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Rudaki

Rudaki (also spelled Rodaki; Persian: رودکی; c. 858 – 940/41) was a Persian poet, singer and musician, who served as a court poet under the Samanids. He is regarded as the first major poet to write in New Persian. Said to have composed more than 180,000 verses, only a small portion of his work has survived, most notably a small part of his versification of the Kalila wa-Dimna, a collection of Indian fables.

Rudaki
Statue of Rudaki in Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Bornc. 858
Banoj, Samanid Empire
Died940/41 (aged 82 or 83)
Banoj, Samanid Empire
Occupation
  • Poet
  • singer
  • musician

Born in the village of Banoj (located in the present-day Rudak area), the most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at the court of the Samanids. While biographical information connects him to the Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II (r. 914–943), he may have already joined the court under the latter's predecessor, Ahmad Samani (r. 907–914).

Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, the vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940), who played an important role in the blooming of New Persian literature in the 10th-century. Following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's career deteriorated, eventually being dismissed from the court. He thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown.

In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature".

Name

His full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Adam al-Rudhaki al-Sha'ir al-Samarqandi. The proper transliteration of his name is "Rōdhakī", while "al-Rūdhakī" is an arabicised form.[1] Other transliterations include Rudagi, Rawdhagi and Rudhagi.[2]

Background

Little information is available about Rudaki's life, much which has been reconstructed from his poems.[3] He lived during the era of the Samanid Empire (819–999), under which New Persian literature began to develop and flourish.[4][5] Rudaki was born in c. 858, in the village of Banoj (Panjrud), located in the Rudak area between Samarqand and Bukhara.[2] Rudaki's blindness is implied by the writings of early poets such as Daqiqi (died 977), Ferdowsi (died 1020/25), Abu Zura'ah al-Mu'ammari (fl. 10th-century) and Nasir Khusraw (died after 1070). The historian Awfi (died 1242), even says that Rudaki was born blind, but this has been questioned by some modern scholars, due to the expressive picture of nature given by Rudaki in his writings.[6]

Besides being a poet, Rudaki was also a singer and musician.[7] Since the era of Sasanian Iran (224–651), poems were commonly carried out as songs used in music.[8] Under the Sasanians, the official, religious and literary language was Middle Persian.[9] Following the Muslim conquest of Iran, the language entered a new phase, known as New Persian.[10] However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as pārsīk, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of Fars and used in Zoroastrian religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon and the northeastern Iranian region of Khurasan.[10][11] During this period, New Persian was known as darī or parsī-i darī.[9]

Career

 
Rudaki's tomb in Panjakent, Tajikistan

By the age of eight, Rudaki had reportedly memorized the Qur'an and was skilled in poetry. He was instructed on how to play the chang by a prominent musician named Abu'l-Abak Bakhtiar.[2] In his early years, Rudaki became a popular figure due to his fine voice, skill with poetry and playing the chang.[12] Surviving biographical information connects Rudaki with the Samanid amir (ruler) Nasr II (r. 914–943) or with his vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940).[1] However, according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai, Rudaki had apparently already joined the Samanid court under Nasr II's father and predecessor Ahmad Samani (r. 907–914). Tabatabai states that this is proven in a poem by Rudaki, where he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death of his father Ismail Samani in 907.[13]

Rudaki's career at the Samanid court is regarded as the most important part of his life. The role of a court poet was more than just entertaining others, and was an essential aspect of the Persian court. According to the first Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224–242), a poet was "part of government and the means of strengthening rulership." Besides applauding the suzerain and his domain, a poet was also expected to give advice and moral guidance, which meant that Rudaki was most likely experienced in that field as well.[13] Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, Bal'ami. The latter played an important role in the blooming of Persian literature in the 10th-century.[14] Bal'ami regarded Rudaki as the best amongst Persian and Arab poets.[15]

Rudaki was a close friend to his student Shahid Balkhi, a leading poet and scholar of the Samanid realm. Following Shahid Balkhi's death in 936, Rudaki wrote a elegy for him.[12] Rudaki's career started to decline following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937.[7] He soon fell out of favour with the amir and was dismissed from the court.[15] Rudaki thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown in 940 or 941.[15][16]

