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Portraits of Periodical Offering

February 02, 2023

The Portraits of Periodical Offering (simplified Chinese: 职贡图; traditional Chinese: 職貢圖; pinyin: Zhígòngtú) were tributary documentative paintings (with illustration on each of the portrait) produced by various Chinese dynasties and later as well in other East Asian dynasties, such as Japan and Vietnam. These paintings were official historical documents by the imperial courts. The term "職貢圖" roughly translates to "duty offering pictorial". Throughout Chinese history, tributary states and tribes were required to send ambassadors to the imperial court periodically and pay tribute with valuable gifts (貢品; gòngpǐn).

Drawings and paintings with short descriptions were used to record the expression of these ambassadors and to a lesser extent to show the cultural aspects of these ethnic groups. These historical descriptions beside the portrait became the equivalent of documents of diplomatic relations with each country. The drawings were reproduced in woodblock printing after the 9th century and distributed among the bureaucracy in albums. The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui (謝遂), completed in 1751, gives verbal descriptions of outlying tribes as far as the island of Britain in Western Europe.

Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE)

The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (梁職貢圖) was painted by the future Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi (ruled 552–555 CE) of the Liang dynasty while he was a Governor of the Province of Jingzhou as a young man between 526 and 539 CE, a post he held again between 547 and 552 CE, and had the opportunity to meet many foreigners.[1][2][3] It is the earliest surviving of these specially significant paintings. They reflect foreign embassies that took place, particularly regarding the three Hephthalite (Hua) ambassadors, in 516–520 CE.[4][5] The original of the work was lost, but three copies or derived works are known.

Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (526–539 CE) (Song dynasty copy of the 11th century CE)

A surviving edition of this work is a copy from the Song dynasty in the 11th century, the Song copy of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang (梁職貢圖宋摹本),[6] and is currently preserved at the National Museum of China. The original work consisted of at least twenty five portraits of ambassadors from their various countries. The copy from the Song dynasty has twelve portraits and descriptions of thirteen envoys; the envoy from Dangchang has no portrait.[7] The work included individual descriptions, which follow closely the dynastic chronicle Liangshu (Volume 54).

The envoys from right to left were: the Hephthalites (滑/嚈哒), Persia (波斯), Korea (百濟), Kucha (龜茲), Japan (倭), Malaysia (狼牙脩), Qiang (鄧至), Yarkand (周古柯), Kabadiyan (呵跋檀), Kumedh (胡蜜丹), Balkh (白題), and finally Merv (末).[4][3][7]

 
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions on the back of each foreign ambassador visiting the Liang court. Song dynasty copy of Liang dynasty original from 526–539 CE, in the National Museum of China.

The remaining countries, now lost, are thought to have been: Gaojuli 高句麗 (Goguryeo), Yutian 於闐 (Hotan in Xinjiang), Xinluo 新羅 (Silla), Kepantuo 渴盤陀 (Tashkurgan 塔什干 in present-day Xinjiang),[8] Wuxing fan 武興藩 (in Shanxi), Gaochang 高昌 (Turpan), Tianmen Man 天門蠻 (somewhere between Henan, Hubei, and Guizhou), Dan 蜑 Barbarians of Jianping 建平蠻 (between Hubei and Sichuan), and Man 蠻 Barbarians of Linjiang 臨江蠻 (East Sichuan). There may also have been: Zhongtianzhu 中天竺, Bei tianzhu 北天竺 (India), and Shiziguo 獅子國 (Sri Lanka), for a total of twenty-five countries.[3]

Individual portraits

Some of the main portraits are:

  •  

    Hephthalite (滑 Hua) ambassador

  •  

    Persian ambassador (波斯 Bosi)

  •  

    Korean ambassador (百濟 Baiji, Baekje)

  •  

    Kucha ambassador (龜茲 Qiuci)

  •  

    Kumedh ambassador (胡蜜丹 Humidan)

  •  

    Kabadiyan ambassador (呵跋檀 Kebotan)

  •  

    Malaysia ambassador (狼牙脩 Lang-ga-siu, Langkasuka) to the Southern Liang court 516-520 CE

