cold War and human rights In Melvyn P Leffler Odd Arne Westad eds Volume III Endings The Cambridge History of the Cold War Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 445 465 ISBN 978 0 521 83721 7 Altshuler Stuart 2005 From exodus to freedom a history of the Soviet Jewry movement Rowman amp Littlefield p 61 ISBN 978 0742549364 Lee Gary 15 November 1988 President receives Sakharov The Washington Post Edwards Lee 2005 The essential Ronald Reagan a profile in courage justice and wisdom Rowman amp Littlefield pp 136 ISBN 978 0742543751 Hadden Briton Luce Henry 1977 The World Time No 109 p 29 a b c Galperovich Danila 21 October 2015 Dlya vyhoda Hroniki tekushih sobytij v Rossii opyat prishlo vremya Time is ripe again for issuing A Chronicle of Current Events in Russia in Russian Voice of America Further reading EditVery long listOutsiders works Edit Chomsky signs statement hitting Soviet repression The Harvard Crimson 31 October 1973 Civil dissent in the USSR the Ford and Carter administrations treatment of human rights during the era of the Moscow Helsinki Group University of Scranton 2012 De la dissidence a la democratie passe present avenir de la Russie actes du colloque consacre a la memoire de Vladimir Maximov From dissent to democracy past present and future of Russia proceedings of a symposium dedicated to commemoration of Vladimir Maximov in French Paris Editions du Rocher 1996 ISBN 978 2268024301 Dissenso cristiano in URSS Christian dissent in the USSR in Italian Bologna Editrice Missionaria Italiana 1974 OCLC 64387170 Dissent ethnonationalism and the politics of coercion in the USSR Carleton University 1990 Dissent psychiatry and the Soviet Union The Lancet 1 7854 419 420 9 March 1974 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 74 93195 x PMID 11643587 Human rights the dissidents v Moscow Time Vol 109 no 8 21 February 1977 p 28 Il dissenso culturale nell URSS documenti leterari edel samizdat The cultural dissent in the USSR literary documents of samizdat in Italian La biennale di Venezia 1977 Politics and deviance the social control of dissidents in the Soviet Union 1965 78 University of Essex 1980 Sakharov case spotlights Soviet efforts against dissidents The Hour 26 May 1984 Slavophiles and westernizers in Soviet dissent Wellesley College 1975 Solzhenitsyn urges Slavic nation to replace U S S R dissent exiled writer launches a vehement attack on Gorbachev s policies His article will be distributed widely in the Soviet Union Los Angeles Times 19 September 1990 Soviet activists honoured Nature 290 5801 7 5 March 1981 Bibcode 1981Natur 290R 7 doi 10 1038 290007b0 S2CID 28685752 Soviet dissent and the American national interest Defense Technical Information Center 1986 Soviet dissident scientists 1966 78 a study Defense Technical Information Center 1979 Soviet dissidents and Jimmy Carter Memorial Retrieved 28 November 2015 Soviet dissidents another taken Nature 288 5788 206 20 November 1980 Bibcode 1980Natur 288R 206 doi 10 1038 288206b0 S2CID 27945544 Information Reed Business 2 June 1977 Soviet dissidents seek paper support New Scientist 74 1054 517 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a first1 has generic name help Soviet era dissidents despise Putin The Washington Times 13 November 2004 Soviet nuclear dissent Nature 337 6205 292 26 January 1989 Bibcode 1989Natur 337Q 292 doi 10 1038 337292a0 PMID 2911370 S2CID 4285530 Soviet Union bad days for dissidents Time 26 April 1976 Soviet Union crackdown on dissent Time 18 December 1972 Soviet Union dissent insanity Time 19 December 1969 Soviet Union exile for dissenters Time 20 August 1973 Soviet Union music of dissent Time 7 September 1970 Soviet Union smothering dissent Time 11 February 1974 Our Washington Correspondent 28 September 1973 Soviet Union support for dissent Nature 245 5422 178 Bibcode 1973Natur 245 178O doi 10 1038 245178a0 S2CID 4099440 Soviet Union the war asylums or prisons Time 7 February 1972 The human rights movement and dissidents in the Soviet Union can their demand for legality prevent arbitrariness University of Maine School of Law 1985 The KGB file of Andrei Sakharov Index of documents in English and Russian Archived from the original on 2007 05 21 Two Soviet giants in dissent The New York Times 29 September 1990 U S policy toward Russia warnings and dissent Washington D C U S Government Printing Office 2000 ISBN 9780160605406 Information Reed Business 5 January 1978 US science academy supports dissident scientists New Scientist 77 1084 3 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a first1 has generic name help Information Reed Business 6 March 1980 Western pressure for Soviet dissidents continues New Scientist 85 1197 720 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a first1 has generic name help Vlast i dissidenty Iz dokumentov KGB i CK KPSS Authority and dissidents From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU PDF in Russian Moscow Moscow Helsinki Group 2006 ISBN 978 5 98440 034 3 Archived PDF from the original on 6 March 2013 Pisateli dissidenty biobibliograficheskie stati nachalo Dissident writers bibliographic articles beginning Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie New Literary Review in Russian 66 2004 Pisateli dissidenty biobibliograficheskie stati prodolzhenie Dissident writers bibliographic articles continuance Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie New Literary Review in Russian 67 2004 Pisateli dissidenty biobibliograficheskie stati okonchanie Dissident writers bibliographic articles ending Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie New Literary Review in Russian 68 2004 P L Kapica i Yu V Andropov ob inakomyslii P L Kapitsa and Yu V Andropov about dissent Kommunist in Russian 7 1991 Resistance to Unfreedom in the USSR The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center Peace Progress Human Rights Ackerman Galina 2006 Eshe raz o dissidentah ob ih roli v padenii sovetskogo rezhima Once again about dissidents about their role in the fall of the Soviet regime Kontinent in Russian 128 Adelstein Robert 30 September 1976 Soviet dissidents keeping the flame alight Nature 263 5576 363 364 Bibcode 1976Natur 263 363A doi 10 1038 263363a0 S2CID 4164699 Anderson Elena 1994 Repressive policies against Soviet dissent in the post Stalin era 1964 1972 Antunes Melo 1978 Liberta e socialismo momenti storici del dissenso Liberty and socialism historical moments of dissent in Italian Milan SugarCo Ed OCLC 256585424 Aron Leon 19 March 2008 The return of Soviet dissidents The Moscow Times Astrachan Antony 22 September 1973 Detente and dissent The New Republic pp 15 18 Aucouturier Michel 1981 1982 Les revues de l emigration et de la dissidence russes Magazines of emigration and Russian dissent Le Debat in French 9 2 72 79 doi 10 3917 deba 009 0072 Barashkov Gregory 2007 Dissidentskoe dvizhenie v SSSR 1960 1970 Dissident movement in the USSR 1960 1970 