The French Iranologist Gilbert Lazard considered Rudaki's first successor to have been Abu-Shakur Balkhi, who composed many mathnavis, notably the Afarin-nama.[17]

Works

 
Rudaki's poetry in a Persian manuscript created in Qajar Iran, dated January/February 1866

According to Asadi Tusi, the divan (collection of short poems) of Rudaki consisted of more than 180,000 verses, but most of it has been lost. What little remains of Rudaki's writings, mostly single verses, can be found in Persian dictionaries, particularly the Lughat-i Furs of Asadi Tusi. A few complete poems have also survived, most notably a qasida (eulogy or ode) consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous Tarikh-i Sistan.[1] The qasida was dedicated to Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, who ruled the region of Sistan as a Samanid governor from 923 to 963.[1][16] In it, Rudaki calls Abu Ja'far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and "pride of Iran", thus indicating a sense of continuity in Iranian identity from the Sasanian to the Samanid period.[18] For this poem, Abu Ja'far rewarded Rudaki with 10,000 dinars.[19]

Rudaki's best known work is his versification of the Kalila wa-Dimna,[1] a collection of Indian fables.[15] Nasr II had ordered Bal'ami to translate the book from Arabic to Persian, and then appointed "interpreters" to read it out loud, so that Rudaki, who was blind, could versify it.[1][16] Only a few of the verses made by Rudaki have survived.[15] Some of them have been identified in the Lughat-i Furs.[16] Rudaki's surviving poetry is generally easy for literate native Persian readers to understand despite variations in terminology, word forms, and phrase and sentence patterns.[20]

Although Rudaki displayed pro-Isma'ili sympathies in his writings, his poetry is fully secular in nature.[21] Islam was firmly established by the 10th-century, however, Persians still remembered their deep-rooted Zoroastrian history.[22] Rudaki was more prone to evoke ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian notions instead of Muslim ones.[21] Some of Rudaki's poems were written in the pre-Islamic andarz style, i.e. ethical teachings, friendly criticism and advice for correct behavior in both private and public.[22] An example of Rudaki's Zoroastrian roots can be seen in a excerpt where he is talking about his patron:[2]

It's a puzzle, describing his grace and will:
He is the Avesta in wisdom, the Zand in essence...

Legacy and assessment

 
Portrait of Rudaki on a postage stamp issued by Tajikistan in 2008

Rudaki is considered to have been the first major poet to write in New Persian. Albeit he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Hafs Sughdi (died 902), most of their work has not survived. In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature",[a] both claims which according to the Iranologist Richard Foltz are not contradictory.[8] Rudaki's life is depicted in the 1957 film of A Poet's Fate, written by Satim Ulugzade (died 1997). The following year, the latter wrote a play focused on Rudaki, entitled Rudaki, which was the first Tajik biographical drama.[24]

The 1100th anniversary of Rudaki's birth was commemorated by Iran and the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1958, who together held a conference which was joined by several eminent Iranian and Tajik academics. It was during this period that Rudaki's burial place in Panjrud was discovered. The Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (died 1970) dug out and analyzed Rudaki's remains, which he used to recreate the latters face on a sculpture. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Rudaki started to become a stronger representation of Tajik identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest of the Persian-speaking world.[2]

According to Nile Green, Rudaki "heralded a new era for Persian letters."[25] The Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki "was the most celebrated Persian poet prior to Ferdowsi."[6] Following his death, Rudaki continued to remain a highly popular figure for around two centuries, until the Mongol period, where he became unpopular amongst the highly skilled poets of that time. However, he had not been forgotten, as demonstrated by the attribution of his name to the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki, called "one of the notorious literary frauds" by de Blois. Scholars such as the 17th-century Hasan ibn Luft Allah al-Razi and 19th-century Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat both easily recognized that the Pseudo-Diwan-i Rudaki was mostly composed of poems by Qatran Tabrizi (died after 1088), while the rest were already-known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned in tadhkiras (biographical dictionaries).[26]

