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Prosthetic makeup

January 01, 1970

Prosthetic makeup, which may also be referred to as special make-up effects or FX prosthesis, is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding, and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup draws a straight lineage from the Stagecraft of theater and can be observed at the birth of science fiction cinema with Le Voyage dans La Lune, a 1902 French adventure short film directed by pioneer of special effects Georges Méliès.

A portrayal of Frankenstein's monster using prosthetic makeup

The work of makeup artist Jack Pierce furthered pioneered early Hollywood prosthetic work and is best remembered for creating the iconic makeup born by Boris Karloff in Frankenstein, his makeup for Lon Chaney Jr. in The Wolfman.

Notable artists edit

Modern prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by Christopher Tucker whose work on The Elephant Man was considered so ground breaking that when it failed to win any recognition at the 53rd Academy Awards letters of protests argued for it to receive an honorary award – this was ignored but did lead to the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year.

Many of the techniques developed during that period are still regularly used in the field today. Additionally, many of these artists taught and inspired the next generation of Special Effects makeup artists, who in turn developed more advanced techniques for effects makeup, including developing different materials, animatronics and incorporating added computer elements.

Technique edit

 
Prosthetics being applied to actor Roddy McDowall for the 1968 film Planet of the Apes

The process of creating a makeup prosthetic appliance typically begins with concept art, created by the artist or production. Once the actor has been chosen, the effects artist will prepare the actor for the process of taking a mold of the actor's face, head or body part. This process is called lifecasting. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe platinum silicone rubber. This initial mold can be relatively weak but flexible. A hard mother mold, also known as a jacket or matrix, is typically made of plaster or fiberglass which is created over the outside of the initial flexible mold to provide support. This mold is used to cast a copy of that part of the actor, in a hard resin or plaster type material to eventually use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. This is considered a "positive" or life-cast.

Before sculpting the clay prosthetic over the positive, The positive must be prepared by adding "keys" or mold points along the edges of it, which are often added using clay or more plaster or carved into the life-cast, to make sure that the two pieces of the mold will fit together correctly. Often the life-cast will be given an additional border in clay or plaster in order to have an area free of detail and undercuts to add these keys. The entire life-cast with borders and keys included is then molded. This ensures a stable area with built in keys to sculpt the prosthetic over. This also provides the artist an easily duplicated copy, if needed. Multiple copies are typically used to make variations or stages of prosthetics or different prosthetics for the same actor.

Life-casts of full bodies and body parts are also used and reused as the basis for making fake body parts, severed limbs, and various "gore" type effects used in horror films or films where body parts are required.

The prosthetic required will be sculpted over the life-cast of that body part to become the design intended. For example, if the desired look is a pig nosed person, then the artist would sculpt the pig nose over the actor's real nose on the life-cast or positive copy. The edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Once sculpted, the new addition of the clay sculpted prosthetic part must be molded. Since the positive has been prepared with the additional border and keys, it actually becomes part of the prosthetic mold itself. Once molded, and clay removed, new mold cleaned out, the positive is one part of the mold and the new mold is the other side which has the negative of the newly sculpted prosthetic. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face or body part, and one (or more for complex molds) "negative" mold pieces with prosthetic sculpted in.

To make the new prosthetic, material is cast into the mold cavity (where the clay used to be). The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials. The prosthetic is cured within the two-part mold. The prosthetic is carefully removed and prepared for painting and or application to the actor.

Conflict with CGI edit

As the film/television industry continues to grow, so do the capabilities of the technologies behind it. Since the debut of newer technologies, many have feared that CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) will put practical SFX makeup out of business. CGI can be used to accomplish effects that simply aren't possible when working in practical effects.

Tom Woodruff Jr. and Alec Gillis, two experienced SFX artists from Amalgamated Dynamics near L.A., share what they see as the middle ground on the subject. In an interview, they explain that most movies use (out of necessity) a combination of practical effects and CGI. They see CGI as a tool that can be utilized in a positive or negative way, just like practical effects.[1]Tom Savini (an SFX artist known for his work in Dawn of the Dead and Creepshow) states: "They still use the make-up guys to design the creatures and that’s what they work from. I don’t think you’ll see make-up effects guys hanging out on corners with signs that say: WILL DO EFFECTS FOR FOOD."[2]

Real-world use edit

Moulage is a process in which makeup is used to simulate different wounds and trauma in order to prepare medical, emergency, and military personnel for what they could experience in the field and lessen psychological trauma.

Other real-world uses are to create real disguises for Government agencies such as the F.B.I., C.I.A., Department of Justice, used to infiltrate possible terrorist groups. Special effects artists can create and apply special effects makeup prosthetics to undercover agents to gather intelligence for combating international terrorism. Disguises let officers and agents move around as another person to complete undercover work without jeopardizing their actual identity.