PDF immediate download Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta Seriya Ekonomika Upravlenie Pravo in Russian 7 1 102 104 Barber John October 1997 Opposition in Russia Government and Opposition 32 4 598 613 doi 10 1111 j 1477 7053 1997 tb00448 x S2CID 145793949 Barghoorn Frederick 1971 The general pattern of Soviet dissent Research Institute on Communist Affairs School of International Affairs Columbia University Barghoorn Frederick 1974 Soviet dissenters on Soviet nationality policy In Bell Wendell Freeman Walter eds Ethnicity and nation building comparative international and historical perspectives Beverly Hills London Sage Publications pp 117 133 ISBN 978 0803901735 Barghoorn Frederick 1976 Detente and the democratic movement in the USSR New York Free Press ISBN 978 0029018507 Barghoorn Frederick 1983 Regime dissenter relations after Khrushchev some observations In Solomon Susan Skilling Harold eds Pluralism in the Soviet Union Macmillan pp 131 168 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 06617 9 6 ISBN 978 0333345825 Barghoorn Frederick Spring Summer 1983 Regime dissenter confrontation in the USSR samizdat and Western views 1972 1982 Studies in Comparative Communism 16 1 2 99 119 doi 10 1016 0039 3592 83 90046 7 Barringer Felicity 27 May 1988 Toward the summit Soviet warns Reagan about seeing dissidents The New York Times Bartsch Gunter August 1972 Intellektuelle opposition in der Sowjetunion Intellectual opposition in the Soviet Union Politische Vierteljahresschrift in German 13 1 159 160 JSTOR 24195773 Belotserkovsky Vadim 1975 Soviet dissenters Solzhenitsyn Sakharov Medvedev Partisan Review 42 1 35 68 Bengelsdorf Herbert May 1971 Psychiatric commitment of dissenters in Russia a myth American Journal of Psychiatry 127 11 1575 6 doi 10 1176 ajp 127 11 1575 PMID 4251661 Bennigsen Alexandre January 1978 Muslim religious conservatism and dissent in the USSR Religion in Communist Lands 6 3 153 161 doi 10 1080 09637497808430874 Bergman Jay January 1992 Soviet dissidents on the Russian intelligentsia 1956 1985 the search for a usable past The Russian Review 51 1 16 35 doi 10 2307 131244 JSTOR 131244 Bergman Jay May 1998 Reading fiction to understand the Soviet Union Soviet dissidents on Orwell s 1984 History of European Ideas 23 5 6 173 192 doi 10 1016 S0191 6599 98 00001 1 Bergman Jay December 1998 Was the Soviet Union totalitarian The view of Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era Studies in East European Thought 50 4 247 281 doi 10 1023 A 1008690818176 JSTOR 20099686 S2CID 140489617 Bernstein Richard 12 April 1988 Exiled Soviet dissidents group in dispute over threat to dissenters The New York Times Beyrau Dietrich 1993 Intelligenz und Dissens Die russischen Bildungsschichten in der Sowjetunion 1917 bis 1985 Intelligentsia and dissent The Russian educational stratum in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1985 in German Gottingen Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht ISBN 978 3525362310 Biddulph Howard September 1972 Soviet intellectual dissent as a political counter culture The Western Political Quarterly 25 3 522 533 doi 10 2307 446966 JSTOR 446966 Bilinsky Yaroslav September 1983 Russian dissidents and their attitudes toward the non Russian Nations Russian dissidents attitudes toward the political strivings of the non Russian nations in the Soviet Union Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 11 2 190 204 doi 10 1080 00905998308407967 S2CID 251055699 Bilocerkowycz Jaroslaw 1988 Soviet Ukrainian dissent a study of political alienation Westview Press ISBN 978 0813372402 Bird Christopher April 1972 Psychiatry to silence dissent The Russian Review 31 2 175 178 doi 10 2307 128209 JSTOR 128209 Bittner Stephen 2008 Dissidence and the end of the Thaw The many lives of Khrushchev s Thaw experience and memory in Moscow s Arbat Cornell University Press pp 174 210 ISBN 978 0801446061 Blake Patricia 1 December 1980 Soviet Union killing the spirit of Helsinki Time Bloch Sidney Reddaway Peter 21 July 1977 Your disease is dissent New Scientist 75 1061 149 151 PMID 11663776 Bloch Sidney Reddaway Peter 1977 Psychiatric terror How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent Basic Books ISBN 978 0465064885 Bloch Sidney Reddaway Peter 1985 Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union In Stover Eric Nightingale Elena eds The breaking of bodies and minds torture psychiatric abuse and the health professions New York W H Freeman and Company pp 132 163 ISBN 978 0716717331 Bloche Gregg Spring 1986 Law theory and politics the dilemma of Soviet psychiatry The Yale Journal of International Law 11 2 298 358 Bociurkiw Bohdan April 1970 Political dissent in the Soviet Union Studies in Comparative Communism 3 2 74 105 doi 10 1016 S0039 3592 70 80117 X Bociurkiw Bohdan July 1970 Review the voices of dissent and the visions of gloom The Russian Review 29 3 328 335 doi 10 2307 127541 JSTOR 127541 Bonavia David October 1972 Prospects for Soviet dissidents The World Today 28 10 451 457 JSTOR 40394564 Boobbyer Philip October 2000 Truth telling conscience and dissent in late Soviet Russia evidence from oral histories European History Quarterly 30 4 553 585 doi 10 1177 026569140003000404 S2CID 143633044 Boobbyer Philip 2005 Conscience dissent and reform in Soviet Russia London Routledge ISBN 978 0415331869 Bourdeaux Michael October 1969 Dissent in the Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Review 28 4 416 427 doi 10 2307 127161 JSTOR 127161 Brahm Heinz 1978 Die sowjetischen Dissidenten Stromungen und Ziele The Soviet dissidents trends and goals in German Bundesinstitut fur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien Breuillard Sabine 1 January 1993 La dissidence en U R S S les annees 1950 1980 objet d etude sources problemes de methode Colloque de Moscou 24 26 aout 1992 Dissent in the U S S R The 1950 1980s object of study sources methodological problems Moscow symposium 24 26 August 1992 Revue des Etudes Slaves in French 65 2 423 428 Brumberg Abraham 1970 In quest of justice protest and dissent in the Soviet Union today New York Praeger ISBN 9780269671760 Brumberg Abraham July 1974 Dissent in Russia Foreign Affairs 52 4 781 798 doi 10 2307 20038087 JSTOR 20038087 Brunsdale Mitzi 1 October 1982 Chronicling Soviet dissidence Current History 81 477 333 334 doi 10 1525 curh 1982 81 477 333 S2CID 251523677 Campa Riccardo 1 July 1979 El fenomeno de la disidencia en la U R S S The phenomenon of dissent in the U S S R Arbor in Spanish 103 403 345 Cattle David October 1970 Dissent and stability in the Soviet Union Current History 59 350 220 225 doi 10 1525 curh 1970 59 350 220 S2CID 249698921 Chapple Richard February 1976 Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel In Fox Vernon ed Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections Vol 21 Tallahassee Florida State University pp 149 158 Cherkasov Petr March 2005 Dissidence