  •  

    Qiang ambassador (鄧至 Dengzhi)

Tang dynasty The Gathering of Kings (circa 650 CE)

A Tang period painting consists in a version of the Liang portraits of Periodical Offerings, entitled The Gathering of Kings (王會圖, Wanghuitu).[9] It was probably made by Yan Liben (閻立本, 601–673 CE). From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the Eastern Wei , Rouran (芮芮國), Persia (波斯國), Baekje (百濟國), Kumedh (胡密丹), Baiti (白題國), Merv (靺國), Central India (中天竺), Sri Lanka (獅子國), Northern India (北天竺), Tashkurgan (謁盤陀), Wuxing City of the Chouchi (武興國), Kucha (龜茲國), Japan (倭國), Goguryeo (高麗國), Khotan (于闐國), Silla (新羅國), Dangchang (宕昌國), Langkasuka (狼牙修), Dengzhi (鄧至國), Yarkand (周古柯), Kabadiyan (阿跋檀), Barbarians of Jianping (建平蠻), Nudan (女蜑國). See the complete Wanghuitu.

 
The Gathering of Kings (王會圖), by Yan Liben (閻立本, 601–673 CE).

Individual portraits

Some of the main portraits are:

  •  

    Man from Khotan (于闐國 Yutian) visiting the Chinese Tang dynasty court, in Wanghuitu circa 650 CE

  •  

    Ambassador from Kucha (龜茲國 Qiuci-guo) at the Chinese Tang dynasty court. Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE

  •  

    Envoys of the three kingdoms of Korea (Silla, Baekje, Goguryeo)

  •  

    Ambassador from Balkh (白題國 Baitiguo) Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE

  •  

    Ambassador from Tashkurgan (謁盤陀 Qiepantuo) Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE

  •  

    Ambassador from Merv (靺國 Moguo) Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE

  •  

    Ambassador from Sri Lanka (獅子國 Shiziguo), Wanghuitu (王会图), circa 650 CE

  •  

    Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 Zhong Tianzhu) to the court of the Tang dynasty. 王会图 circa 650 CE

Southern Tang Entrance of the Foreign Visitors (10th century CE)

Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi made another painting entitled "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors" (番客入朝圖), now lost. A copy named "Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" (梁元帝番客入朝圖) was made by the painter Gu Deqian (顧德謙) of the Southern Tang dynasty (937–976 CE), native of Jiangsu.[10] From right to left, the countries are Lu (魯國) which is a reference to the Eastern Wei, Rouran (芮芮國),[a] Tuyuhun (河南), Central India (中天竺), Western Wei (為國)[b] , Champa (林邑國), Sri Lanka (師子國), Northern India (北天竺), Tashkurgan (渴盤陀國), Wuxing City of the Chouchi (武興蕃), Dangchang (宕昌國), Langkasuka (狼牙修), Dengzhi (鄧至國), Persia (波斯國), Baekje (百濟國), Kucha (龜茲國), Japan (倭國), Yarkand (周古柯), Kabadiyan (阿跋檀), Kumedh (胡密丹國), Baiti (白題國), Barbarians of Linjiang (臨江蠻), Goguryeo (高麗國), Gaochang (高昌國), Barbarians of Tianmen (天門蠻), Barbarians of Jianping (建平蠻), Hephthalites (滑國), Khotan (于闐), Silla (新羅國), Kantoli (干陀國), Funan (扶南國).

 
"Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang" (梁元帝番客入朝圖), Southern Tang variant by Gu Deqian (顧德謙) 10th century.

Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang (Song dynasty copy, 11–13th century)

The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang by painter Yan Liben, depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers for the Tang dynasty arriving at Chang'an in 631, during the reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang. The painting consists of 27 people from various states. The original work was lost, and the only surviving edition was a Song dynasty copy, which is currently preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[13]

 
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang, depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers. Song Dynasty copy in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

Portraits of Periodical Offering (Qing dynasty, 18th century)

In the mid-18th century, the painter Xiesui (謝遂) again painted a Portraits of Periodical Offering of the Imperial Qing (Huángqīng Zhígòngtú 皇清職貢圖, completed in 1751), showing various foreign people known at that time, with texts in Chinese and Manchu. See the complete Huangqing Zhigongtu.