Another real word use of prosthetics is the appearance of wounds to emulate death to be used by agencies such as the police departments to make someone appear as the victim of a murder during "hit or murder for hire stings." If a suspect hires a hit-man (killer) to murder someone, the police are able to stage a set of pictures or video to make the suspect believe that the "hit" or murder has been carried out. These situations are made to gather evidence on the suspect before the actual crime of murder has been committed.

Notable artists edit

Notable examples edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "SFX vs. VFX: Two Effects Artists Discuss the Differences Between Practical & CGI". No Film School. 2014-12-03. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  2. ^ "Practical Effects Masters on the Pros and Cons of CGI - Tested.com". Tested. Retrieved 2017-11-07.

Bibliography edit

January 01, 1970
prosthetic, makeup, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, add. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Prosthetic makeup news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions December 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Prosthetic makeup which may also be referred to as special make up effects or FX prosthesis is the process of using prosthetic sculpting molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects Prosthetic makeup draws a straight lineage from the Stagecraft of theater and can be observed at the birth of science fiction cinema with Le Voyage dans La Lune a 1902 French adventure short film directed by pioneer of special effects Georges Melies A portrayal of Frankenstein s monster using prosthetic makeup The work of makeup artist Jack Pierce furthered pioneered early Hollywood prosthetic work and is best remembered for creating the iconic makeup born by Boris Karloff in Frankenstein his makeup for Lon Chaney Jr in The Wolfman Contents 1 Notable artists 2 Technique 3 Conflict with CGI 4 Real world use 5 Notable artists 6 Notable examples 7 See also 8 References 9 BibliographyNotable artists editModern prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by Christopher Tucker whose work on The Elephant Man was considered so ground breaking that when it failed to win any recognition at the 53rd Academy Awards letters of protests argued for it to receive an honorary award this was ignored but did lead to the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year John Chambers whose work can be seen in Planet of the Apes Dick Smith s work in Little Big Man Rick Baker in An American Werewolf in London for which he won the 1st ever Oscar in the newly created category Stan Winston in the Terminator series Rob Bottin in The Thing Many of the techniques developed during that period are still regularly used in the field today Additionally many of these artists taught and inspired the next generation of Special Effects makeup artists who in turn developed more advanced techniques for effects makeup including developing different materials animatronics and incorporating added computer elements Technique edit nbsp Prosthetics being applied to actor Roddy McDowall for the 1968 film Planet of the Apes The process of creating a makeup prosthetic appliance typically begins with concept art created by the artist or production Once the actor has been chosen the effects artist will prepare the actor for the process of taking a mold of the actor s face head or body part This process is called lifecasting Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently from skin safe platinum silicone rubber This initial mold can be relatively weak but flexible A hard mother mold also known as a jacket or matrix is typically made of plaster or fiberglass which is created over the outside of the initial flexible mold to provide support This mold is used to cast a copy of that part of the actor in a hard resin or plaster type material to eventually use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic This is considered a positive or life cast Before sculpting the clay prosthetic over the positive The positive must be prepared by adding keys or mold points along the edges of it which are often added using clay or more plaster or carved into the life cast to make sure that the two pieces of the mold will fit together correctly Often the life cast will be given an additional border in clay or plaster in order to have an area free of detail and undercuts to add these keys The entire life cast with borders and keys included is then molded This ensures a stable area with built in keys to sculpt the prosthetic over This also provides the artist an easily duplicated copy if needed Multiple copies are typically used to make variations or stages of prosthetics or different prosthetics for the same actor Life casts of full bodies and body parts are also used and reused as the basis for making fake body parts severed limbs and various gore type effects used in horror films or films where body parts are required The prosthetic required will be sculpted over the life cast of that body part to become the design intended For example if the desired look is a pig nosed person then the artist would sculpt the pig nose over the actor s real nose on the life cast or positive copy The edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible for the clay is a stand in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece Once sculpted the new addition of the clay sculpted prosthetic part must be molded Since the positive has been prepared with the additional border and keys it actually becomes part of the prosthetic mold itself Once molded and clay removed new mold cleaned out the positive is one part of the mold and the new mold is the other side which has the negative of the newly sculpted prosthetic This gives two or more pieces