at IMEMO Russian Politics amp Law 43 2 31 69 doi 10 1080 10611940 2005 11066946 S2CID 146632891 Chiama Jean Soulet Jean Francois 1982 Histoire de la dissidence oppositions et revoltes en URSS et dans les democraties populaires de la mort de Staline a nos jours History of dissent oppositions and revolts in the USSR and the people s democracies from the death of Stalin to the present day in French Paris Seuil ISBN 9782020062572 Chiampana Andrea July 2014 Tra diritti umani e distensione L amministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss Between human rights and detente the Carter administration and dissent in the USSR Cold War History in Italian 14 3 452 453 doi 10 1080 14682745 2014 917800 S2CID 154618162 Chodoff Paul February 1974 Involuntary hospitalization of political dissenters in the Soviet Union Psychiatric Opinion 11 1 5 19 Chodoff Paul 7 June 1974 Soviet dissidents Science 184 4141 1030 Bibcode 1974Sci 184 1030C doi 10 1126 science 184 4141 1030 a JSTOR 1738392 PMID 17736179 S2CID 12983298 Chodoff Paul May 1978 Psychiatric terror How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent American Journal of Psychiatry 135 5 629 doi 10 1176 ajp 135 5 629 Chomsky Noam 21 August 1969 A reply to Joseph Alsop The New York Review of Books Chomsky Noam Barsamian David 1992 Chronicles of dissent interviews with David Barsamian Monroe Maine Common Courage Press ISBN 978 1873176900 Chung Pham March 1978 On the behavior of a totalitarian regime toward dissidents an economic analysis Public Choice 33 1 75 84 doi 10 1007 BF00123945 S2CID 189826006 Ciuciura Theodore January 1979 Dissent law and psychiatry in the Soviet Union Canadian Slavonic Papers 21 1 98 108 doi 10 1080 00085006 1979 11091571 JSTOR 40867419 PMID 11614322 Clark Ernest April 1975 Russian dissidents debate detente Dissent 22 2 116 117 Clementi Marco 2002 Il diritto al dissenso il progetto costituzionale di Andrej Sacharov The right to dissent Andrei Sakharov s constitutional project in Italian Rome Odradek Edizioni ISBN 978 8886973441 Clementi Marco 2007 Storia del dissenso sovietico 1953 1991 History of the Soviet dissent 1953 1991 in Italian Rome Odradek Edizioni ISBN 978 8886973854 Cline Francis 28 March 1991 Soviet opposition defies ban on rally The New York Times Cline Ray 1974 Understanding the Solzhenitsyn affair dissent and its control in the USSR Washington D C Center for Strategic and International Studies Georgetown University OCLC 02090746 Contessi Pier Luigi January February 1980 URSS il clamore del dissenso e il silenzio dell opposizione USSR the cry of dissent and the silence of the opposition Il Mulino in Italian 267 149 158 doi 10 1402 14404 Coogan Kevin Vanden Heuvel Katrina 19 March 1988 An internation story U S fund for Soviet dissidents The Nation Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 Crowfoot John October 2015 The USSR s voice of opposition PDF The World Today 71 5 40 Archived PDF from the original on 19 March 2016 Cox Michael January 1976 The politics of the dissenting intellectual Critique Journal of Socialist Theory 5 1 5 34 doi 10 1080 03017607508413163 Cutler Robert October 1980 Soviet dissent under Khrushchev an analytical study Comparative Politics 13 1 15 35 doi 10 2307 421761 JSTOR 421761 Dalos Gyorgy 2012 Der Umgang mit dem Dissens Dealing with dissent Lebt wohl Genossen Der Untergang des sowjetischen Imperiums Farewell comrades the fall of the Soviet empire in German C H Beck pp 14 16 ISBN 978 3406621796 Daniels Susan 1985 Carter administration s influence on coverage of Soviet dissidents University of Texas at Austin Dauce Francoise 2006 Les usages militants de la memoire dissidente en Russie post sovietique Militant use of dissident memory in post Soviet Russia Revue d Etudes Comparatives Est Ouest in French 37 1 43 66 doi 10 3406 receo 2006 1774 De Boer S P Driessen Evert Verhaar Hendrik 1982 Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union 1956 1975 The Hague Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ISBN 978 9024725380 Dean Richard January March 1980 Contacts with the West the dissidents view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union Universal Human Rights 2 1 47 65 doi 10 2307 761802 JSTOR 761802 Dean Richard 1980 1981 Beyond Helsinki the Soviet view of human rights in international law Virginia Journal of International Law 21 21 55 95 Dell Asta Marta 2003 Una via per incominciare il dissenso in URSS dal 1917 al 1990 One way to begin dissent in the USSR from 1917 to 1990 in Italian Milan La casa di Matriona ISBN 978 8887240474 Derbyshire Ian 1987 1986 Internal opposition dissidence and regionalism The politics in the Soviet Union from Brezhnev to Gorbachev 2 ed Edinburgh Chambers pp 113 136 ISBN 978 0550207456 Deutscher Tamara 1 March 1976 Intellectual opposition in the USSR New Left Review 96 101 113 Dobson Mariam Fall 2011 The post Stalin era de Stalinization daily life and dissent PDF Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 12 4 905 924 doi 10 1353 kri 2011 0053 ISSN 1531 023X S2CID 145121583 Duncan Peter January 1982 Russian intellectual dissent Marxism liberalism and nationalism Critique Journal of Socialist Theory 13 1 154 163 doi 10 1080 03017608208413281 Dupuy Robert 1982 Repression and Soviet dissent the post Khrushchev era George Washington University Ellis Jane December 1990 Hierarchs and dissidents conflict over the future of the Russian Orthodox Church Religion in Communist Lands 18 4 307 318 doi 10 1080 09637499008431484 Ellman Michael 1982 Psychiatric treatment for political dissidents in the USSR Poly Law Review 7 82 Emerson Susan December 1982 Writers who protest and protesters who write a guide to Soviet dissent literature Collection Building 4 1 21 33 doi 10 1108 eb023073 Evrard John Spring 1980 Human rights in the Soviet Union the policy of dissimulation DePaul Law Review 29 3 819 868 Fedyashin Anton Kondoyanidi Anita October 2009 The conservative dissident the evolution of Alexander Solzhenitsyn s political views PDF Revista de Instituciones Ideas y Mercados 5 41 72 Archived PDF from the original on 22 August 2014 Feldbrugge Ferdinand Joseph Maria 1973 Law and political dissent in the Soviet Union Current Legal Problems 26 1 241 259 doi 10 1093 clp 26 1 241 Feldbrugge Ferdinand Joseph Maria 1975 Samizdat and political dissent in the Soviet Union Brill ISBN 978 9028601758 Feldbrugge Ferdinand Joseph Maria Spring Summer 1980 The Soviet human rights doctrine in the crossfire between dissidents at home and critics abroad Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 13 451 466 Field Mark January 1995 Commitment for commitment or conviction for conviction the medicalization and criminalization of Soviet dissidence 1960 1990 The Soviet and Post Soviet Review 22 1 275 289 doi 10 1163 187633295X00213 Fireside Harvey January March 1980 The conceptualization of dissent Soviet behavior in comparative perspective Universal Human Rights 2 1 31 