 
Xiesui (謝遂) again painted a Portraits of Periodical Offering (職貢圖)
  •  

    French man, 18th century

  •  

    Man from Helvetia

  •  

    Man from Hungary

  •  

    Man from England

  •  

    Vietnamese dignitaries of the late-Lê dynasty (1533–1789)

  •  

    Siamese (Thai) State Official

Related works

See also

References

  1. ^ Yu, Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (January 2018). "The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court". Eurasian Studies. VI: 68–122.
  2. ^ Zheng, Xinmiao (2017). Masterpieces of Classical Chinese Painting. Abbeville Press.
  3. ^ a b c Ge, Zhaoguang (Professor of History, Fudan University, China) (2019). "Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Humanities. 5: 128.
  4. ^ a b DE LA VAISSIÈRE, ÉTIENNE (2003). "Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 127–128. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049310.
  5. ^ DE LA VAISSIÈRE, ÉTIENNE (2003). "Is There a "Nationality of the Hephtalites"?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 17: 130, note 31. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049310.
  6. ^ Yu, Taishan (Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (January 2018). "The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court". Eurasian Studies. VI: 93.
  7. ^ a b Lung, Rachel (2011). Interpreters in Early Imperial China. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 29, n.14, 99. ISBN 978-90-272-2444-6.
  8. ^ Equivalence between Kepantuo and Tashkurgan in page 436, location east of Congling (葱嶺 Pamir Mountains) and west of Zhujubo (朱駒波, Yarkand) in page 66 in Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. pp. 436, 66. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
  9. ^ Zhou, Xiuqin (University of Pennsylvania) (April 2009). "Zhaoling: The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 187: 155.
  10. ^ "他的《番客人朝图》及《职贡图》至今在中国画史上占据重要的位置。" in Yi, Xuehua (2015). "江南天子皆词客——梁元帝萧绎之评价 – 百度文库". Journal of Huanche S&T University. 17: 83.
  11. ^ Kradin NN (2005). "FROM TRIBAL CONFEDERATION TO EMPIRE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROURAN SOCIETY". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 58 (2), 149–169 (2005): 1–21 (149–169).
  12. ^ "邦国来朝：揭台北故宫藏职贡图题材的国家排序力秘密".
  13. ^ . National Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

Notes

  1. ^ At the time when this painting was created, Khan Anagui (r. 520–552), the chief of the Rouran, had grown very confident and defying. The Rourans took part in civil strifes in northern China, and the nomads began to show "peculiar self-confidence." This situation portrayed until the disappearance of the Rourans. Li Yenzhou complained that from the time the Rouran engaged in the civil strifes of the North Chinese kingdom on, the Rouran ruler Anagui started to “display arrogance, grossly violate the rules of behaviour and, when sending ambassadors to render tribute to the court, did not call himself a servant.”[11]
  2. ^ Originally spelled with 魏, the Southern Dynasty intentionally misspelled the Northern Dynasty name with the similarly pronounced 為.[12]

External links

  • Picture of Liang Chih-kung-t'u
  • Chinese Calligraphy And Painting Artist Network: Xiao Yi (Chinese)