During the 19th-century, Rudaki experienced a resurgence in popularity along with other ancient Khurasani poets.[26]

Notes

  1. ^ Tajik is a form of New Persian spoken in Central Asia. It is the official language of Tajikistan, where it is written in an altered Cyrillic script.[23]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f de Blois 1971.
  2. ^ a b c d e Epinette 2022.
  3. ^ Tabatabai 2010, p. 2.
  4. ^ Negmatov 1998, p. 97.
  5. ^ Bosworth & Crowe 1995.
  6. ^ a b de Blois 2004, p. 191.
  7. ^ a b Rypka 1968, p. 144.
  8. ^ a b Foltz 2019, p. 73.
  9. ^ a b Lazard 1975, p. 596.
  10. ^ a b Paul 2000.
  11. ^ Perry 2011.
  12. ^ a b Negmatov 1998, p. 98.
  13. ^ a b Tabatabai 2010, p. 3.
  14. ^ Tabatabai 2010, pp. 5–6.
  15. ^ a b c d e Tabatabai 2010, p. 6.
  16. ^ a b c d de Blois 2004, p. 192.
  17. ^ Lazard 1975, p. 623.
  18. ^ Ashraf 2006, pp. 507–522.
  19. ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 132.
  20. ^ Hillmann 2022, p. 337.
  21. ^ a b Starr 2015, p. 227.
  22. ^ a b Tabatabai 2010, p. 9.
  23. ^ Perry 2009.
  24. ^ Rypka 1968, p. 574.
  25. ^ Green 2019, p. 13.
  26. ^ a b de Blois 2004, p. 193.

Sources

  • Ashraf, Ahmad (2006). "Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522. ISBN 978-0-933273-93-1.
  • Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  • Bosworth, C.E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995). "Sāmānids". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
  • de Blois, Francois (1971). "Rūdakī". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469525.
  • de Blois, Francois (2004). Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V). Routledge. ISBN 978-0947593476.
  • Bruijn, J.T.P. de (1978). "Iran, vii.—Literature". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75. OCLC 758278456.
  • Epinette, Michèle (2022). "Rudaki". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
  • Foltz, Richard (2019). A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1784539559.
  • Green, Nile (2019). "Introduction: The Frontiers of the Persianate World (ca. 800–1900)". In Green, Nile (ed.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 1–72. ISBN 978-0520972100.
  • Hillmann, Michael Craig (2022). "Use of Translations of Classic Persian Poems in the Study of Persian". The Routledge Handbook of Persian Literary Translation. Routledge. pp. 334–385. ISBN 978-0367510411.
  • Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  • Negmatov, N. N. (1998). "The Samanid state". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV. Unesco. ISBN 978-9231034671.
  • Paul, Ludwig (2000). "Persian Language i. Early New Persian". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
  • Perry, John (2009). "Tajik ii. Tajik Persian". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Perry, John R. (2011). "Persian". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill Online.
  • Rypka, Jan (1968). History of Iranian Literature. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-9401034814.
  • Starr, S. Frederick (2015). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691165851.
  • Tabatabai, Sassan (2010). Father of Persian Verse: Rudaki and His Poetry. Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-9087280925.

Further reading

  • Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de (2004). "Iran viii. Persian literature (2) Classical". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/4: Iran V. Peoples of Iran–Iran IX. Religions of Iran. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 414–432. ISBN 978-0-933273-90-0.

