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Robert N. Clayton

January 07, 2023

Robert Norman Clayton FRS (March 20, 1930 – December 30, 2017) was a Canadian-American chemist and academic. He was the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. Clayton studied cosmochemistry and held a joint appointment in the university's geophysical sciences department. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was named a fellow of several academic societies, including the Royal Society.

Robert N. Clayton
Born(1930-03-20)March 20, 1930
Hamilton, Ontario
DiedDecember 30, 2017(2017-12-30) (aged 87)
Indiana
Scientific career
FieldsCosmochemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago

Biography

Born in Hamilton, Ontario, Clayton grew up in a working-class family that supported (but could not pay for) his pursuit of higher education. None of Clayton's close family members had ever attended college. His high school teachers encouraged him to apply to Queen's University, and he received enough scholarship funding to attend the school. Clayton said that around half of his classmates were a decade older and had served in World War II. He said that this created a serious academic environment.[1]

After graduating from Queen's University with undergraduate and master's degrees, Clayton completed a Ph.D. in 1955 at the California Institute of Technology, where he was mentored by geochemist Samuel Epstein. His first academic appointment was at Penn State University. In 1958, he joined the chemistry faculty at the University of Chicago, where he took over the laboratory of Nobel Prize winner Harold Urey. From 1961 to his retirement in 2001, he held joint appointments in the chemistry and geophysical sciences departments. He directed the Enrico Fermi Institute at the university from 1998 to 2001.[2]

Research

Clayton worked in the field of cosmochemistry and is best known for the use of the stable isotopes of oxygen to classify meteorites.[1] He was aided in his research by Toshiko Mayeda, who was a specialist technician familiar with the mass spectrometry equipment required. Their first joint research paper described the use of bromine pentafluoride to extract oxygen from rocks and minerals.[3] They developed several tests that were used across the field of meteorite and lunar sample analysis.[4][5][6]

Clayton and Mayeda studied variations in the ratio of oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 to the most abundant isotope oxygen-16, building on their surprising finding that this ratio for oxygen-17 in particular was different from that found in terrestrial rock samples.[7] They deduced that this difference was caused by the formation temperature of the meteorite and could thus be used as an "oxygen thermometer".[8] They also worked on the mass spectroscopy and chemistry of the Allende meteorite[1][9] and studied the Bocaiuva meteorite, finding that the Eagle Station meteorite was formed due to impact heating.[10] They also analysed approximately 300 lunar samples that had been collected during NASAs Apollo Program.[11] In 1992, a new type of meteorite, the Brachinite, was identified.[12] Clayton and Mayeda studied the Achondrite meteorites and showed that variations in the oxygen isotope ratios within a planet are due to inhomogeneities in the solar nebula.[13] They analysed Shergotty meteorites, proposing that there could have been a water-rich atmosphere in the past on Mars.[14]

Honours and awards

In 1981, he received the V. M. Goldschmidt Award from the Geochemical Society.[15] The next year, the Meteoritical Society awarded him its Leonard Medal.[16] Clayton won the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1985.[17] He was the 1987 recipient of the William Bowie Medal from the American Geophysical Union.[18] Clayton became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and won the academy's J. Lawrence Smith Medal in 2009.[19][20] Clayton has been named a fellow of the Royal Society of London (1981) and the Royal Society of Canada.[2] He won the National Medal of Science in 2004.[21] In 2008, the book Oxygen in the Solar System was dedicated to Clayton.[22]