45 doi 10 2307 761801 JSTOR 761801 Fireside Harvey 1 December 1989 Dissident visions of the USSR Medvedev Sakharov amp Solzhenitsyn Polity 22 2 213 229 doi 10 2307 3234832 JSTOR 3234832 S2CID 156032782 Fisher Ruth 1989 Women and dissent in the USSR the Leningrad feminists Canadian Woman Studies 10 4 63 64 Fletcher William June 1971 Religious dissent in the USSR in the 1960s Slavic Review 30 2 298 316 doi 10 2307 2494242 JSTOR 2494242 S2CID 155850037 Fletcher William August 1972 Solzhenitsyn and the merger of dissent PDF Worldview 15 8 5 8 doi 10 1017 S0084255900014467 Floridi Alessio 1976 Mosca e il Vaticano I dissidenti sovietici di fronte al dialogo Moscow and Vatican The Soviet dissidents in front of dialog in Italian Milan La Casa di Matriona OCLC 644586977 Freebury Ray August 2011 On dissidents and madness from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the Soviet Union of Vladimir Putin Psychiatric Services 62 8 979 doi 10 1176 ps 62 8 pss6208 0979 Friedberg Maurice April 1974 Solzhenitsyn and the Soviet dissenters The American Spectator 12 13 Gasimov Zaur 2009 Dissidence and opposition in the Caucasus critics of the Soviet regime in Georgia and Azerbaijan in the 1970s early 1980s PDF The Caucasus amp Globalization 3 1 165 172 Archived PDF from the original on 23 March 2016 Gauer Ralph November December 1973 Soviet dissent its sources and significance Air University Review 25 1 45 53 Georgopoulos Zach 1990 Soviet and Chinese criminal dissent laws glasnost v tienanmen Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 14 14 475 476 Gerlant Uta 2010 The law is our only language Soviet dissidents and human rights Human rights and history a challenge for education Berlin pp 142 154 ISBN 978 3 9810631 9 6 Gewertz Ken 4 November 2004 Bonner points to still powerful KGB former Soviet dissidents say that present day Russia shows little improvement over dark days of old regime Harvard University Gazette Gilison Jerome September 1968 Soviet elections as a measure of dissent the missing one percent American Political Science Review 62 3 814 826 doi 10 2307 1953432 JSTOR 1953432 S2CID 145304272 Gillette Robert 31 May 1988 Reagan meets 96 Soviet dissidents he praises their courage says I came to give you strength The Los Angeles Times Glenny Michael April 1970 Dissent in perspective Studies in Comparative Communism 3 2 65 73 doi 10 1016 S0039 3592 70 80116 8 Goble Paul 1990 Federalism and human rights in the Soviet Union Cornell International Law Journal 23 2 399 403 Gorgia Federico January March 1974 Dissenso intellettuale nell URSS e politica estera sovietica Intellectual dissent in the USSR and Soviet foreign policy Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali in Italian 41 1 33 46 JSTOR 42733795 Graf Bernd Graf Jutta 1990 Multinationale und multiphone Literatur der Sowjetunion Literatur von Dissidenten und sowjetische Untergrundliteratur slawische albanische und ungaro finnische sowie nordische Literatur aus den Jahren 1973 1989 Multinational and multiphone literature of the Soviet Union literature of dissidents and Soviet underground literature Slavic Albanian and Hungaro Finnish and Nordic literature of 1973 1989 in German Stuttgart Hiersemann ISBN 978 3777290201 OCLC 891918246 Greenfield Richard 1982 The human rights literature of the Soviet Union Human Rights Quarterly 4 4 124 136 doi 10 2307 761994 JSTOR 761994 Gregory Paul Spring 2009 The ship of philosophers how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals The Independent Review 13 4 485 492 Grzybowski Kazimierz 1972 Freedom of expression and dissent in the Soviet Union an essay American Bar Association Standing Committee on Education About Communism and Its Contrast With Liberty Under Law Grzybowski Kazimierz Spring 1979 Penal regimes and dissenters in the Soviet orbit Law and Contemporary Problems 43 2 289 295 doi 10 2307 1191201 JSTOR 1191201 Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 Guttadauro Angelo de 1 January 1977 The metamorphosis of Soviet dissent Parameters 7 1 25 35 Hanlon Joseph 7 August 1975 Two scientists jailed as USSR cracks down on dissidents New Scientist 67 961 335 Hartl Fabian 2009 Homogenitat oder Heterogenitat Die Dissidentenbewegung in der Sowjetunion an ausgewahlten Beispielen Homogeneity or heterogeneity The dissident movement in the Soviet Union on selected examples in German GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3640455249 Haynes Viktor Semyonova Olga 1979 Workers against the Gulag the new opposition in the Soviet Union London Pluto Press ISBN 978 0861040728 Hellbeck Jochen Winter 2000 Speaking out languages of affirmation and dissent in Stalinist Russia Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1 1 71 96 doi 10 1353 kri 2008 0143 S2CID 162283391 Hodgman Edward 2003 Detente and the dissidents human rights in U S Soviet Relations 1968 1980 Holden Constance 27 February 1987 Release of Soviet dissidents continues Science 235 4792 968 Bibcode 1987Sci 235 968H doi 10 1126 science 235 4792 968a JSTOR 1698753 PMID 17782239 Holubenko M March 1975 The Soviet working class discontent and opposition Critique Journal of Socialist Theory 4 1 5 25 doi 10 1080 03017607508413144 Hoppe Kondrikova Olga 2012 Dissidents moral alternative to the Soviet model of society The Orthodox dissidents and the ROC the Ecclesiastical crisis PDF Struggling for civil society The idea and the reality of civil society An interdisciplinary study with a focus on Russia Universal Press pp 351 364 ISBN 9789090264103 Archived PDF from the original on 12 March 2016 Horia Vintila 1980 Literatura y disidencia de Mayakovski a Soljenitsin Literature and dissent from Mayakovsky to Solzhenitsyn in Spanish Madrid Rioduero ISBN 978 8430021512 Hornsby Robert 2009 Voicing discontent Political dissident from the secret speech to Khrushchev s ouster In Ilic Melanie Smith Jeremy eds Soviet state and society under Nikita Khrushchev Routledge pp 162 180 ISBN 978 1134023622 Horvath Robert 2002 The dissident roots of glasnost In Wheatcroft Stephen ed Challenging traditional views of Russian history Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire and New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 173 202 doi 10 1057 9780230506114 8 ISBN 978 0333754610 Horvath Robert 2005 The legacy of Soviet dissent dissidents democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia London amp New York Routledge ISBN 978 0415333207 Horvath Robert Winter 2008 The Putin regime and the heritage of dissidence Telos 2008 145 7 30 Hudson Hugh August 1977 Zakonnost and dissent post Stalin repression of political dissidents in historical perspective The Historian 39 4 681 701 doi 10 1111 j 1540 6563 1977 tb00075 x Hurst Mark 2016 British human rights organizations and Soviet dissent 1965 1985 Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 978 1472527288 Jacobs Michael December 1978 Soviet dissidents mail fails to go through Physics Today 31 