February 02, 2023
portraits, periodical, offering, simplified, chinese, 职贡图, traditional, chinese, 職貢圖, pinyin, zhígòngtú, were, tributary, documentative, paintings, with, illustration, each, portrait, produced, various, chinese, dynasties, later, well, other, east, asian, dyna. The Portraits of Periodical Offering simplified Chinese 职贡图 traditional Chinese 職貢圖 pinyin Zhigongtu were tributary documentative paintings with illustration on each of the portrait produced by various Chinese dynasties and later as well in other East Asian dynasties such as Japan and Vietnam These paintings were official historical documents by the imperial courts The term 職貢圖 roughly translates to duty offering pictorial Throughout Chinese history tributary states and tribes were required to send ambassadors to the imperial court periodically and pay tribute with valuable gifts 貢品 gongpǐn Drawings and paintings with short descriptions were used to record the expression of these ambassadors and to a lesser extent to show the cultural aspects of these ethnic groups These historical descriptions beside the portrait became the equivalent of documents of diplomatic relations with each country The drawings were reproduced in woodblock printing after the 9th century and distributed among the bureaucracy in albums The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Imperial Qing by Xie Sui 謝遂 completed in 1751 gives verbal descriptions of outlying tribes as far as the island of Britain in Western Europe Contents 1 Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 526 539 CE 1 1 Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 526 539 CE Song dynasty copy of the 11th century CE 1 1 1 Individual portraits 1 2 Tang dynasty The Gathering of Kings circa 650 CE 1 2 1 Individual portraits 1 3 Southern Tang Entrance of the Foreign Visitors 10th century CE 2 Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang Song dynasty copy 11 13th century 3 Portraits of Periodical Offering Qing dynasty 18th century 4 Related works 5 See also 6 References 7 Notes 8 External linksPortraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 526 539 CE EditThe Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 梁職貢圖 was painted by the future Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi ruled 552 555 CE of the Liang dynasty while he was a Governor of the Province of Jingzhou as a young man between 526 and 539 CE a post he held again between 547 and 552 CE and had the opportunity to meet many foreigners 1 2 3 It is the earliest surviving of these specially significant paintings They reflect foreign embassies that took place particularly regarding the three Hephthalite Hua ambassadors in 516 520 CE 4 5 The original of the work was lost but three copies or derived works are known Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 526 539 CE Song dynasty copy of the 11th century CE Edit A surviving edition of this work is a copy from the Song dynasty in the 11th century the Song copy of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 梁職貢圖宋摹本 6 and is currently preserved at the National Museum of China The original work consisted of at least twenty five portraits of ambassadors from their various countries The copy from the Song dynasty has twelve portraits and descriptions of thirteen envoys the envoy from Dangchang has no portrait 7 The work included individual descriptions which follow closely the dynastic chronicle Liangshu Volume 54 The envoys from right to left were the Hephthalites 滑 嚈哒 Persia 波斯 Korea 百濟 Kucha 龜茲 Japan 倭 Malaysia 狼牙脩 Qiang 鄧至 Yarkand 周古柯 Kabadiyan 呵跋檀 Kumedh 胡蜜丹 Balkh 白題 and finally Merv 末 4 3 7 The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions on the back of each foreign ambassador visiting the Liang court Song dynasty copy of Liang dynasty original from 526 539 CE in the National Museum of China The remaining countries now lost are thought to have been Gaojuli 高句麗 Goguryeo Yutian 於闐 Hotan in Xinjiang Xinluo 新羅 Silla Kepantuo 渴盤陀 Tashkurgan 塔什干 in present day Xinjiang 8 Wuxing fan 武興藩 in Shanxi