On December 30, 2017, Clayton died his sleep at his home in Indiana from complications of Parkinson's disease.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c Clayton, Robert N. (May 2007). "Isotopes: From Earth to the Solar System". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 35 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:2007AREPS..35....1C. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.092006.145059. ISSN 0084-6597.
  2. ^ a b Humayun, Munir; O'Neil, James R. (September 2003). "A Special Issue dedicated to Robert N. Clayton". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 67 (17): 3097–3099. Bibcode:2003GeCoA..67.3097H. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00381-8. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  3. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1963-01-01). "The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 27 (1): 43–52. Bibcode:1963GeCoA..27...43C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1. ISSN 0016-7037.
  4. ^ a b "Robert N. Clayton, 'one of the giants' of cosmochemistry, 1930-2017". uchicago.edu. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  5. ^ "In Memoriam, Bob Clayton (1930–2017)" (PDF). Elements Magazine. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  6. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Onuma, Naoki; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1976-04-01). "A classification of meteorites based on oxygen isotopes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 30 (1): 10–18. Bibcode:1976E&PSL..30...10C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(76)90003-0. ISSN 0012-821X.
  7. ^ Burbine, Thomas H. (2016-12-15). Asteroids: Astronomical and Geological Bodies. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781316867396.
  8. ^ Onuma, Naoki; Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1972-02-01). "Oxygen isotope cosmothermometer". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 36 (2): 169–188. Bibcode:1972GeCoA..36..169O. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(72)90005-1. ISSN 0016-7037.
  9. ^ Clayton, R. N.; Onuma, N.; Grossman, L.; Mayeda, T. K. (1977-03-01). "Distribution of the pre-solar component in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 34 (2): 209–224. Bibcode:1977E&PSL..34..209C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(77)90005-X. ISSN 0012-821X.
  10. ^ Malvin, Daniel J.; Wasson, John T.; Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K.; Curvello, Walter Silva (1985). "Bocaiuva-A Silicate-Inclusion Bearing Iron Meteorite Related to the Eagle-Station Pallasites". Meteoritics. 20 (2): 259–273. Bibcode:1985Metic..20..259M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1985.tb00864.x. ISSN 0026-1114.
  11. ^ Shindell, Matthew (2019). "Toshiko Mayeda and the Isotopes of Oxygen". Women in Their Element. pp. 415–421. doi:10.1142/9789811206290_0033. ISBN 978-981-12-0628-3. S2CID 201220619.
  12. ^ E., Nehru, C.; M., Prinz; K., Weisberg, M.; M., Ebihara; N., Clayton, R.; K., Mayeda, T. (July 1992). "Brachinites: A New Primitive Achondrite Group". Meteoritics. 27 (3): 267. Bibcode:1992Metic..27R.267N. ISSN 0026-1114.
  13. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1996-06-01). "Oxygen isotope studies of achondrites". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60 (11): 1999–2017. Bibcode:1996GeCoA..60.1999C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00074-9. ISSN 0016-7037.
  14. ^ Bouvier, A.; et al. (2009). "Martian meteorite chronology and the evolution of the interior of Mars". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280 (1–4): 285–295. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.280..285B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.042.
  15. ^ "V.M. Goldschmidt Award". Geochemical Society. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  16. ^ "Leonard Medalists". meteoriticalsociety.org. Meteoritical Society. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  17. ^ "Robert N. Clayton". www.fi.edu. Franklin Institute. 2014-01-15. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  18. ^ Goldsmith, Julian R.; Clayton, Robert N. (1987). "1987 William Bowie Medal to Robert N. Clayton". Eos. 68 (27): 624. Bibcode:1987EOSTr..68..624G. doi:10.1029/EO068i027p00624-01.
  19. ^ Durso, Thomas (May 27, 1996). "National Academy of Sciences' Class of 1996 sets new record". The Scientist. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  20. ^ "J. Lawrence Smith Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  21. ^ "Robert N. Clayton". National Science and Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  22. ^ "Solar system book dedicated to Robert Clayton, 'Mr. Oxygen'". University of Chicago News. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