12 95 96 Bibcode 1978PhT 31l 95J doi 10 1063 1 2994905 Jacobs Michael January 1981 Soviet repression of dissidents Physics Today 34 1 52 53 Bibcode 1981PhT 34a 52J doi 10 1063 1 2889967 Jallot Nicolas 2011 Viktor Orekhov un dissident au KGB Viktor Orekhov a dissident of the KGB in French Stock ISBN 978 2234070318 Jones Lesya Yasen Bohdan 1977 Dissent in Ukraine An underground journal from Soviet Ukraine The Ukrainian Herald 6 Jones Polly Summer 2014 Socialist worlds of dissent and discontent after stalinism Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 15 3 637 652 doi 10 1353 kri 2014 0040 S2CID 159545394 Joppke Christian December 1994 Revisionism dissidence nationalism opposition in Leninist regimes The British Journal of Sociology 45 4 543 561 doi 10 2307 591882 JSTOR 591882 Karavansky Sviatoslav September 1983 Two approaches to the solution of nationalities problems in the USSR in the writings of soviet dissidents Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 11 2 244 247 doi 10 1080 00905998308407970 S2CID 177317458 Kartashkin Vladimir 1991 Human rights and the emergence of the state of the rule of law in the USSR Emory Law Journal 40 889 902 Katz Zev 1971 Soviet dissenters and social structure in the USSR Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology ASIN B0006WAK4I Keller Bill 3 April 1987 Sakharov disillusions dissidents The Chicago Tribune Kengor Paul 3 August 2013 Reagan s evil empire turns 30 The American Spectator Killingsworth Matt June 2007 Opposition and dissent in Soviet type regimes civil society and its limitations Journal of Civil Society 3 1 59 79 doi 10 1080 17448680701390745 S2CID 144047128 Kochan Lionel Abraham Richard 1983 1962 Leaders and dissidents The making of modern Russia 7 ed Macmillan pp 441 454 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 17053 1 21 ISBN 978 0333351895 Komaromi Ann Spring 2012 Samizdat and Soviet dissident publics Slavic Review 71 1 70 90 doi 10 5612 slavicreview 71 1 0070 JSTOR 10 5612 slavicreview 71 1 0070 S2CID 163795941 Komaromi Ann 2015 Uncensored samizdat novels and the quest for autonomy in Soviet dissidence Evanston Illinois Northwestern University Press ISBN 978 0810131866 Kowalewski David September 1974 National dissent in the Soviet Union the Crimean Tatar case Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 2 2 1 18 doi 10 1080 00905997408407756 S2CID 154738716 Kowalewski David December 1979 Dissent in the Baltic republics characteristics and consequences Journal of Baltic Studies 10 4 309 319 doi 10 1080 01629777900000321 Kowalewski David January March 1980 Human rights protest in the USSR statistical trends for 1965 78 Universal Human Rights 2 1 5 29 doi 10 2307 761800 JSTOR 761800 Kowalewski David June 1980 The protest uses of symbolic politics the mobilization functions of protester symbolic resources Social Science Quarterly 61 1 95 113 JSTOR 42860676 Kowalewski David September 1980 Protest for national rights in the USSR characteristics and consequences Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 8 2 179 194 doi 10 1080 00905998008407889 S2CID 154182757 Kowalewski David November 1980 Protests by Soviet Jews some determinants of success Soviet Jewish Affairs 10 3 47 56 doi 10 1080 13501678008577341 Kowalewski David April 1981 National rights protest in the Brezhnev era some determinants of success Ethnic and Racial Studies 4 2 175 188 doi 10 1080 01419870 1981 9993332 Kowalewski David Fall 1982 Establishment vigilantism and political dissent A Soviet case study Armed Forces amp Society 9 1 83 97 doi 10 1177 0095327X8200900106 S2CID 146443150 Kowalewski David September 1983 The multinationalization of Soviet dissent Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 11 2 206 230 doi 10 1080 00905998308407968 S2CID 154308222 Kowalewski David 1987 Protest militancy in the USSR when does it work The Social Science Journal 24 2 169 179 doi 10 1016 0362 3319 87 90031 0 Kowalewski David 1990 The historical structuring of a dissident movement Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change 12 89 110 Kowalewski David Greil Arthur 1985 Ecumenism Soviet dissident style Sociology of Religion 46 3 275 286 doi 10 2307 3710694 JSTOR 3710694 Kowalewsky David Jonson Cheryl Winter 1987 Cracking down on dissent bureaucratic satisficing in the USSR Public Administration Quarterly 10 4 419 444 JSTOR 41575720 Kramer Eric November 1991 Terrorizing discourses and dissident courage Communication Theory 1 4 336 347 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2885 1991 tb00024 x S2CID 17684724 Kulavig Erik 1998 Evidence of public dissent in the Khrushchev years In Bryld Mette Kulavig Erik eds Soviet civilization between past and present International Specialized Book Service Incorporated pp 77 ISBN 978 8778383303 Kunde Olaf 2013 2004 Das Dissidententum in der Sowjetunion nach der Stalin Ara 1956 1985 Dissent in the Soviet Union after the Stalin era 1956 1985 in German 3 ed Munchen GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3638731577 Kuptz Kirsten 2004 Dissent in the Soviet Union the role of Andrei Sakharov in the human rights movement GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3638278348 Kuromiya Hiroaki June 2003 Political youth opposition in late Stalinism evidence and conjecture Europe Asia Studies 55 4 631 638 doi 10 1080 0966813032000084037 S2CID 154490628 Kuzio Taras 1989 Dissent in Ukraine under Gorbachev a collection of samizdat documents Ukrainian Press Agency Kuzio Taras 2000 1994 Gorbachev dissent and the new opposition 1987 8 PDF Ukraine perestroika to independence 2 ed Basingstoke London Macmillan Press Ltd pp 64 82 doi 10 1057 9780333984345 4 ISBN 978 0333738443 Archived PDF from the original on 3 March 2016 Kuznetsova Anastasiya 2015 Uchastie sibirskih dissidentov v dvizheniyah za svobodu vybora strany prozhivaniya i emigracii v 1960 1980 gg Participation of the Siberian dissidents in the movements for freedom of choice of country of residence and emigration in the 1960 1980s PDF Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Istoriya in Russian 4 36 41 46 Archived PDF from the original on 27 February 2016 Laird Sally February 1987 Hope for dissenters Index on Censorship 16 2 9 12 doi 10 1080 03064228708534200 S2CID 144051821 Lamb Gregory 7 February 1983 US Jews protest treatment of Soviet dissidents refuseniks The Christian Science Monitor Lazaris Vladimir 1981 Dissidenty i evrei kto porval zheleznyj zanaves Dissidents and the Jews who broke the Iron Curtain in Russian Tel Aviv Effect Publishing Lebreton Veronique 1983 La repression de la dissidence en U R S S et en Amerique Latine Chili et Argentine depuis 1970 The repression of dissent in the U S S R and Latin America Chile and Argentina since 1970 in French Left Julian 13 October 1984 Russian political dissenters British Medical Journal 289 6450 996 998 doi 10 1136 bmj 289 6450 996 JSTOR 29516870 PMC 1443201 Lev Michael 6 June 