of a mold a positive of the face or body part and one or more for complex molds negative mold pieces with prosthetic sculpted in To make the new prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity where the clay used to be The prosthetic material can be foam latex gelatin silicone or other similar materials The prosthetic is cured within the two part mold The prosthetic is carefully removed and prepared for painting and or application to the actor Conflict with CGI editAs the film television industry continues to grow so do the capabilities of the technologies behind it Since the debut of newer technologies many have feared that CGI Computer Generated Imagery will put practical SFX makeup out of business CGI can be used to accomplish effects that simply aren t possible when working in practical effects Tom Woodruff Jr and Alec Gillis two experienced SFX artists from Amalgamated Dynamics near L A share what they see as the middle ground on the subject In an interview they explain that most movies use out of necessity a combination of practical effects and CGI They see CGI as a tool that can be utilized in a positive or negative way just like practical effects 1 Tom Savini an SFX artist known for his work in Dawn of the Dead and Creepshow states They still use the make up guys to design the creatures and that s what they work from I don t think you ll see make up effects guys hanging out on corners with signs that say WILL DO EFFECTS FOR FOOD 2 Real world use editMoulage is a process in which makeup is used to simulate different wounds and trauma in order to prepare medical emergency and military personnel for what they could experience in the field and lessen psychological trauma Other real world uses are to create real disguises for Government agencies such as the F B I C I A Department of Justice used to infiltrate possible terrorist groups Special effects artists can create and apply special effects makeup prosthetics to undercover agents to gather intelligence for combating international terrorism Disguises let officers and agents move around as another person to complete undercover work without jeopardizing their actual identity Another real word use of prosthetics is the appearance of wounds to emulate death to be used by agencies such as the police departments to make someone appear as the victim of a murder during hit or murder for hire stings If a suspect hires a hit man killer to murder someone the police are able to stage a set of pictures or video to make the suspect believe that the hit or murder has been carried out These situations are made to gather evidence on the suspect before the actual crime of murder has been committed Notable artists editLon Chaney The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Phantom of the Opera London After Midnight Jack Pierce Frankenstein 1931 The Mummy 1932 The Wolf Man 1941 John Chambers Planet of the Apes original film series Christopher Tucker The Elephant Man Dick Smith Little Big Man The Godfather The Exorcist Rick Baker An American Werewolf in London The Nutty Professor Men in Black How the Grinch Stole Christmas The Wolfman 2010 Tom Savini Friday the 13th Dawn of the Dead Creepshow Rob Bottin The Howling The Thing Total Recall Stan Winston The Terminator Predator Jurassic Park Ve Neill Beetlejuice Mrs Doubtfire Ed Wood Edward Scissorhands Pirates of the Caribbean The Hunger Games Michael Westmore Star Trek The Next Generation Star Trek Deep Space Nine Star Trek Voyager Star Trek Enterprise Raging Bull Rocky The Munsters Gregory Nicotero The Walking Dead Howard Berger The Chronicles of Narnia film series Matthew W Mungle Albert Nobbs The Butler CSI Crime Scene Investigation Edward Scissorhands Bram Stoker s Dracula Notable examples editTyra Banks ABC News Tyra Banks Experiences Obesity Through Fat Suit showcased on her eponymous talk show on 4 November 2005 Jennie Bond Posh Swap Jennie Bond makeup process Nina Bott stern TV de fat makeup before and after makeup process Vicki Butler Henderson Celebrity Swap Vicki s entire head is covered with prosthetics during the makeup application Jim Carrey How the Grinch Stole Christmas 2000 Grinch makeup Samantha Fox Race Swap and makeup process Julie Goodyear Age Swap and makeup application Tommy Lee Jones Harvey Dent Two Face in Batman Forever Rebecca Loos Gender Swap and makeup application Kelly Lynch Mr Magoo various disguises the old lady and makeup application the balding man James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe Rik Mayall Drop Dead Fred Melinda Messenger Celebrity Swap The makeup application for Melinda Jack Nicholson Jack Napier The Joker in Batman 1989 film Ron Perlman several times in his career but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price a k a Jordan Jordan Gets Even and makeup application Linda Robson Celebrity Swap Linda s makeup application Arnold Schwarzenegger as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2 Judgment Day and Terminator 3 Rise of the Machines Carol Smillie Gender Swap and makeup application Lea Thompson A Will Of Their Own Back To The Future Part II and Back To The Future including makeup application See also editMake up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prostheticReferences edit SFX vs VFX Two Effects Artists Discuss the Differences Between Practical amp CGI No Film School 2014 12 03 Retrieved 2017 11 07 Practical Effects Masters on the Pros and Cons of CGI Tested com Tested Retrieved 2017 11 07 Bibliography edit Prosthetic Makeup How It s Made Discovery Channel Disguise The Most Extreme Animal Planet Truffle Forager and Food Make Up Artist Will Work for Food Food Network Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prosthetic makeup amp oldid 1214325995, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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