Gaochang 高昌 Turpan Tianmen Man 天門蠻 somewhere between Henan Hubei and Guizhou Dan 蜑 Barbarians of Jianping 建平蠻 between Hubei and Sichuan and Man 蠻 Barbarians of Linjiang 臨江蠻 East Sichuan There may also have been Zhongtianzhu 中天竺 Bei tianzhu 北天竺 India and Shiziguo 獅子國 Sri Lanka for a total of twenty five countries 3 Individual portraits Edit Some of the main portraits are Hephthalite 滑 Hua ambassador Persian ambassador 波斯 Bosi Korean ambassador 百濟 Baiji Baekje Kucha ambassador 龜茲 Qiuci Kumedh ambassador 胡蜜丹 Humidan Kabadiyan ambassador 呵跋檀 Kebotan Malaysia ambassador 狼牙脩 Lang ga siu Langkasuka to the Southern Liang court 516 520 CE Qiang ambassador 鄧至 Dengzhi Tang dynasty The Gathering of Kings circa 650 CE Edit A Tang period painting consists in a version of the Liang portraits of Periodical Offerings entitled The Gathering of Kings 王會圖 Wanghuitu 9 It was probably made by Yan Liben 閻立本 601 673 CE From right to left the countries are Lu 魯國 which is a reference to the Eastern Wei Rouran 芮芮國 Persia 波斯國 Baekje 百濟國 Kumedh 胡密丹 Baiti 白題國 Merv 靺國 Central India 中天竺 Sri Lanka 獅子國 Northern India 北天竺 Tashkurgan 謁盤陀 Wuxing City of the Chouchi 武興國 Kucha 龜茲國 Japan 倭國 Goguryeo 高麗國 Khotan 于闐國 Silla 新羅國 Dangchang 宕昌國 Langkasuka 狼牙修 Dengzhi 鄧至國 Yarkand 周古柯 Kabadiyan 阿跋檀 Barbarians of Jianping 建平蠻 Nudan 女蜑國 See the complete Wanghuitu The Gathering of Kings 王會圖 by Yan Liben 閻立本 601 673 CE Individual portraits Edit Some of the main portraits are Man from Khotan 于闐國 Yutian visiting the Chinese Tang dynasty court in Wanghuitu circa 650 CE Ambassador from Kucha 龜茲國 Qiuci guo at the Chinese Tang dynasty court Wanghuitu 王会图 circa 650 CE Envoys of the three kingdoms of Korea Silla Baekje Goguryeo Ambassador from Balkh 白題國 Baitiguo Wanghuitu 王会图 circa 650 CE Ambassador from Tashkurgan 謁盤陀 Qiepantuo Wanghuitu 王会图 circa 650 CE Ambassador from Merv 靺國 Moguo Wanghuitu 王会图 circa 650 CE Ambassador from Sri Lanka 獅子國 Shiziguo Wanghuitu 王会图 circa 650 CE Ambassador from Central India 中天竺 Zhong Tianzhu to the court of the Tang dynasty 王会图 circa 650 CESouthern Tang Entrance of the Foreign Visitors 10th century CE Edit Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi made another painting entitled Entrance of the Foreign Visitors 番客入朝圖 now lost A copy named Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang 梁元帝番客入朝圖 was made by the painter Gu Deqian 顧德謙 of the Southern Tang dynasty 937 976 CE native of Jiangsu 10 From right to left the countries are Lu 魯國 which is a reference to the Eastern Wei Rouran 芮芮國 a Tuyuhun 河南 Central India 中天竺 Western Wei 為國 b Champa 林邑國 Sri Lanka 師子國 Northern India 北天竺 Tashkurgan 渴盤陀國 Wuxing City of the Chouchi 武興蕃 Dangchang 宕昌國 Langkasuka 狼牙修 Dengzhi 鄧至國 Persia 波斯國 Baekje 百濟國 Kucha 龜茲國 Japan 倭國 Yarkand 周古柯 Kabadiyan 阿跋檀 Kumedh 胡密丹國 Baiti 白題國 Barbarians of Linjiang 臨江蠻 Goguryeo 高麗國 Gaochang 高昌國 Barbarians of Tianmen 天門蠻 Barbarians of Jianping 建平蠻 Hephthalites 滑國 Khotan 于闐 Silla 新羅國 Kantoli 干陀國 Funan 扶南國 Entrance of the Foreign Visitors of Emperor Yuan of Liang 梁元帝番客入朝圖 Southern Tang variant by Gu Deqian 顧德謙 10th century Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang Song dynasty copy 11 13th century EditThe Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang by painter Yan Liben depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers for the Tang dynasty arriving at Chang an in 631 during the reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang The painting consists of 27 people from various states The original work was lost and the only surviving edition was a Song dynasty copy which is currently preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei 13 The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Tang depicting foreign envoys with tribute bearers Song Dynasty copy in the National Palace Museum in Taipei Portraits of Periodical Offering Qing dynasty 18th century EditIn the mid 18th century the painter Xiesui 謝遂 again painted a Portraits of Periodical Offering of the Imperial Qing Huangqing Zhigongtu 皇清職貢圖 completed in 1751 showing various foreign people known at that time