2006 Friends foes recall victorious Cold Warrior The Chicago Tribune Lewytzkyj Borys 1972 Politische opposition in der Sowjetunion 1960 1972 Analyse und Dokumentation Political opposition in the Soviet Union 1960 1972 analysis and documentation in German Munchen Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag Lewytzkyj Borys 1973 L opposizione politica nell Unione Sovietica Political opposition in the Soviet Union in Italian Milan Rusconi Editore Liber George Mostovych Anna 1978 Nonconformity and dissent in the Ukrainian SSR 1955 1975 an annotated bibliography Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute ISBN 978 0916458010 Linden Carl 1980 Soviet politics and the revival of Russian patriotism Soviet rulers dissident patriots and Solzhenitsyn Institute for Sino Soviet Studies George Washington University ASIN B0006XTMP0 Lomellini Valentine 2010 L appuntamento mancato la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti 1968 1989 The missed appointment the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes 1968 1989 in Italian Florence Mondadori Education ISBN 978 8800740029 Lourie Richard Winter 1974 Soviet dissidents amp balance of power Dissent 15 Low Beer Gerard Arnold 27 February 1975 Soviet dissenters in need of help Nature 253 5494 678 Bibcode 1975Natur 253Q 678B doi 10 1038 253678a0 S2CID 4297438 Luckyj George January 1972 Polarity in Ukrainian intellectual dissent Canadian Slavonic Papers 14 2 269 279 doi 10 1080 00085006 1972 11091276 Lynch Allen Summer 1983 A policy perspective on dissent and repression in the Soviet Union The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 7 2 365 372 Masnou Gregoire 1992 Les dissidents sovietiques et la question nationale en Europe centrale Soviet dissidents and national issue in Central Europe in French Matsui Yasuhiro 2015 Obshchestvennost across borders Soviet dissidents as a hub of transnational agency Obshchestvennost and civic agency in late imperial and Soviet Russia interface between state and society Macmillan pp 198 218 doi 10 1057 9781137547231 10 ISBN 978 1137547231 Mee Cornelia 1971 The internment of Soviet dissenters in mental hospitals John Arliss Limited ASIN B002DTDME2 Meerson Aksenov Michail 1977 The dissident movement and samizdat In Meerson Aksenov Michail Shragin Boris eds The political social and religious thought of Russian samizdat an anthology Belmont MA Nordland Publishing Company pp 37 38 ISBN 978 0913124130 Messana Paola 2011 Dissidence Soviet communal living an oral history of the kommunalka Macmillan pp 97 102 doi 10 1057 9780230118102 22 ISBN 978 0230118102 Meyers Nechemia 30 September 1976 Soviet dissidents view from the promised land Nature 263 5576 365 Bibcode 1976Natur 263 365M doi 10 1038 263365a0 S2CID 30965085 Moroney Caitlin 2011 Beyond the pillars of dissent a re evaluation of Soviet dissidence University of Vermont Motyl Alexander Spring 1978 Soviet dissidents and eurocommunism Dissent 232 234 Mieli Paolo 12 June 2012 Intellettuali reticenti sul dissenso in Urss la sinistra italiana e il processo Sinjavskij Daniel Reticent intellectuals on dissent in the USSR the Italian left and the Sinyavsky Daniel trial PDF Corriere della Sera in Italian Archived PDF from the original on 28 February 2016 Mlikotin Anthony January 1985 The western intellectual heritage and the Soviet dissent Studies in Soviet Thought 29 1 17 32 doi 10 1007 BF01043846 S2CID 143831683 Nadler Gerald 15 November 2004 Ex Soviet dissidents say Russia is slipping The Moscow Times Nathans Benjamin September 2015 Talking fish on Soviet dissident memoirs The Journal of Modern History 87 3 579 614 doi 10 1086 682413 JSTOR 10 1086 682413 S2CID 146142435 Nivat Georges Kravetz Marc 1977 URSS gli scrittori del dissenso Bukowsky Calamov Daniel Guinzburg Pliusc Solgeniztin USSR writers of dissent Bukovsky Shalamov Daniel Ginzburg Plyushch Solzhenitsyn in Italian Venezia La Biennale di Venezia OCLC 797904993 Odom William July 1976 A dissenting view on the group approach to Soviet politics World Politics 28 4 542 567 doi 10 2307 2010066 JSTOR 2010066 S2CID 155152772 Oleszczuk Thomas 1988 Political justice in the USSR dissent and repression in Lithuania 1969 1987 East European Monographs ISBN 978 0880331449 Oliner Samuel 1982 1983 Soviet nationalities and dissidents a persistent problem Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 10 1 19 61 JSTOR 23261856 Osnos Peter November December 1977 Soviet dissidents and the American press Columbia Journalism Review 16 4 32 36 Pahre Jennifer 1984 The fine line between the enforcement of human rights agreements and the violation of national sovereignty the case of the Soviet dissidents Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal 3 7 323 350 Paley Grace Mayer Paul Chomsky Noam Dellinger David McReynolds David et al 13 December 1973 American dissent in Moscow The New York Review of Books Panagiotidis Jannis October 2013 The Jewish movement in the Soviet Union European Review of History 20 5 931 932 doi 10 1080 13507486 2013 832886 S2CID 146442299 Parchomenko Walter January 1981 Reporting on Soviet dissent the forgotten people Reason 12 9 45 48 Parchomenko Walter 1986 Soviet images of dissidents and nonconformists Praeger ISBN 978 0275920210 Parming Tonu June 1973 Dissent among the non Russian peoples of the USSR A brief commentary from the sociological perspective Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 1 2 17 23 doi 10 1080 00905997308407742 S2CID 144053097 Peters Michael 2016 Dissident thought systems of repression networks of hope Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 8 1 20 36 doi 10 22381 CRLSJ8120162 hdl 10289 10972 Peterson Christian 2014 The Carter administration and the promotion of human rights in the Soviet Union 1977 1981 Diplomatic History 38 3 628 656 doi 10 1093 dh dht102 Peunova Marina September 2008 From dissidents to collaborators the resurgence and demise of the Russian critical intelligentsia since 1985 PDF Studies in East European Thought 60 3 231 250 doi 10 1007 s11212 008 9057 8 S2CID 144115933 Phillips William Shragin Boris Aleshkovsky Yuz Kott Jan Siniavski Andrei Aksyonov Vassily Litvinov Pavel Dovlatov Sergei Nekrassov Viktor Etkind Efim Voinovich Vladimir Kohak Erazim Loebl Eugen Winter 1984 Writers in exile III a conference of Soviet and East European dissidents The Partisan Review 51 1 11 44 Poggio Pier 2009 Il dissenso critica e fine del comunismo Dissent criticism and the end of communism in Italian Venezia Marsilio ISBN 978 8831799096 Powell David January 1972 Controlling dissent in the Soviet Union Government and Opposition 7 1 85 98 doi 10 1111 j 1477 7053 1972 tb00834 x S2CID 145092912 Prokop Myroslav 1984 Dissident movement In Kubiĭovych Volodymyr Struk Danylo eds Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol 1 University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0802033628 Raskina Alexandra 2014 Frida Vigdorova s transcript of Joseph