rudaki, other, uses, disambiguation, also, spelled, rodaki, persian, رودکی, persian, poet, singer, musician, served, court, poet, under, samanids, regarded, first, major, poet, write, persian, said, have, composed, more, than, verses, only, small, portion, wor. For other uses see Rudaki disambiguation Rudaki also spelled Rodaki Persian رودکی c 858 940 41 was a Persian poet singer and musician who served as a court poet under the Samanids He is regarded as the first major poet to write in New Persian Said to have composed more than 180 000 verses only a small portion of his work has survived most notably a small part of his versification of the Kalila wa Dimna a collection of Indian fables RudakiStatue of Rudaki in Dushanbe TajikistanBornc 858 Banoj Samanid EmpireDied940 41 aged 82 or 83 Banoj Samanid EmpireOccupationPoetsingermusicianBorn in the village of Banoj located in the present day Rudak area the most important part of Rudaki s career was spent at the court of the Samanids While biographical information connects him to the Samanid amir ruler Nasr II r 914 943 he may have already joined the court under the latter s predecessor Ahmad Samani r 907 914 Rudaki s success was largely due to the support of his primary patron the vizier Abu l Fadl al Bal ami died 940 who played an important role in the blooming of New Persian literature in the 10th century Following the downfall of Bal ami in 937 Rudaki s career deteriorated eventually being dismissed from the court He thereafter lived his last years in poverty dying blind and alone in his hometown In Iran Rudaki is acknowledged as the founder of New Persian poetry and in Tajikistan as the father of Tajik literature Contents 1 Name 2 Background 3 Career 4 Works 5 Legacy and assessment 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further readingName EditHis full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al Rahman ibn Adam al Rudhaki al Sha ir al Samarqandi The proper transliteration of his name is Rōdhaki while al Rudhaki is an arabicised form 1 Other transliterations include Rudagi Rawdhagi and Rudhagi 2 Background EditLittle information is available about Rudaki s life much which has been reconstructed from his poems 3 He lived during the era of the Samanid Empire 819 999 under which New Persian literature began to develop and flourish 4 5 Rudaki was born in c 858 in the village of Banoj Panjrud located in the Rudak area between Samarqand and Bukhara 2 Rudaki s blindness is implied by the writings of early poets such as Daqiqi died 977 Ferdowsi died 1020 25 Abu Zura ah al Mu ammari fl 10th century and Nasir Khusraw died after 1070 The historian Awfi died 1242 even says that Rudaki was born blind but this has been questioned by some modern scholars due to the expressive picture of nature given by Rudaki in his writings 6 Besides being a poet Rudaki was also a singer and musician 7 Since the era of Sasanian Iran 224 651 poems were commonly carried out as songs used in music 8 Under the Sasanians the official religious and literary language was Middle Persian 9 Following the Muslim conquest of Iran the language entered a new phase known as New Persian 10 However it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian known as parsik commonly called Pahlavi which was spoken by the people of Fars and used in Zoroastrian religious writings Instead it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon and the northeastern Iranian region of Khurasan 10 11 During this period New Persian was known as dari or parsi i dari 9 Career Edit Rudaki s tomb in Panjakent Tajikistan By the age of eight Rudaki had reportedly memorized the Qur an and was skilled in poetry He was instructed on how to play the chang by a prominent musician named Abu l Abak Bakhtiar 2 In his early years Rudaki became a popular figure due to his fine voice skill with poetry and playing the chang 12 Surviving biographical information connects Rudaki with the Samanid amir ruler Nasr II r 914 943 or with his vizier Abu l Fadl al Bal ami died 940 1 However according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai Rudaki had apparently already joined the Samanid court under Nasr II s father and predecessor Ahmad Samani r 907 914 Tabatabai states that this is proven in a poem by Rudaki where he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death of his father Ismail Samani in 907 13 Rudaki s career at the Samanid court is regarded as the most important part of his life The role of a court poet was more than just entertaining others and was an essential aspect of the Persian court According to the first Sasanian king Ardashir I r 224 242 a poet was part of government and the means of strengthening rulership Besides applauding the suzerain and his domain a poet was also expected to give