Further reading

January 07, 2023
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Robert Norman Clayton FRS March 20 1930 December 30 2017 was a Canadian American chemist and academic He was the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Chicago Clayton studied cosmochemistry and held a joint appointment in the university s geophysical sciences department He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was named a fellow of several academic societies including the Royal Society Robert N ClaytonBorn 1930 03 20 March 20 1930Hamilton OntarioDiedDecember 30 2017 2017 12 30 aged 87 IndianaScientific careerFieldsCosmochemistryInstitutionsUniversity of Chicago Contents 1 Biography 2 Research 3 Honours and awards 4 References 5 Further readingBiography EditBorn in Hamilton Ontario Clayton grew up in a working class family that supported but could not pay for his pursuit of higher education None of Clayton s close family members had ever attended college His high school teachers encouraged him to apply to Queen s University and he received enough scholarship funding to attend the school Clayton said that around half of his classmates were a decade older and had served in World War II He said that this created a serious academic environment 1 After graduating from Queen s University with undergraduate and master s degrees Clayton completed a Ph D in 1955 at the California Institute of Technology where he was mentored by geochemist Samuel Epstein His first academic appointment was at Penn State University In 1958 he joined the chemistry faculty at the University of Chicago where he took over the laboratory of Nobel Prize winner Harold Urey From 1961 to his retirement in 2001 he held joint appointments in the chemistry and geophysical sciences departments He directed the Enrico Fermi Institute at the university from 1998 to 2001 2 Research EditClayton worked in the field of cosmochemistry and is best known for the use of the stable isotopes of oxygen to classify meteorites 1 He was aided in his research by Toshiko Mayeda who was a specialist technician familiar with the mass spectrometry equipment required Their first joint research paper described the use of bromine pentafluoride to extract oxygen from rocks and minerals 3 They developed several tests that were used across the field of meteorite and lunar sample analysis 4 5 6 Clayton and Mayeda studied variations in the ratio of oxygen 17 and oxygen 18 to the most abundant isotope oxygen 16 building on their surprising finding that this ratio for oxygen 17 in particular was different from that found in terrestrial rock samples 7 They deduced that this difference was caused by the formation temperature of the meteorite and could thus be used as an oxygen thermometer 8 They also worked on the mass spectroscopy and chemistry of the Allende meteorite 1 9 and studied the Bocaiuva meteorite finding that the Eagle Station meteorite was formed due to impact heating 10 They also analysed approximately 300 lunar samples that had been collected during NASAs Apollo Program 11 In 1992 a new type of meteorite the Brachinite was identified 12 Clayton and Mayeda studied the Achondrite meteorites and showed that variations in the oxygen isotope ratios within a planet are due to inhomogeneities in the solar nebula 13 They analysed Shergotty meteorites proposing that there could have been a water rich atmosphere in the past on Mars 14 Honours and awards EditIn 1981 he received the V M Goldschmidt Award from the Geochemical Society 15 The next year the Meteoritical Society awarded him its Leonard Medal 16 Clayton won the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1985 17 He was the 1987 recipient of the William Bowie Medal from the American Geophysical Union 18 Clayton became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and won the academy s J Lawrence Smith Medal in 2009 19 20 Clayton has been named a fellow of the Royal Society of London 1981 and the Royal Society of Canada 2 He won the National Medal of Science in 2004 21 In 2008 the book Oxygen in the Solar System was dedicated to Clayton 22 On December 30 2017 Clayton died his sleep at his home in Indiana from complications of Parkinson s disease 4 References Edit a b c Clayton Robert N May 2007 Isotopes From Earth to the Solar System Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35 1 1 19 Bibcode 2007AREPS 35 1C doi 10 1146 annurev earth 35 092006 145059 ISSN 0084 6597 a b Humayun Munir O Neil James R September 2003 A Special Issue dedicated to Robert N Clayton Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67 17 3097 3099 Bibcode 2003GeCoA 67 3097H doi 10 1016 S0016 7037 03 00381 8 Retrieved June 4 2016 Clayton Robert N Mayeda Toshiko K 1963 01 01 The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27 1 43 52 Bibcode 1963GeCoA 27 43C doi 10 1016 0016 7037 63 90071 1 ISSN 0016 7037 a b Robert N Clayton one of the giants of cosmochemistry 1930 2017 uchicago edu 11 January 2018 Retrieved 2020 08 05 In Memoriam Bob Clayton 1930 2017 PDF Elements Magazine Retrieved 2018 08 06 Clayton Robert N Onuma Naoki Mayeda Toshiko K 1976 04 01 A classification of meteorites based on oxygen isotopes Earth and Planetary Science Letters 30 1 10 18 Bibcode 1976E amp PSL 30 10C doi 10 1016 0012 821X 76 90003 0 ISSN 0012 821X Burbine Thomas H 2016 12 15 Asteroids Astronomical and Geological Bodies Cambridge University Press p 89 ISBN 9781316867396 Onuma Naoki Clayton Robert N Mayeda Toshiko K 1972 02 01 Oxygen isotope cosmothermometer Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 36 2 169 188 Bibcode 1972GeCoA 36 169O doi 10 1016 0016 7037 72 90005 1 ISSN 0016 7037 Clayton R N Onuma N Grossman L Mayeda T K 1977 03 01 Distribution of the pre solar component in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites Earth and Planetary Science Letters 34 2 209 224 Bibcode 1977E amp PSL 34 209C doi 10 1016 0012 821X 77 90005 X ISSN 0012 821X Malvin Daniel J Wasson John T Clayton Robert N Mayeda Toshiko K Curvello Walter Silva 1985 Bocaiuva A Silicate Inclusion Bearing Iron Meteorite Related to the Eagle Station Pallasites Meteoritics 20 2 259 273 Bibcode 1985Metic 20 259M doi 10 1111 j 1945 5100 1985 tb00864 x ISSN 0026 1114 Shindell Matthew 2019 Toshiko Mayeda and the Isotopes of Oxygen Women in Their Element pp 415 421 doi 10 1142 9789811206290 0033 ISBN 978 981 12 0628 3 S2CID 201220619 E Nehru C M Prinz K Weisberg M M Ebihara N Clayton R K Mayeda T July 1992 Brachinites A New Primitive Achondrite Group Meteoritics 27 3 267 Bibcode 1992Metic 27R 267N ISSN 0026 1114 Clayton Robert N Mayeda Toshiko K 1996 06 01 Oxygen isotope studies of achondrites Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 11 1999 2017 Bibcode 1996GeCoA 60 1999C doi 10 1016 0016 7037 96 00074 9 ISSN 0016 7037 Bouvier A et al 2009 Martian meteorite chronology and the evolution of the interior of Mars Earth and Planetary Science Letters 280 1 4 285 295 Bibcode 2009E amp PSL 280 285B doi 10 1016 j epsl 2009 01 042 V M Goldschmidt Award Geochemical Society Retrieved June 3 2016 Leonard Medalists meteoriticalsociety org Meteoritical Society Retrieved June 4 2016 Robert N Clayton www fi edu Franklin Institute 2014 01 15 Retrieved June 4 2016 Goldsmith Julian R Clayton Robert N 1987 1987 William Bowie Medal to Robert N Clayton Eos 68 27 624 Bibcode 1987EOSTr 68 624G doi 10 1029 EO068i027p00624 01 Durso Thomas May 27 1996 National Academy of Sciences Class of 1996 sets new record The Scientist Retrieved June 3 2016 J Lawrence Smith Medal National Academy of Sciences Retrieved June 4 2016 Robert N Clayton National Science and Technology Medals Foundation Retrieved June 4 2016 Solar system book dedicated to Robert Clayton Mr Oxygen University of Chicago News Retrieved 2018 08 05 Further reading EditGlenn J MacPherson ed 2008 Oxygen in the Solar System ISBN 9780939950805 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert N Clayton amp oldid 1131340328, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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