Brodsky s trial myths and reality Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 7 1 144 180 doi 10 1163 22102388 00700006 Reddaway Peter 1972 Uncensored Russia protest and dissent in the Soviet Union The unofficial Moscow journal A Chronicle of Current Events New York American Heritage Press ISBN 978 0070513549 Reddaway Peter 1973 The Soviet dissenters the regime and the outside world Proceedings and papers of the international symposium on the 50th anniversary of the U S S R International Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the U S S R pp 92 96 Reddaway Peter Spring 1976 Dissent in the Soviet Union Dissent 136 154 Reddaway Peter December 1977 International protests fail to halt imprisonment of Soviet dissidents in mental hospitals The Times 23 6 PMID 11648754 Reddaway Peter 1978 1975 The development of dissent and opposition In Brown Archie Kaser Michael eds The Soviet Union since the fall of Khrushchev 2 ed Macmillan pp 121 156 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 15847 8 6 ISBN 978 0333233375 Reddaway Peter 1983 1980 Policy towards dissent since Khrushchev In Schapiro Leonard Rigby Thomas Brown Archie Reddaway Peter eds Authority power and policy in the USSR essays dedicated to Leonard Schapiro 2 ed Macmillan pp 158 192 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 06655 1 9 ISBN 978 0333257029 Reddaway Peter 2010 How much did popular disaffection contribute to the collapse of the USSR In Fortescue S ed Russian politics from Lenin to Putin London Macmillan pp 152 184 doi 10 1057 9780230293144 7 ISBN 978 0230575875 Reddaway Peter 1984 1976 The development of dissent in the USSR In Griffith William ed The Soviet empire expansion and detente 2 ed Lexington books pp 57 84 ISBN 978 0669004212 Reddaway Peter September 2012 Soviet policies toward dissent 1953 1986 Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 24 1 2 57 82 doi 10 5840 jis2012241 22 Reich Rebecca 2010 Thinking differently psychiatry literature and dissent in the late Soviet period Harvard University Renom Jaime Olives January April 1986 Union Sovietica la cuestion de los disidentes Soviet Union the issue of dissidents PDF Cuenta y Razon in Spanish 22 85 93 Archived PDF from the original on 3 March 2016 Rial Horacio 2006 Todos somos disidentes sovieticos Pentimento We are all Soviet dissidents Repentance La Ilustracion Liberal Revista Espanola y Americana in Spanish 17 21 17 21 Rich Vera 30 September 1976 Soviet dissidents he who would dissident be Nature 263 5576 361 362 Bibcode 1976Natur 263 361R doi 10 1038 263361a0 S2CID 4169615 Rich Vera 9 December 1976 USSR bottling up dissent Reports on recent developments concerning dissidents in the USSR and Eastern Europe Nature 264 5586 501 502 Bibcode 1976Natur 264 501R doi 10 1038 264501a0 S2CID 40739064 Rich Vera 8 September 1977 USSR discrediting the dissidents Nature 269 5624 100 Bibcode 1977Natur 269 100R doi 10 1038 269100a0 S2CID 4249431 Rich Vera 24 November 1977 Leading Soviet dissidents in London Nature 270 5635 290 Bibcode 1977Natur 270R 290R doi 10 1038 270290b0 S2CID 41091196 Rich Vera 15 December 1977 Stalin s scientific deputy addresses dissident meeting Nature 270 5638 550 Bibcode 1977Natur 270 550R doi 10 1038 270550a0 S2CID 36455000 Rich Vera 17 May 1979 Soviet dissident charged Nature 279 5710 178 Bibcode 1979Natur 279 178R doi 10 1038 279178b0 S2CID 4282922 Rich Vera 11 February 1982 Soviet dissidents helpers divided Nature 295 5849 450 Bibcode 1982Natur 295R 450R doi 10 1038 295450c0 S2CID 41822324 Rich Vera 16 January 1986 Refusnik scientists dissenting dissidents agree Nature 319 6050 169 Bibcode 1986Natur 319 169R doi 10 1038 319169b0 S2CID 4260729 Richter Derek August 1971 Political dissenters in mental hospitals The British Journal of Psychiatry 119 549 225 226 doi 10 1192 bjp 119 549 225 S2CID 145461136 Rinzler Michael Spring 1994 Battling authoritarianism through treaty Soviet dissent and international human rights regimes Harvard International Law Journal 35 2 461 498 Ripa di Meana Carlo Mecucci Gabriella 2007 L ordine di Mosca fermate la biennale del dissenso The order of Moscow to stop the biennial of dissent in Italian Rome Liberal ISBN 978 8888835372 Robert Horvath October 2015 Sakharov would be with us Limonov Strategy 31 and the dissident legacy The Russian Review 74 4 581 598 doi 10 1111 russ 12049 Roberts Steven 19 March 1963 The politics of dissent turmoil in Soviet literature The Harvard Crimson Robinson Harlow 3 December 1980 Soviet dissent seen form outside and from inside the USSR On Soviet Dissent Interviews with Piero Ostellino by Roy Medvedev The Christian Science Monitor Robinson Paul 21 January 1989 Psychiatric imprisonment of Soviet dissidents British Medical Journal 298 6667 195 doi 10 1136 bmj 298 6667 195 JSTOR 29703310 S2CID 220170478 Ronza R 1970 Samizdat dissenso e contestazione nell Unione Sovietica Samizdat dissent and protest in the Soviet Union in Italian Milan IPL ISBN 978 8878362031 Rothberg Abraham 1972 The heirs of Stalin dissidence and the Soviet regime 1953 1970 Ithaca N Y Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801406676 Rubenstein Joshua 1 September 1978 The enduring voice of the Soviet dissidents Columbia Journalism Review 17 3 32 39 Rubenstein Joshua 1980 Soviet dissidents their struggle for human rights Beacon Press ISBN 978 0807032138 Rudnytsky Ivan Fall 1981 The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents Journal of Ukrainian Studies 6 2 3 Reprinted in Rudnytsky Ivan L 1988 The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissidents Essays in Modern Ukrainian History Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 477 ISBN 9780916458195 Rutman Roman January 1973 Jews and dissenters connections and divergences Soviet Jewish Affairs 3 2 26 37 doi 10 1080 13501677308577163 Rywkin Michael March 1981 Dissent in Soviet Central Asia Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 9 1 27 34 doi 10 1080 00905998108407900 S2CID 153757604 Salter Leonard Fall 1978 American lawyers and Russian dissidents the lawyer as social engineer The International Lawyer 12 12 869 875 JSTOR 40706698 Samatan Marie 1980 Droits de l homme et repression en URSS l appareil et les victimes Human rights and repression in the USSR mechanism and victims in French Paris Seuil ISBN 978 2020057059 Satter David 12 February 1987 A test case The New York Review of Books Satter David 30 April 2003 Soviet dissent and the Cold War Hoover Digest 2 Saunders George 1974 Samizdat voices of the Soviet opposition Pathfinder Press ISBN 978 0873489140 Savranskaya Svetlana 2009 Human rights movement in the USSR after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act and the reaction of Soviet authorities In Nuti Leopoldo ed The crisis of detente in Europe from Helsinki to Gorbachev 1975 1985 London New York Routledge pp 26 40 ISBN 978 1134044986 Schweitzer Glenn 2013 1989 Refuseniks dissidents and scientific