advice and moral guidance which meant that Rudaki was most likely experienced in that field as well 13 Rudaki s success was largely due to the support of his primary patron Bal ami The latter played an important role in the blooming of Persian literature in the 10th century 14 Bal ami regarded Rudaki as the best amongst Persian and Arab poets 15 Rudaki was a close friend to his student Shahid Balkhi a leading poet and scholar of the Samanid realm Following Shahid Balkhi s death in 936 Rudaki wrote a elegy for him 12 Rudaki s career started to decline following the downfall of Bal ami in 937 7 He soon fell out of favour with the amir and was dismissed from the court 15 Rudaki thereafter lived his last years in poverty dying blind and alone in his hometown in 940 or 941 15 16 The French Iranologist Gilbert Lazard considered Rudaki s first successor to have been Abu Shakur Balkhi who composed many mathnavis notably the Afarin nama 17 Works Edit Rudaki s poetry in a Persian manuscript created in Qajar Iran dated January February 1866 According to Asadi Tusi the divan collection of short poems of Rudaki consisted of more than 180 000 verses but most of it has been lost What little remains of Rudaki s writings mostly single verses can be found in Persian dictionaries particularly the Lughat i Furs of Asadi Tusi A few complete poems have also survived most notably a qasida eulogy or ode consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous Tarikh i Sistan 1 The qasida was dedicated to Abu Ja far Ahmad ibn Muhammad who ruled the region of Sistan as a Samanid governor from 923 to 963 1 16 In it Rudaki calls Abu Ja far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and pride of Iran thus indicating a sense of continuity in Iranian identity from the Sasanian to the Samanid period 18 For this poem Abu Ja far rewarded Rudaki with 10 000 dinars 19 Rudaki s best known work is his versification of the Kalila wa Dimna 1 a collection of Indian fables 15 Nasr II had ordered Bal ami to translate the book from Arabic to Persian and then appointed interpreters to read it out loud so that Rudaki who was blind could versify it 1 16 Only a few of the verses made by Rudaki have survived 15 Some of them have been identified in the Lughat i Furs 16 Rudaki s surviving poetry is generally easy for literate native Persian readers to understand despite variations in terminology word forms and phrase and sentence patterns 20 Although Rudaki displayed pro Isma ili sympathies in his writings his poetry is fully secular in nature 21 Islam was firmly established by the 10th century however Persians still remembered their deep rooted Zoroastrian history 22 Rudaki was more prone to evoke ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian notions instead of Muslim ones 21 Some of Rudaki s poems were written in the pre Islamic andarz style i e ethical teachings friendly criticism and advice for correct behavior in both private and public 22 An example of Rudaki s Zoroastrian roots can be seen in a excerpt where he is talking about his patron 2 It s a puzzle describing his grace and will He is the Avesta in wisdom the Zand in essence Legacy and assessment Edit Portrait of Rudaki on a postage stamp issued by Tajikistan in 2008 Rudaki is considered to have been the first major poet to write in New Persian Albeit he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian such as Abu Hafs Sughdi died 902 most of their work has not survived In Iran Rudaki is acknowledged as the founder of New Persian poetry and in Tajikistan as the father of Tajik literature a both claims which according to the Iranologist Richard Foltz are not contradictory 8 Rudaki s life is depicted in the 1957 film of A Poet s Fate written by Satim Ulugzade died 1997 The following year the latter wrote a play focused on Rudaki entitled Rudaki which was the first Tajik biographical drama 24 The 1100th anniversary of Rudaki s birth was commemorated by Iran and the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1958 who together held a conference which was joined by several eminent Iranian and Tajik academics It was during this period that Rudaki s burial place in Panjrud was discovered The Soviet archaeologist and anthropologist Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov died 1970 dug out and analyzed Rudaki s remains which he used to recreate the latters face on a sculpture Following the collapse of the Soviet Union Rudaki started to become a stronger representation of Tajik identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest of the Persian speaking world 2 According to Nile Green Rudaki heralded a new era for Persian letters 25 The Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki was the most celebrated Persian poet prior to Ferdowsi 6 Following