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Direct-administered municipality

A direct-administered municipality (直辖市; Zhíxiáshì; 'direct-administered city'; commonly known as municipality)[1] is a city in China directly governed by the central government and not part of a province, with its leader appointed by the State Council. There are four municipalities in China: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.

Municipality
直辖市
Zhíxiáshì
Number4 (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing)

Although being as a city by name, a municipality is more than city in a traditional sense. It is usually composed of a central urban area and a number of much larger surrounding suburban and rural areas.

History edit

During the Republic of China, the first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Chongqing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin under the Republic of China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (特别市; tèbiéshì), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (院辖市; yuànxiáshì), then direct-controlled municipalities (直辖市; zhíxiáshì) by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Anshan, Benxi, and Fushun were also made municipalities, while Qingdao, Dalian, and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities.[2] Hankou was merged into Wuhan, which became a municipality of its own. Hence, there remained 12 municipalities. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality in Jiangsu.[3] In March 1953, Lüda, which had resulted from the merger of Dalian and Lüshun in December 1950, was made a municipality. In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, whereas Changchun acquired that status for the first time.[4] Except Beijing and Tianjin, which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.

In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub-provincial cities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin remained municipalities, until Chongqing was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area. Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to sub-provincial city status between 1958 and 1967.[citation needed]

Position in hierarchy edit

Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language.

Three levels of cities in the People's Republic of China:

  1. Municipalities (直辖市; 直轄市; zhíxiáshì);
  2. Prefecture-level cities (地级市; 地級市; dìjíshì), including sub-provincial cities; and,
  3. County-level cities (县级市; 縣級市; xiànjíshì), including sub-prefectural cities.

Administration edit

In municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature)[5] and deputy secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary.

Current municipalities edit

ISO[6] Division name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Abbr. Population[7] Area (km²) Divisions City seat Origin Province
(split date)
Origin Prefecture Origin County
CN-11 Beijing 北京市 Běijīng Shì jīng 19,612,368 16,801 List (16 districts) Tongzhou Hebei
(Oct. 1949)
Shuntian Daxing
CN-12 Tianjin 天津市 Tiānjīn Shì jīn 12,938,224 11,760 List (16 districts) Hexi Hebei
(Jan. 1967)
Tianjin Tianjin
CN-31 Shanghai 上海市 Shànghǎi Shì 23,019,148 6,340 List (16 districts) Huangpu Jiangsu
(Mar. 1927)
Songjiang Shanghai
CN-50 Chongqing 重庆市 Chóngqìng Shì 28,846,170
(City Core 16,240,026)
82,300
(City Core 6,268)
List (26 districts, 8 counties, & 4 autonomous counties)
(City Core: 19 districts)
Yuzhong Sichuan
(May 1997)
Chongqing Ba

Government edit

Name Executive Legislature
Government CCP Party Chief Mayor City Council No. of seats
Beijing Beijing Municipal People's Government Yin Li Yin Yong Beijing Municipal People's Congress 755
Tianjin Tianjin Municipal People's Government Chen Min'er Liao Guoxun Tianjin Municipal People's Congress 706
Shanghai Shanghai Municipal People's Government Chen Jining Gong Zheng Shanghai Municipal People's Congress 855
Chongqing Chongqing Municipal People's Government Yuan Jiajun Tang Liangzhi Chongqing Municipal People's Congress 860