exchanges Techno diplomacy US Soviet confrontations in science and technology 2 ed Springer pp 230 252 ISBN 978 1489960467 Seleznev Viktor 2009 Kto vybiraet svobodu Saratov Hronika inakomysliya 1920 1980 e gody Who chooses freedom Saratov Chronicle of dissent The 1920s 1980s PDF in Russian Saratov Serebryakova Elena 2012 Mir glazami dissidenta po knige V Bukovskogo I vozvrashaetsya veter World through the eyes of a dissident about the book of V Bukovsky The wind returns PDF Upravlencheskoe konsultirovanie in Russian 4 132 138 Archived from the original PDF on 1 March 2016 Shanker Thom 25 December 1986 Free political dissidents Sakharov tells Gorbachev The Chicago Tribune Shanker Thom Moseley Ray 31 May 1988 Reagan keeps focus on rights President holds talks with Soviet dissidents The Chicago Tribune Sharlet Robert Autumn 1978 Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe changing patterns since Khrushchev International Journal 33 4 763 795 doi 10 2307 40201689 JSTOR 40201689 Sharlet Robert 1 October 1980 Growing Soviet dissidence Current History 79 459 96 100 doi 10 1525 curh 1980 79 459 96 S2CID 249073839 Sharlet Robert 1984 Dissent and the Contra System in the Soviet Union Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 35 3 135 146 doi 10 2307 1174123 JSTOR 1174123 Sharlet Robert October 1986 Soviet dissent since Brezhnev Current History 85 513 321 324 340 doi 10 1525 curh 1986 85 513 321 S2CID 251522055 Shatz Marshall 1980 Soviet dissent in historical perspective Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521231725 Shlapentokh Dmitry August 2005 President Bush Shcharansky and the tradition of Russian dissent Contemporary Review 287 1675 71 81 Shirokorad Alexander 2014 Dissidenty 1956 1990 gg Dissidents of 1956 1990 in Russian Moscow Algoritm ISBN 978 5443807324 Siegel George Spring 1964 Voices in dissonance The Slavic and East European Journal 8 1 66 71 doi 10 2307 303978 JSTOR 303978 Simirenko Alex November 1975 A new type of Soviet resistance Society 13 1 35 37 doi 10 1007 BF02699992 S2CID 144092795 Simon Gerhard 1974 Church state and opposition in the U S S R University of California Press ISBN 978 0520026124 Sinatti Piero 1974 Il dissenso in URSS Dissent in the USSR in Italian Rome La nuova sinistra Savelli Sinatti Piero 1978 Il dissenso in Urss nell epoca di Breznev antologia della Cronaca degli avvenimenti correnti documenti e interventi Dissent in the USSR in the era of Brezhnev anthology of A Chronicle of Current Events documents and interviews in Italian Firenze Vallecchi Smith Fred Winter 1991 Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn dissidents with a different world view The Journal of Social Political and Economic Studies 16 4 469 476 Smith Gordon 1988 Dissent political ethnic and religious Soviet politics continuity and contradiction Macmillan Education pp 294 320 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 19172 7 13 ISBN 978 0333459195 Solovyov Vladimir Klepikova Elena 17 August 1987 The Kremlin and dissidents time for compromise Chicago Tribune Spechler Dina 1982 Permitted dissent in the USSR Novy mir and the Soviet regime New York Praeger ISBN 978 0030606212 Spechler Dina 1982 Permitted dissent and Soviet politics the case of Novyi Mir The Soviet and Post Soviet Review 9 1 1 39 doi 10 1163 187633282X00028 Spiegel Philip 2008 Triumph over tyranny the heroic campaigns that saved 2 000 000 Soviet Jews Devora Publishing ISBN 978 1615849383 Sun Marjorie 8 October 1982 Soviets clamp down on dissident groups Science 218 4568 139 Bibcode 1982Sci 218 139S doi 10 1126 science 218 4568 139 PMID 17753431 Surovtseva Ekaterina 2014 A I Solzhenicyn i A D Saharov diskussiya vokrug Pisma vozhdyam Sovetskogo Soyuza i eyo vospriyatie v emigrantskoj pechati M Agurskij A I Solzhenitsyn and A D Sakharov the debate around Letter to the Soviet leaders and its perception in the emigre press M Agursky PDF Filologicheskie nauki Voprosy teorii i praktiki in Russian 9 39 part 2 159 161 Archived from the original PDF immediate download on 6 March 2016 Surovtseva Ekaterina 2015 A I Solzhenicyn A D Saharov i R Medvedev diskussiya vokrug Pisma vozhdyam Sovetskogo Soyuza i eyo vospriyatie v emigrantskoj pechati M Agurskij A I Solzhenitsyn A D Sakharov and R Medvedev the debate around Letter to the Soviet leaders and its perception in the emigre press M Agursky Molodoj uchenyj in Russian 2 608 613 Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 Surrett William 1987 Formalization and contemporary patterns and conditions of modern Soviet dissidence Suslensky Yakov September 1983 The treatment of activities of Russian and non Russian dissidents by the Soviet regime a comparative analysis Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 11 2 232 243 doi 10 1080 00905998308407969 S2CID 177888152 Sweeting Stephen Spring 2010 Postmodern strategies of resistance Solzhenitsyn and Havel Journal of Integrated Studies 1 1 1 10 Szulc Tad Summer 1978 Living with dissent Foreign Policy 31 180 191 doi 10 2307 1148152 JSTOR 1148152 Tarnawsky Ostap Fall 1981 Dissident poets in Ukraine Journal of Ukrainian Studies 6 2 17 27 Tarnow Alexander von 1976 La Russia del dissenso Russia of dissent in Italian Rome Ciarrapico ASIN B00RW46CO0 Tikos Laszlo June 1973 Dissent among non Russian writers of the U S S R A philologist s analysis Nationalities Papers The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 1 2 10 16 doi 10 1080 00905997308407741 S2CID 159519955 Tokes Rudolf 1975 Dissent in the USSR politics ideology and people Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0801816611 Tonge William 20 July 1974 Psychiatry and political dissent The Lancet 304 7873 150 152 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 74 91569 4 PMID 4135437 Tria Massimo 2011 L invasione vista dai sovietici fra approvazione e dissenso The imaginative invasion of the Soviets from approval to dissent In Caccamo Francesco Helan Pavel Tria Massimo eds Primavera di Praga risveglio europeo Prague Spring European awakening in Italian Firenze University Press pp 97 126 ISBN 978 8864532691 Trigos Ludmilla 2009 The decembrists and dissidence myth and anti myth from the 1960s 1980s The decembrist myth in Russian culture Macmillan pp 141 160 doi 10 1057 9780230104716 7 ISBN 978 0230619166 Ulam Adam 1981 Russia s failed revolutions from the decembrists to the dissidents Littlehampton Book Services ISBN 978 0297779407 Vaissie Cecile 1999 Pour votre liberte et pour la notre le combat des dissidents de Russie For your and our freedom the struggle of Russian dissidents in French Laffont ISBN 978 2221090473 Vaissie Cecile July September 1999 La Chronique des evenements en cours Une revue de la dissidence dans l URSS brejnevienne A Chronicle of Current Events A review of dissidence in the Brezhnev USSR Vingtieme Siecle Revue d Histoire in French 63 107 118 doi 10 2307 3770704 JSTOR 3770704 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