his death Rudaki continued to remain a highly popular figure for around two centuries until the Mongol period where he became unpopular amongst the highly skilled poets of that time However he had not been forgotten as demonstrated by the attribution of his name to the Pseudo Diwan i Rudaki called one of the notorious literary frauds by de Blois Scholars such as the 17th century Hasan ibn Luft Allah al Razi and 19th century Reza Qoli Khan Hedayat both easily recognized that the Pseudo Diwan i Rudaki was mostly composed of poems by Qatran Tabrizi died after 1088 while the rest were already known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned in tadhkiras biographical dictionaries 26 During the 19th century Rudaki experienced a resurgence in popularity along with other ancient Khurasani poets 26 Notes Edit Tajik is a form of New Persian spoken in Central Asia It is the official language of Tajikistan where it is written in an altered Cyrillic script 23 References Edit a b c d e f de Blois 1971 a b c d e Epinette 2022 sfn error no target CITEREFEpinette2022 help Tabatabai 2010 p 2 Negmatov 1998 p 97 Bosworth amp Crowe 1995 a b de Blois 2004 p 191 a b Rypka 1968 p 144 a b Foltz 2019 p 73 a b Lazard 1975 p 596 a b Paul 2000 Perry 2011 a b Negmatov 1998 p 98 a b Tabatabai 2010 p 3 Tabatabai 2010 pp 5 6 a b c d e Tabatabai 2010 p 6 a b c d de Blois 2004 p 192 Lazard 1975 p 623 Ashraf 2006 pp 507 522 Bosworth 1975 p 132 Hillmann 2022 p 337 a b Starr 2015 p 227 a b Tabatabai 2010 p 9 Perry 2009 Rypka 1968 p 574 Green 2019 p 13 a b de Blois 2004 p 193 Sources EditAshraf Ahmad 2006 Iranian identity iii Medieval Islamic period In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume XIII 5 Iran X Religions in Iran Iraq V Safavid period London and New York Routledge amp Kegan Paul pp 507 522 ISBN 978 0 933273 93 1 Bosworth C E 1975 The Ṭahirids and Ṣaffarids In Frye Richard N ed The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 4 From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 90 135 ISBN 0 521 20093 8 Bosworth C E amp Crowe Yolande 1995 Samanids In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P amp Lecomte G eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume VIII Ned Sam Leiden E J Brill ISBN 978 90 04 09834 3 de Blois Francois 1971 Rudaki In Lewis B Menage V L Pellat Ch amp Schacht J eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume III H Iram Leiden E J Brill OCLC 495469525 de Blois Francois 2004 Persian Literature A Bio Bibliographical Survey Poetry of the Pre Mongol Period Volume V Routledge ISBN 978 0947593476 Bruijn J T P de 1978 Iran vii Literature In van Donzel E Lewis B Pellat Ch amp Bosworth C E eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume IV Iran Kha Leiden E J Brill pp 52 75 OCLC 758278456 Epinette Michele 2022 Rudaki In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Foltz Richard 2019 A History of the Tajiks Iranians of the East Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1784539559 Green Nile 2019 Introduction The Frontiers of the Persianate World ca 800 1900 In Green Nile ed The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca University of California Press pp 1 72 ISBN 978 0520972100 Hillmann Michael Craig 2022 Use of Translations of Classic Persian Poems in the Study of Persian The Routledge Handbook of Persian Literary Translation Routledge pp 334 385 ISBN 978 0367510411 Lazard G 1975 The Rise of the New Persian Language In Frye Richard N ed The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 4 From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 595 633 ISBN 0 521 20093 8 Negmatov N N 1998 The Samanid state History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV Unesco ISBN 978 9231034671 Paul Ludwig 2000 Persian Language i Early New Persian Encyclopaedia Iranica online edition New York Perry John 2009 Tajik ii Tajik Persian Encyclopaedia Iranica Perry John R 2011 Persian In Edzard Lutz de Jong Rudolf eds Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics Brill Online Rypka Jan 1968 History of Iranian Literature Springer Netherlands ISBN 978 9401034814 Starr S Frederick 2015 Lost Enlightenment Central Asia s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691165851 Tabatabai Sassan 2010 Father of Persian Verse Rudaki and His Poetry Leiden University Press ISBN 978 9087280925 Further reading EditFouchecour Charles Henri de 2004 Iran viii Persian literature 2 Classical In Yarshater Ehsan ed Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume XIII 4 Iran V Peoples of Iran Iran IX Religions of Iran London and New York Routledge amp Kegan Paul pp 414 432 ISBN 978 0 933273 90 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rudaki amp oldid 1146834882, 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