Former ROC and PRC municipalities edit

Name Simplified Chinese Pinyin Abbr. City seat Administration period Original province Original prefecture Original county
Jingdu 京都市 Jīngdū Shì jīng Dongcheng 1921–1927 Zhili
(present province: Hebei)
Shuntian Daxing
Jingu 津沽市 Jīngū Shì jīn Heping 1921–1927 Zhili
(present province: Hebei)
Tianjin Tianjin
Songhu 淞沪市 Sōnghù Shì Huangpu 1921–1927 Jiangsu Songjiang Shanghai
Qingdao 青岛市 Qīngdǎo Shì qīng Shinan 1921–1927, 1929–1949 Shandong Jiaozhou Jiao
Harbin 哈尔滨市 Hārbīn Shì Nangang 1921–1927, 1947–1949, 1953–1954 Songjiang
(present province: Heilongjiang)
Binzhou Bin
Hankou 汉口市 Hànkǒu Shì hàn Jiang'an 1921–1927, 1929–1931, 1947–1949 Hubei Hanyang Hanyang
Wuxi 无锡市 Wúxī Shì Binhu 1921–1927 Jiangsu Changzhou Wuxi
Hangzhou 杭州市 Hángzhōu Shì háng Gongshu 1921–1927 Zhejiang Hangzhou Yuhang
Ningbo 宁波市 Níngbō Shì yǒng Yinzhou 1921–1927 Zhejiang Ningbo Yin
Anqing 安庆市 Ānqìng Shì ān Daguan 1921–1927 Anhui Anqing Huaining
Nanchang 南昌市 Nánchāng Shì hóng Donghu 1921–1927 Jiangxi Nanchang Nanchang
Wuchang 武昌市 Wǔchāng Shì Wuchang 1921–1927 Hubei Wuchang Jiangxia
Guangzhou 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì suì Yuexiu 1921–1927, 1930, 1947–1954 Guangdong Guangzhou Panyu
Nanhai
Wuzhou 梧州市 Wúzhōu Shì Changzhou 1921–1927 Guangxi Wuzhou Cangwu
Nanjing 南京市 Nánjīng Shì níng Xuanwu 1927–1952 Jiangsu Jiangning Jiangning
Xi'an 西安市 Xī'ān Shì hào Weiyang 1927–1954 Shaanxi Xi'an Chang'an
Wuhan 武汉市 Wǔhàn Shì hàn Jiang'an 1927–1929, 1949 Hubei Hanyang
Wuchang
Hanyang
Jiangxia
Beiping 北平市 Jīngdū Shì píng Dongcheng 1928–1949 Zhili
(present province: Hebei)
Shuntian Daxing
Dalian 大连市 Dàlián Shì lián Xigang 1947–1949 Andong/Liaodong
(present province: Liaoning)
Jinzhou Ninghai
Shenyang 沈阳市 Shěnyáng Shì shěn Shenhe 1947–1954 Liaoxi
(present province: Liaoning)
Fengtian Fengtian
Anshan 鞍山市 Ānshān Shì ān Tiedong 1949–1954 Andong/Liaodong
(present province: Liaoning)
Liaoyang Haicheng
Liaoyang
Benxi 本溪市 Běnxī Shì běn Pingshan 1949–1954 Andong/Liaodong
(present province: Liaoning)
Fengtian Benxi
Fushun 抚顺市 Fǔshùn Shì Xinfu 1949–1954 Andong/Liaodong
(present province: Liaoning)
Fengtian Fushun
Lüda 旅大市 Lǚdà Shì Xigang 1950–1954 Lüda
(present province: Liaoning)
Jinzhou Ninghai
Changchun 长春市 Chángchūn Shì chūn Nanguan 1953–1954 Jilin Changchun Changchun

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Administrative Division". english.www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
  2. ^ [1] March 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ [2] March 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ [3] March 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. March 3, 2003. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  6. ^ ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
  7. ^ . National Bureau of Statistics of China. April 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Municipalities in China at Wikimedia Commons