with texts in Chinese and Manchu See the complete Huangqing Zhigongtu Xiesui 謝遂 again painted a Portraits of Periodical Offering 職貢圖 French man 18th century Man from Helvetia Man from Hungary Man from England Vietnamese dignitaries of the late Le dynasty 1533 1789 Siamese Thai State OfficialRelated works Edit Tribute delegation of Liao dynasty 契丹國 to the Southern Song dynasty as depicted in the Periodical Offering Painting 職貢圖 by Ming dynasty artist Qiu Ying 仇英 Delegations of various Turkic khanates during annual tributary visit to Beijing Qing dynasty court painting Wan Guo Lai Chao Tu 萬國來朝圖 Court Reception of Ten Thousand Nations Japanese depiction of first Ryukyu mission to Edo 17th century Tributary envoys and foreign dignitaries of Champa Lan Xang Siam Myanmar Demak Cambodia Lan Na Persia and Ryukyu to the Le dynasty court Vietnam in Thanh Hoa 16th century painting See also EditForeign relations of imperial China Tributary system of China List of tributary states of China Twenty Four Histories Chinese historiography Monarchy of China Pax Sinica Zongli YamenReferences Edit Yu Taishan Institute of History Chinese Academy of Social Sciences January 2018 The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court Eurasian Studies VI 68 122 Zheng Xinmiao 2017 Masterpieces of Classical Chinese Painting Abbeville Press a b c Ge Zhaoguang Professor of History Fudan University China 2019 Imagining a Universal Empire a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin PDF Journal of Chinese Humanities 5 128 a b DE LA VAISSIERE ETIENNE 2003 Is There a Nationality of the Hephtalites Bulletin of the Asia Institute 17 127 128 ISSN 0890 4464 JSTOR 24049310 DE LA VAISSIERE ETIENNE 2003 Is There a Nationality of the Hephtalites Bulletin of the Asia Institute 17 130 note 31 ISSN 0890 4464 JSTOR 24049310 Yu Taishan Institute of History Chinese Academy of Social Sciences January 2018 The Illustration of Envoys Presenting Tribute at the Liang Court Eurasian Studies VI 93 a b Lung Rachel 2011 Interpreters in Early Imperial China John Benjamins Publishing pp 29 n 14 99 ISBN 978 90 272 2444 6 Equivalence between Kepantuo and Tashkurgan in page 436 location east of Congling 葱嶺 Pamir Mountains and west of Zhujubo 朱駒波 Yarkand in page 66 in Balogh Daniel 12 March 2020 Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia Sources for their Origin and History Barkhuis pp 436 66 ISBN 978 94 93194 01 4 Zhou Xiuqin University of Pennsylvania April 2009 Zhaoling The Mausoleum of Emperor Tang Taizong PDF Sino Platonic Papers 187 155 他的 番客人朝图 及 职贡图 至今在中国画史上占据重要的位置 in Yi Xuehua 2015 江南天子皆词客 梁元帝萧绎之评价 百度文库 Journal of Huanche S amp T University 17 83 Kradin NN 2005 FROM TRIBAL CONFEDERATION TO EMPIRE THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROURAN SOCIETY Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58 2 149 169 2005 1 21 149 169 邦国来朝 揭台北故宫藏职贡图题材的国家排序力秘密 Foreign Envoys with Tribute Bearers National Palace Museum Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Notes Edit At the time when this painting was created Khan Anagui r 520 552 the chief of the Rouran had grown very confident and defying The Rourans took part in civil strifes in northern China and the nomads began to show peculiar self confidence This situation portrayed until the disappearance of the Rourans Li Yenzhou complained that from the time the Rouran engaged in the civil strifes of the North Chinese kingdom on the Rouran ruler Anagui started to display arrogance grossly violate the rules of behaviour and when sending ambassadors to render tribute to the court did not call himself a servant 11 Originally spelled with 魏 the Southern Dynasty intentionally misspelled the Northern Dynasty name with the similarly pronounced 為 12 External links EditPicture of Liang Chih kung t u Chinese Calligraphy And Painting Artist Network Xiao Yi Chinese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Portraits of Periodical Offering amp oldid 1133958018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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