direct, administered, municipality, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Direct administered municipality news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message A direct administered municipality 直辖市 Zhixiashi direct administered city commonly known as municipality 1 is a city in China directly governed by the central government and not part of a province with its leader appointed by the State Council There are four municipalities in China Beijing Tianjin Shanghai and Chongqing Municipality直辖市 ZhixiashiNumber4 Beijing Tianjin Shanghai and Chongqing Although being as a city by name a municipality is more than city in a traditional sense It is usually composed of a central urban area and a number of much larger surrounding suburban and rural areas Contents 1 History 2 Position in hierarchy 3 Administration 4 Current municipalities 4 1 Government 5 Former ROC and PRC municipalities 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editDuring the Republic of China the first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing Shanghai Beijing Tianjin Qingdao Chongqing Xi an Guangzhou Hankou now part of Wuhan Shenyang and Harbin under the Republic of China They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as cities during the 1920s Nominally Dalian was a municipality as well although it was under Japanese control These cities were first called special municipalities cities 特别市 tebieshi but were later renamed Yuan controlled municipalities 院辖市 yuanxiashi then direct controlled municipalities 直辖市 zhixiashi by the Central Government of the People s Republic of China After the establishment of the People s Republic of China in 1949 Anshan Benxi and Fushun were also made municipalities while Qingdao Dalian and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities 2 Hankou was merged into Wuhan which became a municipality of its own Hence there remained 12 municipalities In November 1952 Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality in Jiangsu 3 In March 1953 Luda which had resulted from the merger of Dalian and Lushun in December 1950 was made a municipality In July 1953 Harbin was restored to municipality status whereas Changchun acquired that status for the first time 4 Except Beijing and Tianjin which were under central control all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas In June 1954 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub provincial cities many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in Only Beijing Shanghai and Tianjin remained municipalities until Chongqing was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to sub provincial city status between 1958 and 1967 citation needed Position in hierarchy editMunicipalities are the highest ranked cities in the PRC Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language Three levels of cities in the People s Republic of China Municipalities 直辖市 直轄市 zhixiashi Prefecture level cities 地级市 地級市 dijishi including sub provincial cities and County level cities 县级市 縣級市 xianjishi including sub prefectural cities Administration editIn municipalities the highest ranking government official is the mayor The mayor is also a delegate in the National People s Congress the legislature 5 and deputy secretary of the Chinese Communist Party CCP Municipal Committee However the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary Current municipalities editISO 6 Division name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Abbr Population 7 Area km Divisions City seat Origin Province split date Origin Prefecture Origin CountyCN 11 Beijing 北京市 Beijing Shi 京 jing 19 612 368 16 801 List 16 districts Tongzhou Hebei Oct 1949 Shuntian DaxingCN 12 Tianjin 天津市 Tianjin Shi 津 jin 12 938 224 11 760 List 16 districts Hexi Hebei Jan 1967 Tianjin TianjinCN 31 Shanghai 上海市 Shanghǎi Shi 沪 hu 23 019 148 6 340 List 16 districts Huangpu Jiangsu Mar 1927 Songjiang ShanghaiCN 50 Chongqing 重庆市 Chongqing Shi 渝 yu 28 846 170 City Core 16 240 026 82 300 City Core 6 268 List 26 districts 8 counties amp 4 autonomous counties City Core 19 districts Yuzhong Sichuan May 1997 Chongqing BaGovernment edit Name Executive LegislatureGovernment CCP Party Chief Mayor City Council No of seatsBeijing Beijing Municipal People s Government Yin Li Yin Yong Beijing Municipal People s Congress 755Tianjin Tianjin Municipal People s Government Chen Min er Liao Guoxun Tianjin Municipal People s Congress 706Shanghai Shanghai Municipal People s Government Chen Jining Gong Zheng Shanghai Municipal People s Congress 855Chongqing Chongqing Municipal People s Government Yuan Jiajun Tang Liangzhi Chongqing Municipal People s Congress 860Former ROC and PRC municipalities editName Simplified Chinese Pinyin Abbr City seat Administration period Original province Original prefecture Original countyJingdu 京都市 Jingdu Shi 京 jing Dongcheng 1921 1927 Zhili present province Hebei Shuntian DaxingJingu 津沽市 Jingu Shi 津 jin Heping 1921 1927 Zhili present province Hebei Tianjin TianjinSonghu 淞沪市 Sōnghu Shi 沪 hu Huangpu 1921 1927 Jiangsu Songjiang ShanghaiQingdao 青岛市 Qingdǎo Shi 青 qing Shinan 1921 1927 1929 1949 Shandong Jiaozhou JiaoHarbin 哈尔滨市 Harbin Shi 哈 ha Nangang 1921 1927 1947 1949 1953 1954 Songjiang present province Heilongjiang Binzhou BinHankou 汉口市 Hankǒu Shi 汉 han Jiang an 1921 1927 1929 1931 1947 1949 Hubei Hanyang HanyangWuxi 无锡市 Wuxi Shi 锡 xi Binhu 1921 1927 Jiangsu Changzhou WuxiHangzhou 杭州市 Hangzhōu Shi 杭 hang Gongshu 1921 1927 Zhejiang Hangzhou YuhangNingbo 宁波市 Ningbō Shi 甬 yǒng Yinzhou 1921 1927 Zhejiang Ningbo YinAnqing 安庆市 Anqing Shi 安 an Daguan 1921 1927 Anhui Anqing HuainingNanchang 南昌市 Nanchang Shi 洪 hong Donghu 1921 1927 Jiangxi Nanchang NanchangWuchang 武昌市 Wǔchang Shi 武 wǔ Wuchang 1921 1927 Hubei Wuchang JiangxiaGuangzhou 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shi 穗 sui Yuexiu 1921 1927 1930 1947 1954 Guangdong Guangzhou PanyuNanhaiWuzhou 梧州市 Wuzhōu Shi 梧 wu Changzhou 1921 1927 Guangxi Wuzhou CangwuNanjing 南京市 Nanjing Shi 宁 ning Xuanwu 1927 1952 Jiangsu Jiangning JiangningXi an 西安市 Xi an Shi 鎬 hao Weiyang 1927 1954 Shaanxi Xi an Chang anWuhan 武汉市 Wǔhan Shi 汉 han Jiang an 1927 1929 1949 Hubei HanyangWuchang HanyangJiangxiaBeiping 北平市 Jingdu Shi 平 ping Dongcheng 1928 1949 Zhili present province Hebei Shuntian DaxingDalian 大连市 Dalian Shi 连 lian Xigang 1947 1949 Andong Liaodong present province Liaoning Jinzhou NinghaiShenyang 沈阳市 Shenyang Shi 沈 shen Shenhe 1947 1954 Liaoxi present province Liaoning Fengtian FengtianAnshan 鞍山市 Anshan Shi 鞍 an Tiedong 1949 1954 Andong Liaodong present province Liaoning Liaoyang HaichengLiaoyangBenxi 本溪市 Benxi Shi 本 ben Pingshan 1949 1954 Andong Liaodong present province Liaoning Fengtian BenxiFushun 抚顺市 Fǔshun Shi 抚 fǔ Xinfu 1949 1954 Andong Liaodong present province Liaoning Fengtian FushunLuda 旅大市 Lǚda Shi 旅 lǚ Xigang 1950 1954 Luda present province Liaoning Jinzhou NinghaiChangchun 长春市 Changchun Shi 春 chun Nanguan 1953 1954 Jilin Changchun ChangchunSee also editIndependent city Federal city Federal cities of Russia similar systems Imperial immediacyReferences edit Administrative Division english www gov cn Retrieved 2021 07 21 1 Archived March 18 2009 at the Wayback Machine 2 Archived March 18 2009 at the Wayback Machine 3 Archived March 19 2009 at the Wayback Machine Chongqing Mayor Government Must Place Service Above Anything Else Xinhua News Agency March 3 2003 Archived from the original on November 21 2008 Retrieved February 21 2011 ISO 3166 2 CN ISO 3166 2 codes for the provinces of China Communique of the National Bureau of Statistics of People s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census No 1 National Bureau of Statistics of China April 28 2011 Archived from the original on January 15 2013 Retrieved July 19 2011 External links edit nbsp Media related to Municipalities in China at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Direct administered municipality amp oldid 1189791511, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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